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Lung and Thoracic cancer
MLL4 Regulates the Progression of Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Regulating the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 Axis
Yang Yang, Rongfang Qiu, Qiaoyou Weng, Ziwei Xu, Jingjing Song, Siyu Zhao, Miaomiao Meng, Dengke Zhang, Chunli Kong, Hailin Wang, Min Xu, Zhongwei Zhao, Jiansong Ji
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):778-803.   Published online January 26, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1042
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Mixed-lineage leukemia protein 4 (MLL4/KMT2D) is a histone methyltransferase, and its mutation has been reported to be associated with a poor prognosis in many cancers, including lung cancer. We investigated the function of MLL4 in lung carcinogenesis.
Materials and Methods
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in A549 cells transfected with control siRNA or MLL4 siRNA was performed. Also, we used EdU incorporation assay, colony formation assays, growth curve analysis, transwell invasion assays, immunohistochemical staining, and in vivo bioluminescence assay to investigate the function of MLL4 in lung carcinogenesis.
Results
We found that MLL4 expression was downregulated in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues and tended to decrease with disease stage progression. We analyzed the transcriptomes in control and MLL4- deficient cells using high-throughput RNA deep sequencing (RNA-seq) and identified a cohort of target genes, such as SOX2, ATF1, FOXP4, PIK3IP1, SIRT4, TENT5B, and LFNG, some of which are related to proliferation and metastasis. Our results showed that low expression of MLL4 promotes NSCLC cell proliferation and metastasis and is required for the maintenance of NSCLC stem cell properties.
Conclusion
Our findings identify an important role of MLL4 in lung carcinogenesis through transcriptional regulation of PIK3IP1, affecting the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 axis, and suggest that MLL4 could be a potential prognostic indicator and target for NSCLC therapy.

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  • Role and potential therapeutic value of histone methyltransferases in drug resistance mechanisms in lung cancer
    Linxiang Zhang, Xueying Zhang, Yan Shi, Yuhan Ni, Jiaojiao Fei, Zhixin Jin, Wenjuan Li, Xiaojing Wang, Nan Wu
    Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The multifaceted role of SOX2 in breast and lung cancer dynamics
    Kiavash Hushmandi, Seyed Hassan Saadat, Seyedalireza Mirilavasani, Salman Daneshi, Amir Reza Aref, Noushin Nabavi, Rasoul Raesi, Afshin Taheriazam, Mehrdad Hashemi
    Pathology - Research and Practice.2024; 260: 155386.     CrossRef
  • PIK3IP1: structure, aberration, function, and regulation in diseases
    Yingjie Jia, Pengxing He, Xubin Ma, Kaili Lv, Ying Liu, Yichao Xu
    European Journal of Pharmacology.2024; 977: 176753.     CrossRef
  • UBQLN4 promotes the proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cell by regulating PI3K/AKT pathway
    Li He, Heng Chen, Bin Ruan, Li He, Ming Luo, Yulun Fu, Rui Zou
    Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Role of histone methyltransferase KMT2D in BMSC osteogenesis via AKT signaling
    Zhichun Zhang, Yanyan Guo, Xuejun Gao, Xiaoyan Wang, Chanyuan Jin
    Regenerative Therapy.2024; 26: 775.     CrossRef
  • Landscape of targeted therapies for lung squamous cell carcinoma
    Qiuxuan Chen, Xiaoshuo Zheng, Weiting Cheng, Jian Li
    Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 4,576 View
  • 277 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
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Breast cancer
Diagnostic Assessment of Deep Learning Algorithms for Frozen Tissue Section Analysis in Women with Breast Cancer
Young-Gon Kim, In Hye Song, Seung Yeon Cho, Sungchul Kim, Milim Kim, Soomin Ahn, Hyunna Lee, Dong Hyun Yang, Namkug Kim, Sungwan Kim, Taewoo Kim, Daeyoung Kim, Jonghyeon Choi, Ki-Sun Lee, Minuk Ma, Minki Jo, So Yeon Park, Gyungyub Gong
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(2):513-522.   Published online September 6, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.055
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Assessing the metastasis status of the sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for hematoxylin and eosin–stained frozen tissue sections by pathologists is an essential but tedious and time-consuming task that contributes to accurate breast cancer staging. This study aimed to review a challenge competition (HeLP 2019) for the development of automated solutions for classifying the metastasis status of breast cancer patients.
Materials and Methods
A total of 524 digital slides were obtained from frozen SLN sections: 297 (56.7%) from Asan Medical Center (AMC) and 227 (43.4%) from Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH), South Korea. The slides were divided into training, development, and validation sets, where the development set comprised slides from both institutions and training and validation set included slides from only AMC and SNUBH, respectively. The algorithms were assessed for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and measurement of the longest metastatic tumor diameter. The final total scores were calculated as the mean of the two metrics, and the three teams with AUC values greater than 0.500 were selected for review and analysis in this study.
Results
The top three teams showed AUC values of 0.891, 0.809, and 0.736 and major axis prediction scores of 0.525, 0.459, and 0.387 for the validation set. The major factor that lowered the diagnostic accuracy was micro-metastasis.
Conclusion
In this challenge competition, accurate deep learning algorithms were developed that can be helpful for making a diagnosis on intraoperative SLN biopsy. The clinical utility of this approach was evaluated by including an external validation set from SNUBH.

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  • Comparing the diagnostic efficacy of optical coherence tomography and frozen section for margin assessment in breast-conserving surgery: a meta-analysis
    Shishun Fan, Huirui Zhang, Zhenyu Meng, Ang Li, Yuqing Luo, Yueping Liu
    Journal of Clinical Pathology.2024; 77(8): 517.     CrossRef
  • Intraoperative Margin Assessment in Breast Conservation Surgery: A Necessity or a Luxury?
    Srijan Shukla, Nisha Hariharan
    Annals of Surgical Oncology.2023; 30(9): 5314.     CrossRef
  • 6,236 View
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  • 2 Web of Science
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Analysis of PIK3CA Mutation Concordance and Frequency in Primary and Different Distant Metastatic Sites in Breast Cancer
Jieun Park, Soo Youn Cho, Eun Sol Chang, Minjung Sung, Ji-Young Song, Kyungsoo Jung, Sung-Su Kim, Young Kee Shin, Yoon-La Choi
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(1):145-154.   Published online April 20, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.001
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the concordance rate of PIK3CA mutations between primary and matched distant metastatic sites in patients with breast cancer and to verify whether there are differences in the frequency of PIK3CA hotspot mutations depending on the metastatic sites involved.
Materials and Methods
Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens of primary breast and matched distant metastatic tumors were retrospectively obtained for 49 patients. Additionally, 40 archived FFPE specimens were independently collected from different breast cancer metastatic sites, which were limited to three common sites: the liver, brain, and lung. PIK3CA mutations were analyzed using droplet digital PCR, including hotspots involving exons 9 and 20.
Results
After analysis of 49 breast tumors with matched metastasis sites, 87.8% showed concordance in PIK3CA mutation status. According to PIK3CA hotspot mutation testing in 89 cases of breast cancer metastatic sites, the proportion of PIK3CA mutations at sites of metastasis involving the liver, brain, and lung was 37.5%, 28.6%, and 42.9%, respectively, which did not result in statistical significance.
Conclusion
The high concordance of PIK3CA mutation status between primary and matched metastasis sites suggests that metastatic sites, regardless of the metastatic organ, could be considered sample sources for PIK3CA mutation testing for improved therapeutic strategies in patients with metastatic breast cancer.

Citations

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  • Analysis of PIK3CA mutations in the primary and recurrent tumors of hormone receptor positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancer
    Yue Wang, Xin Li, Shuang Zhang, Li Liang, Ling Xu, Yinhua Liu, Ting Li
    Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2024; 54(9): 1024.     CrossRef
  • Discordance of PIK3CA mutational status between primary and metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Justus Rosin, Ella Svegrup, Antonios Valachis, Ioannis Zerdes
    Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2023; 201(2): 161.     CrossRef
  • Analytical Performance of Next-Generation Sequencing and RT-PCR on Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tumor Tissues for PIK3CA Testing in HR+/HER2− Breast Cancer
    Konstantinos Venetis, Francesco Pepe, Elisabetta Munzone, Elham Sajjadi, Gianluca Russo, Pasquale Pisapia, Mariia Ivanova, Giuseppina Bonizzi, Davide Vacirca, Alessandra Rappa, Alberto Ranghiero, Sergio Vincenzo Taormina, Giuseppe Viale, Giancarlo Troncon
    Cells.2022; 11(22): 3545.     CrossRef
  • 6,418 View
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  • 3 Web of Science
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A Real-world Efficacy of Nab-paclitaxel Monotherapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Jung Sun Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Dae-Won Lee, Go-un Woo, Miso Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Han Suk Ryu, Kyung-Hun Lee, Tae-Yong Kim, Sae-Won Han, So Yeon Park, In Ae Park, Jee Hyun Kim, Seock-Ah Im
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):488-496.   Published online August 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.394
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We aimed to assess the real-world efficacy of nab-paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer patients.
Materials and Methods
This is a retrospective study performed in two tertiary referral hospitals in Korea. Patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane®) between March 2016 and March 2020 were enrolled.
Results
A total of 102 patients with metastatic breast cancer were included. Patients were heavily pre-treated with a median of four prior lines of chemotherapy (5 lines when including endocrine therapy in hormone-receptor-positive patients), and 66 patients (64.7%) were exposed to taxanes in the metastatic setting. According to St. Gallen molecular subtypes, 36 patients (35.3%) were luminal A, 28 (27.5%) were luminal B, 18 (17.7%) were human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive and 20 (19.6%) had triple-negative disease. Fifty patients (49.0%) were treated with a 3-weekly regimen (260 mg/m2 on day 1 every 3 weeks), and 52 (51.0%) were treated with a weekly regimen (100 mg/m2 every week). Objective response rate was 22.9%. After a median follow-up of 22.0 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 4.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 4.8) and median overall survival was 8.7 months (95% CI, 7.5 to 11.2). Patients treated with weekly regimen had longer PFS compared to 3-weekly regimen (5.5 vs. 2.3 months, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed the treatment regimen as an independent prognostic factor for PFS. There was no grade 3 or 4 hypersensitivity reaction.
Conclusion
This real-world data shows that nab-paclitaxel is a reasonable treatment option in heavily pre-treated and/or taxane-exposed metastatic breast cancer patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Long-term outcomes of a randomized, open-label, phase II study comparing cabazitaxel versus paclitaxel as neoadjuvant treatment in patients with triple-negative or luminal B/HER2-negative breast cancer (GENEVIEVE)
    P. Meyer-Wilmes, J. Huober, M. Untch, J.-U. Blohmer, W. Janni, C. Denkert, P. Klare, T. Link, K. Rhiem, C. Bayer, M. Reinisch, V. Bjelic-Radisic, D.M. Zahm, C. Hanusch, C. Solbach, G. Heinrich, A.D. Hartkopf, A. Schneeweiss, P. Fasching, N. Filmann, V. Ne
    ESMO Open.2024; 9(5): 103009.     CrossRef
  • Real-world study on the effect of nab-paclitaxel treatment on clinical outcomes and laboratory parameters in patients across metastatic tumor sites
    Vikas Talreja, Sangeeta Khetwani, Ethirajan Nanadagopal, Nilesh Eknath Borkar, Kunal Khobragade
    International Journal of Molecular and Immuno Oncology.2024; 9: 46.     CrossRef
  • Safety and efficacy of generic nab-paclitaxel-based therapy in Chinese patients with malignant tumors in a real-world setting: a multicenter prospective observational study
    Fei He, Yancai Sun, Wenzhou Zhang, Qiongshi Wu, Donghang Xu, Zaixian Bai, Zhiying Hao, Weiyi Feng, Kanghuai Zhang, Jiang Liu, Mei Dong, Guangxuan Liu, Guohui Li
    Discover Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel and PD-1 inhibitor (sintilimab) combination therapy for soft tissue sarcoma: a retrospective study
    Zhichao Tian, Shuping Dong, Yang Yang, Shilei Gao, Yonghao Yang, Jinpo Yang, Peng Zhang, Xin Wang, Weitao Yao
    BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Paclitaxel

    Reactions Weekly.2022; 1926(1): 383.     CrossRef
  • Natural Taxanes: From Plant Composition to Human Pharmacology and Toxicity
    Ľuboš Nižnanský, Denisa Osinová, Roman Kuruc, Alexandra Hengerics Szabó, Andrea Szórádová, Marián Masár, Žofia Nižnanská
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(24): 15619.     CrossRef
  • A Novel Microcrystalline BAY-876 Formulation Achieves Long-Acting Antitumor Activity Against Aerobic Glycolysis and Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
    Hua Yang, Mu-Zi-he Zhang, Hui-wei Sun, Yan-tao Chai, Xiaojuan Li, Qiyu Jiang, Jun Hou
    Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 7,306 View
  • 221 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
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Challenge for Diagnostic Assessment of Deep Learning Algorithm for Metastases Classification in Sentinel Lymph Nodes on Frozen Tissue Section Digital Slides in Women with Breast Cancer
Young-Gon Kim, In Hye Song, Hyunna Lee, Sungchul Kim, Dong Hyun Yang, Namkug Kim, Dongho Shin, Yeonsoo Yoo, Kyowoon Lee, Dahye Kim, Hwejin Jung, Hyunbin Cho, Hyungyu Lee, Taeu Kim, Jong Hyun Choi, Changwon Seo, Seong il Han, Young Je Lee, Young Seo Lee, Hyung-Ryun Yoo, Yongju Lee, Jeong Hwan Park, Sohee Oh, Gyungyub Gong
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(4):1103-1111.   Published online June 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.337
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Assessing the status of metastasis in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) by pathologists is an essential task for the accurate staging of breast cancer. However, histopathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes by a pathologist is not easy and is a tedious and time-consuming task. The purpose of this study is to review a challenge competition (HeLP 2018) to develop automated solutions for the classification of metastases in hematoxylin and eosin–stained frozen tissue sections of SLNs in breast cancer patients.
Materials and Methods
A total of 297 digital slides were obtained from frozen SLN sections, which include post–neoadjuvant cases (n = 144, 48.5%) in Asan Medical Center, South Korea. The slides were divided into training, development, and validation sets. All of the imaging datasets have been manually segmented by expert pathologists. A total of 10 participants were allowed to use the Kakao challenge platform for six weeks with two P40 GPUs. The algorithms were assessed in terms of the AUC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve).
Results
The top three teams showed 0.986, 0.985, and 0.945 AUCs for the development set and 0.805, 0.776, and 0.765 AUCs for the validation set. Micrometastatic tumors, neoadjuvant systemic therapy, invasive lobular carcinoma, and histologic grade 3 were associated with lower diagnostic accuracy.
Conclusion
In a challenge competition, accurate deep learning algorithms have been developed, which can be helpful in making frozen diagnosis of intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy. Whether this approach has clinical utility will require evaluation in a clinical setting

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Diagnostic Assessment of Deep Learning Algorithms for Frozen Tissue Section Analysis in Women with Breast Cancer
    Young-Gon Kim, In Hye Song, Seung Yeon Cho, Sungchul Kim, Milim Kim, Soomin Ahn, Hyunna Lee, Dong Hyun Yang, Namkug Kim, Sungwan Kim, Taewoo Kim, Daeyoung Kim, Jonghyeon Choi, Ki-Sun Lee, Minuk Ma, Minki Jo, So Yeon Park, Gyungyub Gong
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2023; 55(2): 513.     CrossRef
  • Artificial intelligence and frozen section histopathology: A systematic review
    Benjamin G. Gorman, Mark A. Lifson, Nahid Y. Vidal
    Journal of Cutaneous Pathology.2023; 50(9): 852.     CrossRef
  • Effectiveness of transfer learning for enhancing tumor classification with a convolutional neural network on frozen sections
    Young-Gon Kim, Sungchul Kim, Cristina Eunbee Cho, In Hye Song, Hee Jin Lee, Soomin Ahn, So Yeon Park, Gyungyub Gong, Namkug Kim
    Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 8,172 View
  • 202 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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Clinical Implication of Concordant or Discordant Genomic Profiling between Primary and Matched Metastatic Tissues in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Jung Yoon Choi, Sunho Choi, Minhyeok Lee, Young Soo Park, Jae Sook Sung, Won Jin Chang, Ju Won Kim, Yoon Ji Choi, Jin Kim, Dong-Sik Kim, Sung-Ho Lee, Junhee Seok, Kyong Hwa Park, Seon Hahn Kim, Yeul Hong Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):764-778.   Published online February 16, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.044
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the concordant or discordant genomic profiling between primary and matched metastatic tumors in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to explore the clinical implication.
Materials and Methods
Surgical samples of primary and matched metastatic tissues from 158 patients (335 samples) with CRC at Korea University Anam Hospital were evaluated using the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel. We compared genetic variants and classified them as concordant, primary-specific, and metastasis-specific variants. We used a combination of principal components analysis and clustering to find genomic groups. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to appraise survival between genomic groups. We used machine learning to confirm the correlation between genetic variants and metastatic sites.
Results
A total of 282 types of deleterious non-synonymous variants were selected for analysis. Of a total of 897 variants, an average of 40% was discordant. Three genomic groups were yielded based on the genomic discrepancy patterns. Overall survival differed significantly between the genomic groups. The poorest group had the highest proportion of concordant KRAS G12V and additional metastasis-specific SMAD4. Correlation analysis between genetic variants and metastatic sites suggested that concordant KRAS mutations would have more disseminated metastases.
Conclusion
Driver gene mutations were mostly concordant; however, discordant or metastasis-specific mutations were present. Clinically, the concordant driver genetic changes with additional metastasis-specific variants can predict poor prognosis for patients with CRC.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Gene-Mutation-Based Algorithm for Prediction of Treatment Response in Colorectal Cancer Patients
    Heather Johnson, Zahra El-Schich, Amjad Ali, Xuhui Zhang, Athanasios Simoulis, Anette Gjörloff Wingren, Jenny L. Persson
    Cancers.2022; 14(8): 2045.     CrossRef
  • Putative anoikis resistant subpopulations are enriched in lymph node metastases and indicate adverse prognosis in colorectal carcinoma
    Taneli T. Mattila, Madhura Patankar, Juha P. Väyrynen, Kai Klintrup, Jyrki Mäkelä, Anne Tuomisto, Pentti Nieminen, Markus J. Mäkinen, Tuomo J. Karttunen
    Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.2022; 39(6): 883.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Application of Targeted Deep Sequencing in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients: Actionable Genomic Alteration in K-MASTER Project
    Youngwoo Lee, Soohyeon Lee, Jae Sook Sung, Hee-Joon Chung, Ah-reum Lim, Ju Won Kim, Yoon Ji Choi, Kyong Hwa Park, Yeul Hong Kim
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(1): 123.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in bone with other sites: clinical characteristics, molecular features and immune status
    Zhengquan Xu, Yanhong Ding, Wei Lu, Ke Zhang, Fei Wang, Guanxiong Ding, Jianqing Wang
    PeerJ.2021; 9: e11133.     CrossRef
  • High Concordance of Genomic Profiles between Primary and Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
    Seung Eun Lee, Ha Young Park, Dae-Yong Hwang, Hye Seung Han
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(11): 5561.     CrossRef
  • Comprehensive Imaging Characterization of Colorectal Liver Metastases
    Drew Maclean, Maria Tsakok, Fergus Gleeson, David J. Breen, Robert Goldin, John Primrose, Adrian Harris, James Franklin
    Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 8,407 View
  • 199 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 6 Crossref
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Pretreatment Lymph Node Metastasis as a Prognostic Significance in Cervical Cancer: Comparison between Disease Status
Soo Young Jeong, Hyea Park, Myeong Seon Kim, Jun Hyeok Kang, E Sun Paik, Yoo-Young Lee, Tae Joong Kim, Jeong Won Lee, Byoung-Gie Kim, Duk Soo Bae, Chel Hun Choi
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):516-523.   Published online October 29, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.328
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the most significant prognostic factor in cervical cancer that was recently incorporated into the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system. This study was performed to evaluate whether the prognostic significance of LNM differs according to disease status.
Materials and Methods
Patients with FIGO stage IB or higher cervical cancer who had pretreatment computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging studies as well as long-term follow-up were enrolled in this retrospective study. The hazard ratio (HR) of Cox regression was used to determine the prognostic significance of LNM. The HRs were compared between the different tumor groups (based on stage, histology, tumor size, primary treatment, age, parametrium involvement, and lymphovascular space invasion).
Results
A total of 970 patients treated between January 1999 and December 2007 were included. The pretreatment LNM had prognostic significance in patients with stage IB1/IIA (HR for progression-free survival 2.10, p=0.001; HR for overall survival 1.99, p=0.005). However, the significance gradually decreased or disappeared with advancing stages. Similarly, the prognostic significance of the pretreatment LNM decreased with advancing disease status, including old age, parametrial involvement or lymphovascular space involvement. In contrast, the tumor size was associated with the prognostic significance of LNM with advancing status. The significance of the clinical LNM did not reflect the significance of the clinical stage. In contrast, the tumor size, parametrial involvement, and significance of the pathologic LNM reflected the clinical stage.
Conclusion
In patients with cervical cancer, pretreatment LNM on imaging has different clinical significance depending on the tumor status.

Citations

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  • Development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cervical cancer due to oxidative stress
    Amir Asotić, Memić Asotić, Muhamed Memić, Kerim Asotić, Amra Asotić
    Sanamed.2024; 19(1): 39.     CrossRef
  • Investigating and Analyzing Prognostic Factors and Their Impact on Recurrent Cervical Cancers
    Ashish Uke, Shweta B Dahake, Anurag Luharia, Monika Luharia, Gaurav V Mishra, Chanrashekhar Mahakalkar
    Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Shuang Dong, Yan-Qing Peng, Ya-Nan Feng, Xiao-Ying Li, Li-Ping Gong, Shuang Zhang, Xiao-Shan Du, Li-Tao Sun
    BMC Women's Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Angela Santoro, Frediano Inzani, Giuseppe Angelico, Damiano Arciuolo, Emma Bragantini, Antonio Travaglino, Michele Valente, Nicoletta D’Alessandris, Giulia Scaglione, Stefania Sfregola, Alessia Piermattei, Federica Cianfrini, Paola Roberti, Gian Franco Za
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    Qingqing Liu, Nan Jiang, Yiping Hao, Chunyan Hao, Wei Wang, Tingting Bian, Xiaohong Wang, Hua Li, Yan zhang, Yanjun Kang, Fengxiang Xie, Yawen Li, XuJi Jiang, Yuan Feng, Zhonghao Mao, Qi Wang, Qun Gao, Wenjing Zhang, Baoxia Cui, Taotao Dong
    Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(17): 17952.     CrossRef
  • Roles of DWI and T2-weighted MRI volumetry in the evaluation of lymph node metastasis and lymphovascular invasion of stage IB–IIA cervical cancer
    Y. Wang, X. Chen, H. Pu, Y. Yuan, S. Li, G. Chen, Y. Liu, H. Li
    Clinical Radiology.2022; 77(3): 224.     CrossRef
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    Mu Xu, Xiaoyan Xie, Liangzhi Cai, Yongjin Xie, Qiao Gao, Pengming Sun
    Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Miriam Dolciami, Silvia Capuani, Veronica Celli, Alessandra Maiuro, Angelina Pernazza, Innocenza Palaia, Violante Di Donato, Giusi Santangelo, Stefania Maria Rita Rizzo, Paolo Ricci, Carlo Della Rocca, Carlo Catalano, Lucia Manganaro
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  • The prognostic significance of pretreatment squamous cell carcinoma antigen levels in cervical cancer patients treated by concurrent chemoradiation therapy and a comparison of dosimetric outcomes and clinical toxicities between tomotherapy and volumetric
    Yuan-Kai Cheng, Shih-Hsun Kuo, Heng-Hsuan Yen, Jing-Hu Wu, Yu-Chieh Chen, Ming-Yii Huang
    Radiation Oncology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • What MRI-based tumor size measurement is best for predicting long-term survival in uterine cervical cancer?
    Njål Lura, Kari S. Wagner-Larsen, David Forsse, Jone Trovik, Mari K. Halle, Bjørn I. Bertelsen, Øyvind Salvesen, Kathrine Woie, Camilla Krakstad, Ingfrid S. Haldorsen
    Insights into Imaging.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Clinical value of MRI, serum SCCA, and CA125 levels in the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis and para-uterine infiltration in cervical cancer
    Chao Ran, Jian Sun, Yunhui Qu, Na Long
    World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A Novel Four-Gene Prognostic Signature as a Risk Biomarker in Cervical Cancer
    Jun Wang, Hua Zheng, Yatian Han, Geng Wang, Yanbin Li, Cuida Meng
    International Journal of Genomics.2020; 2020: 1.     CrossRef
  • 9,816 View
  • 223 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 12 Crossref
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The Feasibility of Spinal Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Metastasis with Epidural Cord Compression
Yi-Jun Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Kyubo Kim, Hak Jae Kim, Eui Kyu Chie, Kyung Hwan Shin, Hong-Gyun Wu, Il Han Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1324-1335.   Published online January 29, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.653
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of spinal stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in treating spinal metastasis with epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC).
Materials and Methods
During 2013-2016, 149 regions of spinal metastasis in 105 patients treated with singlefraction (12-24 Gy) spinal SRS were reviewed. Cord compression of Bilsky grade 2 (with visible cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) or 3 (no visible CSF) was defined as ESCC. Local progression (LP) and vertebral compression fracture (VCF) rates after SRS were evaluated using multivariate competing-risk regression analysis.
Results
The 1-year cumulative incidences of LP for Bilsky grades 0 (n=80), 1 (n=39), 2 (n=21), and 3 (n=9) were 3.0%, 8.4%, 0%, and 24.9%, respectively. Bilsky grade 2 ESCC did not significantly increase the LP rate (no LP for grade 2). The 1-year cumulative incidences of VCF for Bilsky grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 were 6.6%, 5.2%, 17.1%, and 12.1%, respectively. ESCC may increase VCF risk (subhazard ratio [SHR] for grade 2, 5.368; p=0.035; SHR for grade 3, 2.215; p=0.460). Complete or partial pain response rates after SRS were 79%, 78%, 53%, and 63% for Bilsky grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p=0.008). No neurotoxicity of grade ≥ 3 was observed.
Conclusion
Spinal SRS for spinal metastasis with Bilsky grade 2 ESCC did not increase the LP rate, was not associated with severe neurotoxicity, and showed moderate VCF and pain response rates. Bilsky grade 3 had a high LP rate.

Citations

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Nomogram Development and External Validation for Predicting the Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in T1 Colorectal Cancer
Jung Ryul Oh, Boram Park, Seongdae Lee, Kyung Su Han, Eui-Gon Youk, Doo-Han Lee, Do-Sun Kim, Doo-Seok Lee, Chang Won Hong, Byung Chang Kim, Bun Kim, Min Jung Kim, Sung Chan Park, Dae Kyung Sohn, Hee Jin Chang, Jae Hwan Oh
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1275-1284.   Published online January 17, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.569
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) risk is crucial in determining further treatment strategies following endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to establish a new prediction model for the risk of LNM in T1 CRC patients.
Materials and Methods
The development set included 833 patients with T1 CRC who had undergone endoscopic (n=154) or surgical (n=679) resection at the National Cancer Center. The validation set included 722 T1 CRC patients who had undergone endoscopic (n=249) or surgical (n=473) resection at Daehang Hospital. A logistic regression model was used to construct the prediction model. To assess the performance of prediction model, discrimination was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the ROC curve (AUC), and calibration was assessed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) goodness-of-fit test.
Results
Five independent risk factors were determined in the multivariable model, including vascular invasion, high-grade histology, submucosal invasion, budding, and background adenoma. In final prediction model, the performance of the model was good that the AUC was 0.812 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.770 to 0.855) and the HL chi-squared test statistic was 1.266 (p=0.737). In external validation, the performance was still good that the AUC was 0.771 (95% CI, 0.708 to 0.834) and the p-value of the HL chi-squared test was 0.040. We constructed the nomogram with the final prediction model.
Conclusion
We presented an externally validated new prediction model for LNM risk in T1 CRC patients, guiding decision making in determining whether additional surgery is required after endoscopic resection of T1 CRC.

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Verification of Low Risk for Perihippocampal Recurrence in Patients with Brain Metastases Who Received Whole-Brain Radiotherapy with Hippocampal Avoidance
Youngkyong Kim, Sung Hwan Kim, Jong Hoon Lee, Dae Gyu Kang
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(2):568-575.   Published online July 16, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.206
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of failure and survival outcome in patients with brain metastases who received whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) with hippocampal avoidance (HA) using simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) on metastatic brain tumors.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 42 patients treated with HA-WBRT for brain metastases. A total of 25 Gy for whole brain and 35-55 Gy for gross tumors were delivered with 10 fractionations. Local tumor and intracranial progression were defined as a recurrence or tumor progression in SIB field and any recurrence or tumor progression within whole brain, respectively. Progression in HA zone was defined as the recurrence within the area expanded 5 mm from HA zone.
Results
Median follow-up duration was 10.0 months (range, 4.1 to 56.4 months). Intracranial progression was observed in 13 patients (31.0%) and the median duration from the start of HA-WBRT to progression was 10.6 months (range, 0.9 to 33.0 months). Local tumor progression and new metastasis outside SIB field occurred in 10 patients (23.8%) and nine patients (21.4%), respectively. There was no isolated hippocampal metastasis, except only one patient (2.4%) with multiple metastases inside and outside HA zone simultaneously. Median survival time and intracranial progression-free survival rate at 1 year were 19.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.6 to 29.2) and 71.5%, respectively, and those for overall survival were 26.5 months (95% CI, 15.4 to 37.5) and 67.9%, respectively.
Conclusion
HA-WBRT was associated with low risk of new metastasis in HA region in the patients with brain metastases. These findings would serve as useful guidance on applying HA-WBRT in clinical practice.

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A Novel Prognostic Nomogram for Predicting Risks of Distant Failure in Patients with Invasive Breast Cancer Following Postoperative Adjuvant Radiotherapy
Yu Jin Lim, Sea-Won Lee, Noorie Choi, Jeanny Kwon, Keun-Yong Eom, Eunyoung Kang, Eun-Kyu Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Se Hyun Kim, So Yeon Park, In Ah Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1140-1148.   Published online December 7, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.508
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to identify predictors for distant metastatic behavior and build a related prognostic nomogram in breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
A total of 1,181 patients with non-metastatic breast cancer between 2003 and 2011 were analyzed. To predict the probability of distant metastasis, a nomogram was constructed based on prognostic factors identified using a Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
The 7-year overall survival and 5-year post-progression survival of locoregional versus distant recurrence groups were 67.6% versus 39.1% (p=0.027) and 54.2% versus 33.5% (p=0.043), respectively. Patients who developed distant metastasis showed early and late mortality risk peaks within 3 and after 5 years of follow-up, respectively, but a broad and low risk increment was observed in other patients with locoregional relapse. In multivariate analysis of distant metastasis-free interval, age (≥ 45 years vs. < 45 years), molecular subtypes (luminal A vs. luminal B, human epidermal growth receptor 2, and triple negative), T category (T1 vs. T2-3 and T4), and N category (N0 vs. N1 and N2-3) were independently associated (p < 0.05 for all). Regarding the significant factors, a well-validated nomogram was established (concordance index, 0.812). The risk score level of patients with initial brain failure was higher than those of non-brain sites (p=0.029).
Conclusion
The nomogram could be useful for predicting the individual probability of distant recurrence in breast cancer. In high-risk patients based on the risk scores, more aggressive systemic therapy and closer surveillance for metastatic failure should be considered.

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  • Score for the Survival Probability in Metastasis Breast Cancer: A Nomogram-Based Risk Assessment Model
    Zhenchong Xiong, Guangzheng Deng, Xinjian Huang, Xing Li, Xinhua Xie, Jin Wang, Zeyu Shuang, Xi Wang
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2018; 50(4): 1260.     CrossRef
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Prognostic Factors and Decision Tree for Long-Term Survival in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma
Daniel Lorenzo, María Ochoa, Josep Maria Piulats, Cristina Gutiérrez, Luis Arias, Jaume Català, María Grau, Judith Peñafiel, Estefanía Cobos, Pere Garcia-Bru, Marcos Javier Rubio, Noel Padrón-Pérez, Bruno Dias, Joan Pera, Josep Maria Caminal
Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1130-1139.   Published online December 4, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.171
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the existence of a bimodal survival pattern in metastatic uveal melanoma. Secondary aims were to identify the characteristics and prognostic factors associated with long-term survival and to develop a clinical decision tree.
Materials and Methods
The medical records of 99 metastatic uveal melanoma patients were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified as either short (≤ 12 months) or long-term survivors (> 12 months) based on a graphical interpretation of the survival curve after diagnosis of the first metastatic lesion. Ophthalmic and oncological characteristicswere assessed in both groups.
Results
Of the 99 patients, 62 (62.6%) were classified as short-term survivors, and 37 (37.4%) as long-term survivors. The multivariate analysis identified the following predictors of long-term survival: age ≤ 65 years (p=0.012) and unaltered serum lactate dehydrogenase levels (p=0.018); additionally, the size (smaller vs. larger) of the largest liver metastasis showed a trend towards significance (p=0.063). Based on the variables significantly associated with long-term survival, we developed a decision tree to facilitate clinical decision-making.
Conclusion
The findings of this study demonstrate the existence of a bimodal survival pattern in patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. The presence of certain clinical characteristics at diagnosis of distant disease is associated with long-term survival. A decision tree was developed to facilitate clinical decision-making and to counsel patients about the expected course of disease.

Citations

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    Tine G. Hindso, Peter S. Jensen, Mette B. Sjøl, Kristoffer Nissen, Camilla W. Bjerrum, Eric von Benzon, Carsten Faber, Steen F. Urbak, Marco Donia, Inge M. Svane, Eva Ellebaek, Steffen Heegaard, Karine Madsen, Jens F. Kiilgaard
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  • Orthotopic murine xenograft model of uveal melanoma with spontaneous liver metastasis
    Raquel Ramos, Eduard Cabré, Antònia Vinyals, Daniel Lorenzo, Josep R. Ferreres, Mar Varela, Montse Gomá, Maria José Paules, Cristina Gutierrez, Josep M. Piulats, Àngels Fabra, José M. Caminal
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  • Determinants of Long-Term Survival in Metastatic Choroidal and Ciliary Body Melanoma
    Elina S. Rantala, Raffaele Parrozzani, Micaela M. Hernberg, Vanna Chiarion-Sileni, Tero T. Kivelä, Edoardo Midena
    American Journal of Ophthalmology.2023; 246: 258.     CrossRef
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    Bhavna Chawla, Kusumitha B. Ganesh
    Advances in Ophthalmology and Optometry.2023; 8(1): 111.     CrossRef
  • Differences in glucose metabolic activity in liver metastasis separates two groups of metastatic uveal melanoma patients with different prognosis
    Luis P. del Carpio, María Asunción Algarra, Aida Sabaté‐Llobera, Alejo Rodriguez‐Vida, Susana Rossi‐Seoane, Sandra Ruiz, David Leiva, Emilio Ramos, Laura Lladò, Daniel Lorenzo, Cristina Gutierrez, Montserrat Cortes‐Romera, Josep M. Caminal, Josep M. Piula
    Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(13): 14062.     CrossRef
  • Patients presenting with metastases: stage IV uveal melanoma, an international study
    Gaurav Garg, Paul T Finger, Tero T Kivelä, E Rand Simpson, Brenda L Gallie, Svetlana Saakyan, Anush G Amiryan, Vladimir Valskiy, Kimberly J Chin, Ekaterina Semenova, Stefan Seregard, Maria Filì, Matthew Wilson, Barrett Haik, Josep Maria Caminal, Jaume Cat
    British Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 106(4): 510.     CrossRef
  • Metastatic uveal melanoma: The final frontier
    Elina S. Rantala, Micaela M. Hernberg, Sophie Piperno-Neumann, Hans E. Grossniklaus, Tero T. Kivelä
    Progress in Retinal and Eye Research.2022; 90: 101041.     CrossRef
  • The Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Analysis of Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Management of Uveitis and Uveal Melanoma: A Systematic Review
    Arshpreet Bassi, Saffire H Krance, Aidan Pucchio, Daiana R Pur, Rafael N Miranda, Tina Felfeli
    Clinical Ophthalmology.2022; Volume 16: 2895.     CrossRef
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    Anukriti Sharma, Ken B. Johnson, Bihua Bie, Emily E. Rhoades, Alper Sen, Yuri Kida, Jennifer Hockings, Alycia Gatta, Jacqueline Davenport, Connie Arcangelini, Jennifer Ritzu, Jennifer DeVecchio, Ron Hughen, Mei Wei, G. Thomas Budd, N. Lynn Henry, Charis E
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    E.V. Anufrieva, V.N. Shershnev, O.P. Kovtun
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    Beatriz Quiles, Jorge Mataix, José Luis Guinot, Isabel Wang, Victor De los Dolores, Marina Peña, Alonso La Rosa, Maribel Tortajada, Miguel Santos, Leoncio Arribas
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    Pascale Mariani, Sylvain Dureau, Alexia Savignoni, Livia Lumbroso-Le Rouic, Christine Levy-Gabriel, Sophie Piperno-Neumann, Manuel J. Rodrigues, Laurence Desjardins, Nathalie Cassoux, Vincent Servois
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    Vincent Servois, Toufik Bouhadiba, Sylvain Dureau, Carla Da Costa, Mohamed Maher Almubarak, Romain Foucher, Alexia Savignoni, Nathalie Cassoux, Gaelle Pierron, Pascale Mariani
    European Journal of Surgical Oncology.2019; 45(9): 1717.     CrossRef
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The Clinical Significance of Occult Gastrointestinal Primary Tumours in Metastatic Cancer: A Population Retrospective Cohort Study
Malek B. Hannouf, Eric Winquist, Salaheddin M. Mahmud, Muriel Brackstone, Sisira Sarma, George Rodrigues, Peter K. Rogan, Jeffrey S. Hoch, Gregory S. Zaric
Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(1):183-194.   Published online March 21, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.532
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of occult gastrointestinal (GI) primary tumours in patients with metastatic cancer of uncertain primary origin and evaluate their influence on treatments and overall survival (OS).
Materials and Methods
We used population heath data from Manitoba, Canada to identify all patients initially diagnosed with metastatic cancer between 2002 and 2011. We defined patients to have “occult” primary tumour if the primary was found at least 6 months after initial diagnosis. Otherwise, we considered primary tumours as “obvious.” We used propensity-score methods to match each patient with occult GI tumour to four patients with obvious GI tumour on all known clinicopathologic features. We compared treatments and 2-year survival data between the two patient groups and assessed treatment effect on OS using Cox regression adjustment.
Results
Eighty-three patients had occult GI primary tumours, accounting for 17.6% of men and 14% of women with metastatic cancer of uncertain primary. A 1:4 matching created a matched group of 332 patients with obvious GI primary tumour. Occult cases compared to the matched group were less likely to receive surgical interventions and targeted biological therapy, and more likely to receive cytotoxic empiric chemotherapeutic agents. Having an occult GI tumour was associated with reduced OS and appeared to be a nonsignificant independent predictor of OS when adjusting for treatment differences.
Conclusion
GI tumours are the most common occult primary tumours in men and the second most common in women. Patients with occult GI primary tumours are potentially being undertreated with available GI site-specific and targeted therapies.

Citations

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  • Relationship between metastasis and second primary cancers in women with breast cancer
    Chaofan Li, Mengjie Liu, Jia Li, Xixi Zhao, Yusheng Wang, Xi Chen, Weiwei Wang, Shiyu Sun, Cong Feng, Yifan Cai, Fei Wu, Chong Du, Yinbin Zhang, Shuqun Zhang, Jingkun Qu
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  • The Potential Clinical and Economic Value of Primary Tumour Identification in Metastatic Cancer of Unknown Primary Tumour: A Population-Based Retrospective Matched Cohort Study
    Malek B. Hannouf, Eric Winquist, Salaheddin M. Mahmud, Muriel Brackstone, Sisira Sarma, George Rodrigues, Peter K. Rogan, Jeffrey S. Hoch, Gregory S. Zaric
    PharmacoEconomics - Open.2018; 2(3): 255.     CrossRef
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  • 140 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Colorectal Cancer Metastasis to the Liver: Comparative Effectiveness Research for the Choice of Contrast Agents
Nieun Seo, Mi-Suk Park, Kyunghwa Han, Kyung Ho Lee, Seong Ho Park, Gi Hong Choi, Jin-Young Choi, Yong Eun Chung, Myeong-Jin Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(1):60-70.   Published online March 14, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.533
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study was conducted to compare the diagnostic performance and early recurrence rate between gadoxetic acid–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (Gd-EOB-MRI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with extracellular contrast agent (ECA-MRI) for evaluating hepatic lesions in colorectal cancer.
Materials and Methods
Between 2005 and 2010, 418 colorectal cancer patients with both preoperative computed tomography (CT) and liver MRI were retrospectively reviewed. Image analysis was based on initial radiologic reports, and diagnostic performance was assessed based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The early intrahepatic recurrence rate within 6 months was then evaluated.
Results
Overall, 291 and 127 patients underwent Gd-EOB-MRI and ECA-MRI, respectively. The AUROCs were not significantly different between Gd-EOB-MRI (0.990; 95% CI, 0.980 to 0.999) and ECA-MRI (0.985; 95% CI, 0.968 to 1.000; p=0.836). When compared with CT alone, ECA-MRI detected additional 21 lesions in 14 patients (14/127, 11.0%), whereas Gd-EOB-MRI detected 56 lesions in 33 patients (33/291, 11.3%) without a significant difference between two MRI groups (p=0.331). The early recurrence rate in the ECA-MRI (28.6%) was significantly higher than that in the Gd-EOB-MRI (11.6%) for patients who underwent hepatic resection (p=0.031).
Conclusion
Gd-EOB-MRI is potentially better than ECA-MRI for decreasing the early intrahepatic recurrence rate, although the two MRI modalities showed comparable diagnostic performance in colorectal cancer patients.

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Downregulation of HuR Inhibits the Progression of Esophageal Cancer through Interleukin-18
Xiaohui Xu, Cheng Song, Zhihua Chen, Chenxiao Yu, Yi Wang, Yiting Tang, Judong Luo
Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(1):71-87.   Published online February 24, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.013
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of human antigen R (HuR) downregulation and the potential target genes of HuR on the progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Materials and Methods
In this study, a proteomics assay was used to detect the expression of proteins after HuR downregulation, and a luciferase assay was used to detect the potential presence of a HuR binding site on the 3’-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of interleukin 18 (IL-18). In addition, colony formation assay, MTT, EdU incorporation assay, Western blot, flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, transwell invasion assay, and wound healing assay were used.
Results
In the present study, we found that the expression of both HuR protein and mRNA levels were higher in tumor tissues than in the adjacent tissues. HuR downregulation significantly suppressed cell proliferation. In addition, the metastasis of esophageal cancer cells was inhibited, while the expression of E-cadherin was increased and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP9, and vimentin was decreased after HuR knockdown. Moreover, silencing of HuR disturbed the cell cycle of ESCC cells mainly by inducing G1 arrest. Furthermore, proteomics analysis showed that downregulation of HuR in TE-1 cells resulted in 100 upregulated and 122 downregulated proteins, including IL-18 as a significantly upregulated protein. The expression of IL-18 was inversely regulated by HuR. IL-18 expression was decreased in ESCC tissues, and exogenous IL-18 significantly inhibited the proliferation and metastasis of ESCC cells. The 3'-UTR of IL-18 harbored a HuR binding site, as shown by an in vitro luciferase assay.
Conclusion
HuR plays an important role in the progression of esophageal carcinoma by targeting IL-18, which may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ESCC.

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    Guillermo Aragoneses-Cazorla, Roberto Alvarez-Fernandez Garcia, Angelica Martinez-Lopez, Milagros Gomez Gomez, Maria Vallet-Regí, Sonia Castillo-Lluva, Blanca González, Jose L. Luque-Garcia
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Case Report
A Rare Case of Phyllodes Tumor Metastasis to the Stomach Presenting as Anemia
Do Il Choi, Ho Seok Chi, Sang Ho Lee, Youngmee Kwon, Seog Yun Park, Sung Hoon Sim, In Hae Park, Keun Seok Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(3):846-849.   Published online September 1, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.188
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Metastasis of a phyllodes tumor to the stomach is an extremely rare condition with important clinical implications. A 44-year-old woman was initially diagnosed with a phyllodes tumor in her right breast in 2008, and subsequently presented to an outpatient clinic with dizziness on December 16, 2013. We found that she had severe anemia (hemoglobin levels, 6.7 g/dL), and we quickly performed esophagogastroduodenoscopy to identify the cause. This procedure revealed large ulcerofungating masses with active bleeding in the stomach. Histopathological examination revealed that the masses were consistent with phyllodes tumor metastases. In patients with a metastatic phyllodes tumor presenting as anemia, gastric metastasis should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses because overlooking the possibility might have dire consequences if cytotoxic chemotherapy were administered.

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    Wai Ip Li, Koon Kiu Ng, Ting Kun Au Yong, Boom Ting Kung
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    Arturan Ibrahimli, Altay Aliyev, Aykhan Majidli, Aysegul Kahraman, Aysuna Galandarova, Emil Khalilzade, Heydar Mammadli, Kamran Huseynli, Karam Assaf, Cagatay Kilinc, Nijat Muradov, Omer F. Alisan, Sabir Abdullayev, Yeliz I. Sahin, Elgun Samadov
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    Mieko Ochi, Shingo Miyamoto, Keita Nakao, Yoshiaki Furuhata, Yusuke Tabei, Shunsuke Ichi, Yuan Bae, Toshio Kumasaka, Shingo Kato, Hideo Kunitoh
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  • 180 Download
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  • 10 Crossref
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Original Articles
Paired Primary and Metastatic Tumor Analysis of Somatic Mutations in Synchronous and Metachronous Colorectal Cancer
Kyu-pyo Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Sung-Min Ahn, Sung Min Chun, Seung-Mo Hong, Se Jin Jang, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim, Tae Won Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):161-167.   Published online July 4, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.490
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Although the mutation status of KRAS is highly concordant in primary and metastatic lesions, it has not been generalized to other major pathway genes.
Materials and Methods
In this study, 41 genes were evaluated and the mutational profiles were compared in 46 colorectal cancer patients with paired surgical specimens of primary and metastatic lesions: synchronous (n=27) and metachronous (n=19) lesions. A high-throughput mass spectrometry-based genotyping platform validated by orthogonal chemistry, OncoMap v.4.4, was used to evaluate the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens. The patients’ demographics, tumor characteristics, and microsatellite instability status were analyzed by a retrospective chart review.
Results
In this study,with OncoMap, mutationswere identified in 80.4% of patientswith the following frequency: KRAS (39.1%), TP53 (28.3%), APC (28.3%), PIK3CA (6.5%), BRAF (6.5%), and NRAS (4.3%). Although 19.6% (9/46) of the patients showed no gene mutations, 43.5% (20/46) and 37.0% (17/46) had mutations in one and two or more genes, respectively. The synchronous and metachronous lesions showed similar mutational profiles. Paired samples between primary and metastatic tumors differed in 7.4% (2/27) and 10.5% (2/19) for synchronous and metachronous according to OncoMap.
Conclusion
These findings indicate the major pathway genes, including KRAS, TP53, APC, PIK3CA, BRAF, and NRAS, are often concordant between the primary and metastatic lesions regardless of the temporal relationship of metastasis.

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Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis by Tumor Dimension Versus Tumor Biological Properties in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas
Jeon Yeob Jang, Min Ji Kim, Gwanghui Ryu, Nayeon Choi, Young-Hyeh Ko, Han-Sin Jeong
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):54-62.   Published online March 6, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.332
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a strong prognostic factor in many solid cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and LNM can be dependent upon primary tumor biology, as well as tumor dimension. Here, we investigate the relative risk of LNM in accordance to tumor dimension and biology in HNSCC subsites.
Materials and Methods
Medical data of 295 HNSCC patients who had undergone the initial curative surgery (oral tongue 174, oropharynx 75, hypopharynx 46) were analyzed to identify the significant predictive factor for LNM. Tumor volume and thickness were set as tumor dimensional variables, and biological variables included lymphovascular, perineural invasion, and tumor differentiation. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the predictability of LNM from variables, and subgroup analyses according to the tumor subsites. In addition, we evaluated the impacts of tumor dimension and biological variables on the treatment outcomes and survival in HNSCC subsites.
Results
The overall tumor dimension and biological variables had a similar impact on the prediction of LNM in HNSCC (area under curve, 0.7682 and 0.7717). The prediction sensitivity of LNM in oral tongue cancer was mainly dependent on tumor dimension, while LNM in oro- and hypo-pharynx cancers was more influenced by biological factors. Survival analyses also confirmed that biological factor was more powerful in estimating disease-free survival of hypopharyngeal cancer patients, while tumor dimension was more significant in that of oral cancer patients.
Conclusion
Tumor dimension and biology have a significant, tumor subsite-dependent impact on the occurrence of LNM and disease-free survival in HNSCC.

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Case Report
Effective Treatment of Solitary Pituitary Metastasis with Panhypopituitarism in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer by Lapatinib
Youngmok Park, Hyemin Kim, Eui-Hyun Kim, Chang-Ok Suh, Soohyeon Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):403-408.   Published online February 16, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.165
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Brain metastasis affects one third of patients with HER2-positive breast cancer after treatment with trastuzumab. Surgical resection and radiation therapy are often unsuccessful at accomplishing complete control of metastasis. Lapatinib is presumed to cross the blood-brain barrier, and exhibits clinical activities for treatment of HER2- positive breast cancer. A 43-year-old woman was treated for early breast carcinoma with total mastectomy, axillary lymph-node dissection, and adjuvant chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide plus doxorubicin. After the end of adjuvant trastuzumab therapy, she was diagnosed with panhypopituitarism due to pituitary metastasis. Surgical removal and whole brain radiation therapy were performed, but a portion of viable tumor remained. Only taking lapatinib, the size of the metastatic lesion began to shrink. Trastuzumab may have controlled the micro-metastasis of breast cancer, but it was unable to control its progression to the central nervous system. Lapatinib is a possible option for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer patients with brain metastasis.

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Original Articles
Detecting Metastatic Bladder Cancer Using 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography
Hakan Öztürk
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):834-843.   Published online February 12, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.157
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to retrospectively investigate the contribution of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose- positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) to detection of metastatic bladder cancer. Materials and Methods The present study included 79 patients (69 men and 10 women) undergoing 18F-FDGPET/ CT upon suspicion of metastatic bladder cancer between July 2007 and April 2013. The mean age was 66.1 years with a standard deviation of 10.7 years (range, 21 to 85 years). Patients were required to fast for 6 hours prior to scanning, and whole-body PET scanning from the skull base to the upper thighs was performed approximately 1 hour after intravenous injection of 555 MBq of 18F-FDG. Whole body CT scanning was performed in the cranio-caudal direction. FDG-PET images were reconstructed using CT data for attenuation correction. Suspicious recurrent or metastatic lesions were confirmed by histopathology or clinical follow-up. Results The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET/CT were 89%, 78%, 90%, 75%, and 86%, respectively. Conclusion 18F-FDG-PET/CT can detect metastases with high sensitivity and positive predictive values in patients with metastatic bladder carcinoma.

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Overexpression of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Advanced Gastric Cancer with Aggressive Lymph Node Metastasis
Yun-Suhk Suh, Jieun Yu, Byung Chul Kim, Boram Choi, Tae-Su Han, Hye Seong Ahn, Seong-Ho Kong, Hyuk-Joon Lee, Woo Ho Kim, Han-Kwang Yang
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):718-726.   Published online February 2, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.064
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate differentially expressed genes using DNA microarray between advanced gastric cancer (AGC) with aggressive lymph node (LN) metastasis and that with a more advanced tumor stage but without LN metastasis.
Materials and Methods
Five sample pairs of gastric cancer tissue and normal gastric mucosa were taken from three patients with T3N3 stage (highN) and two with T4N0 stage (lowN). Data from triplicate DNA microarray experiments were analyzed, and candidate genes were identified using a volcano plot that showed ≥ 2-fold differential expression and were significant by Welch's t test (p < 0.05) between highN and lowN. Those selected genes were validated independently by reverse- transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using five AGC patients, and tissue- microarray (TMA) comprising 47 AGC patients.
Results
CFTR, LAMC2, SERPINE2, F2R, MMP7, FN1, TIMP1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI- 1), ITGB8, SDS, and TMPRSS4 were commonly up-regulated over 2-fold in highN. REG3A, CD24, ITLN1, and WBP5 were commonly down-regulated over 2-fold in lowN. Among these genes, overexpression of PAI-1 was validated by RT-PCR, and TMA showed 16.7% (7/42) PAI-1 expression in T3N3, but none (0/5) in T4N0 (p=0.393).
Conclusion
DNA microarray analysis and validation by RT-PCR and TMA showed that overexpression of PAI-1 is related to aggressive LN metastasis in AGC.

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Extra-cranial Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor in Children: A Single Institute Experience
Che Ry Hong, Hyoung Jin Kang, Hee Young Ju, Ji Won Lee, Hyery Kim, Sung-Hye Park, Il Han Kim, Kyung Duk Park, Hee Young Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):889-896.   Published online January 2, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.176
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT) is a rare and highly aggressive tumor that affects young children. Due to its extreme rarity, most of the available data are based on retrospective case series. To add to the current knowledge of this disease, we reviewed the patients treated for extra-cranial MRT in our institute. Materials and Methods A retrospective medical record review was conducted on children treated for pathologically confirmed extra-cranial MRT at Seoul National University Children’s Hospital between January 2003 and May 2013. Results Eleven patients (7 boys, 4 girls) were diagnosed with extra-cranial MRT at a median age of 9 months old. INI1 staining was important in the pathological confirmation. Six patients (55%) had renal MRT and five (45%) had soft tissue MRT. Five patients (45%) had metastases at diagnosis. All patients underwent chemotherapy, eight patients (73%) underwent surgery, six patients (55%) received therapeutic radiotherapy, and four patients (36%) underwent high dose chemotherapy with autologous stem cell rescue (HDCT/ASCR) with melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin. Five patients (45%) died of disease following progression (n=3) or relapse (n=2), however, there was no treatment related mortality. The overall survival of the cohort was 53.0% and the event-free survival was 54.5% with a median follow-up duration of 17.8 months (range, 2.3 to 112.3 months). Conclusion Extra-cranial MRT is still a highly aggressive tumor in young children. However, the improved survival of our cohort is promising and HDCT/ASCR with melphalan, etoposide, and carboplatin may be a promising treatment option.

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  • Extracranial malignant rhabdoid tumors in children: high mortality even with the help of an aggressive clinical approach
    Siqi Xie, Yuanyuan Fang, Yingying Yang, Lan Liu, Jianxi Bai, Sheng Lin, Bing Zhang, Yifan Fang
    European Journal of Pediatrics.2023; 183(2): 557.     CrossRef
  • Infantile Extracranial Rhabdoid Tumor of the Scalp
    Sura Al Rawabdeh, Deifallah Alsharari, Hayat Khasawneh, Ola M. Al Waqfi, Qamar Yaser Malabeh, Hiathem Abu Alhaija, Raed Mohammad Aljubour, Hamzeh M. Alkhawaldeh, Pablo Fernandez Pe as
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  • Pharmacokinetics of high-dose carboplatin in children undergoing high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation with BSA-based dosing
    Che Ry Hong, Hyoung Jin Kang, Seol Ju Moon, Jaeseong Oh, Kyung Taek Hong, Jung Yoon Choi, Kyung-Sang Yu, Hee Young Shin
    Bone Marrow Transplantation.2020; 55(1): 137.     CrossRef
  • Successful Treatment of Extra‐Renal Noncerebral Rhabdoid Tumors with VIDE
    Naoko Yasui, Akihiko Yoshida, Eisuke Kobayashi, Fumihiko Nakatani, Hiroshi Kawamoto
    Pediatric Blood & Cancer.2016; 63(2): 352.     CrossRef
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Case Report
Bilateral Internal Auditory Canal Metastasis of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Chang-Hee Kim, Jung Eun Shin, Hee Joung Kim, Kye Young Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(1):110-114.   Published online August 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.079
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
We report on a patient with brain metastasis involving bilateral internal auditory canal from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A 49-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with NSCLC (T2aN1M0) complained of persistent vertigo and bilateral tinnitus for three months. The patient had refused all treatments, including surgery and chemotherapy; however, she sought alternative medicine. The patient’s hearing loss showed rapid progression bilaterally, and rotatory vertigo with peripheral-type nystagmus developed. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed irregular nodular enhancement within both internal auditory canals with leptomeningeal enhancement and multiple intracranial metastasis. The patient was treated with epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and the tumor showed partial response. This was a rare case of multiple brain metastases involving bilateral internal auditory canal from known NSCLC presenting with vertigo and hearing loss.

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  • Imaging in sensorineural and conductive hearing loss—an educational review
    Edith Vassallo, Andre-Stefan Gatt, Reuben Grech, Serena Capasso, Ferdinando Caranci, Lorenzo Ugga
    La radiologia medica.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Hamin Jeong, Dong-Han Lee, Jung Eun Shin, Chang-Hee Kim
    Journal of Clinical Neuroscience.2022; 95: 118.     CrossRef
  • Ear and Labyrinth Toxicities Induced by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Disproportionality Analysis from 2014 to 2019
    Fangyuan Hu, Xiaofei Ye, Yinghong Zhai, Jinfang Xu, Xiaojing Guo, Zhijian Guo, Xiang Zhou, Yiming Ruan, YongLong Zhuang, Jia He
    Immunotherapy.2020; 12(7): 531.     CrossRef
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  • 3 Crossref
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Original Article
Analysis of the Prognostic Factors for Distant Metastasis after Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer
Dong Hyun Kim, Won Taek Kim, Joo Hye Lee, Yong Kan Ki, Ji Ho Nam, Byung Joo Lee, Jin Choon Lee, Young Jin Choi, Young Mi Seol, Dong Won Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(1):46-54.   Published online August 25, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.212
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic factors of distant metastasis (DM) after induction chemotherapy (IC) followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for locoregionally advanced head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials and Methods A total of 321 patients with HNC who underwent IC followed by CRT treated between January 2005 and December 2010 were analyzed retrospectively. IC consisted of three courses of docetaxel (70 mg/m2) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2) every three weeks, followed by radiotherapy of 66-70 Gy/2 Gy per fraction/5 fractions per week concurrent with weekly cisplatin (40 mg/m2). Tumor/nodal stage, primary site, tumor differentiation, lower neck node involvement (level IV, VB, and supraclavicular regions), number of concurrent chemotherapy cycles, overall duration of radiotherapy, and response to IC were assessed as potential prognostic factors influencing DM and survival outcome. Results The five-year loco-regional recurrence and DM rates were 23.6% and 18.2%. N stage, overall duration of radiotherapy, lower neck node involvement, and response to IC were significant factors for DM. With a median follow-up period of 52 months (range, 4 to 83 months), the 5-year progression-free, DM-free, and overall survival rates were 41.2%, 50.7%, and 55.1%, respectively. Lower neck node involvement (p=0.008) and poor response to IC (p < 0.001) showed an association with significantly inferior DM-free survival. Conclusion Even with the addition of IC, the DM rate and survival outcome were poor when metastatic lower neck lymph nodes were present or when patients failed to respond after receiving IC.

Citations

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  • Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of 5-Fluorouracil in Head and Neck Cancer Patients: An Interventional Pilot Study
    P. Sharmila Nirojini, N.K. Bhuvaneshwari, N. Dharsshini, S. Dhivya Bharathi, K. Velavan
    Indian Journal of Medical and Paediatric Oncology.2024; 45(02): 134.     CrossRef
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    Abhenil Mittal, Atul Sharma
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    Hanqing Lin, Tian Wang, Yu Heng, Xiaoke Zhu, Liang Zhou, Ming Zhang, Yong Shi, Pengyu Cao, Lei Tao
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    Sajid Durrani, Saleh Al-Dhahari, Haneen Sebeih, Tariq Wani, Khalid Al Qahatani, Humariya Heena
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Case Reports
Intra-tumoral Metastatic Double Primary Carcinoma: Synchronous Metastatic Tumor in Lung from Breast and Thyroid Carcinoma
Lee Chun Park, Ji Yun Jeong, Jun Ho Ji, Silvia Park, Jin Seok Ahn, Young-Hyuck Im, Yeon Hee Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2014;46(2):200-203.   Published online April 15, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.46.2.200
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Cases of phenotypic heterogeneity of cells within tumors have recently been reported. Here, we report on a patient with characteristic intra-tumor double primary metastases in the lung. This patient was a 40-year-old Korean woman who had been diagnosed with breast cancer (T1N0M0, estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor/HER2 +/+/+) and papillary thyroid cancer three years prior and underwent a complete surgical resection followed by appropriate adjuvant treatment with radiation, hormone, and radioactive iodine. She was recently admitted for newly developed pulmonary nodules. Metastasectomy through video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery revealed recurrent double primary cancer with two different components (metastatic ductal carcinomas from the breast and metastatic papillary carcinomas from the thyroid gland) in each pulmonary nodule in the right upper lobe and right middle lobe. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of simultaneous recurrent double metastasis in one organ from different primary origins.

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Sunitinib Treatment for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in Patients with Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Ho Cheol Kim, Jung Su Lee, Sang Hyung Kim, Hoon Sub So, Chang Yoon Woo, Jae Lyun Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(4):349-353.   Published online December 31, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.4.349
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant disease that produces a variety of tumors and cysts in the central nervous system and visceral organs, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC in patients with VHL disease does not frequently metastasize, therefore, the response to treatment and prognosis of metastatic RCC developed in patients with VHL disease has not been reported. Sunitinib is an oral, multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity. Here, we report on four patients with metastatic RCC in VHL disease who received sunitinib and achieved partial responses that have lasted for a prolonged period of time.

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Original Article
Predicting Survival in Patients with Advanced Non-squamous Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Validating the Extent of Metastasis
Dong Soo Lee, Jin Hyoung Kang, Chang Geol Lee, Seoung Jun Kim, Young Jin Choi, Kyo Young Lee, Yeon Sil Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(2):95-102.   Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.2.95
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
A number of factors related to overall survival (OS) have been addressed in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study was conducted to determine the impact of whole-body metastatic regions on survival outcome in advanced non-squamous NSCLC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between March 2005 and February 2011, 112 eligible patients with newly confirmed stage IV non-squamous NSCLC, available for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status 18-21 analysis, and accessible for the determination of pretreatment whole-body metastatic regions were enrolled in this retrospective study. The total number of synchronous metastatic regions was scored according to the following disease sites: abdomen/pelvis, lung to lung/pulmonary lymphangitic spread, bone, pleura/pleural effusion/pericardial effusion, neck/axillary lymph nodes, other soft tissue, brain.
RESULTS
The median age of the cohort was 65 years (range, 31 to 88 years). The median whole-body metastatic score was 2 (range, 1 to 6), and bone and lung to lung were the most common metastatic sites. EGFR mutations were observed in 40 (35.7%) patients with a deletion in exon 19 and Leu858Arg mutation in exon 21 being detected in 16 (40.0%) and 19 (47.5%) patients, respectively. Multivariate analysis for OS revealed that treatment factors (p=0.005), performance status (p=0.006), whole-body metastatic score (p<0.001), and EGFR mutation status (p=0.095) were significantly or marginally associated with OS.
CONCLUSION
The results of the present study demonstrated that whole-body metastatic extent strongly affects survival outcome, even after adjustment for other significant variables in advanced non-squamous NSCLC. The clinical validity of more curative multimodal approaches in cohorts with limited metastases remains to be explored.

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  • Clathrin‐mediated EGFR endocytosis as a potential therapeutic strategy for overcoming primary resistance of EGFR TKI in wild‐type EGFR non‐small cell lung cancer
    Boyeon Kim, Young Soo Park, Jae Sook Sung, Jong Won Lee, Saet Byeol Lee, Yeul Hong Kim
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Case Report
Multiple Cardiac Metastases from a Nonfunctioning Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor
Yong Hyeok Choi, Hye-Suk Han, Sung-Nam Lim, Sang Yeub Lee, Ji Hae Koo, Ok-Jun Lee, Ki Hyeong Lee, Seung Taik Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(2):150-154.   Published online June 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.2.150
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are rare neoplasms, which most commonly metastasize to the liver. However, intrathoracic metastases from pNETs are encountered infrequently. This report describes a case of nonfunctioning pNET with multiple cardiac metastases. A 56-year-old male presented with a palpable abdominal mass that showed progressive enlargement. Findings on computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed two relatively well-marginated inhomogeneous low-attenuation masses, one in the head of the pancreas and the other in the tail. Multiple enhancing masses in the left pericardium with myocardial involvement were observed on chest CT and transthoracic echocardiography. Needle biopsies were performed on the mass in the tail of the pancreas and the left ventricular apical pericardium; histologic examination by hematoxylin and eosin morphology and immunohistochemical staining showed pNET in both. This is the first report of pNET with multiple cardiac metastases to previously undescribed metastatic sites.

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Review Article
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Drug Resistance and Metastasis of Lung Cancer
Fariz Nurwidya, Fumiyuki Takahashi, Akiko Murakami, Kazuhisa Takahashi
Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(3):151-156.   Published online September 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.3.151
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Among all types of cancer, incidence of lung cancer remains the highest with regard to cancer-related mortality. Problems contributing to recurrence of the disease include metastasis and drug resistance. Mounting evidence has demonstrated involvement of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer progression. EMT is a critical mechanism ensuring tissue remodeling during morphogenesis of multicellular organisms. Therefore, understanding of the biology of this process for identification of potential EMT-targeted therapeutic strategies for the benefit cancer patients is necessary. This review describes recent evidence of EMT involvement in drug resistance and metastasis of cancers, with an emphasis on lung cancer.

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Case Report
Metastatic Skin Lesions on Lower Extremities in a Patient with Recurrent Serous Papillary Ovarian Carcinoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Moon-Kyung Kim, Seo-Hee Kim, Yoo-Young Lee, Chel Hun Choi, Tae-Joong Kim, Jeoung-Won Lee, Je-Ho Lee, Duk-Soo Bae, Byoung-Gie Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(2):142-145.   Published online June 30, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.2.142
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Clinical observation of skin metastasis in ovarian cancer cases is relatively uncommon. And distant metastatic skin lesions including the extremities are much rarer still as most metastatic skin lesions are located in the skin in the abdominal wall adjacent to where the primary ovarian tumors exist. We report the case of a 60-year-old woman who presented skin lesions on both lower extremities as a consequence of the metastasis of serous papillary adenocarcinoma of the ovary. She presented with erythematous and painful cutaneous nodules on both upper legs and in the inguinal area 42 months after initial diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Skin biopsy revealed metastasis of adenocarcinoma in the dermis. She was treated with surgical excision and systemic chemotherapy. Literature review has suggested that a combined modality approach including surgical excision and chemotherapy may be useful in the management of skin metastases due to ovarian cancer.

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