Cancer Research and Treatment

Case Reports

Primary Histiocytic Sarcoma of the Central Nervous System: Hoonsub So, Sun A Kim, Dok Hyun Yoon, Shin Kwang Khang, Jihye Hwang, Chong Hyun Suh, Cheolwon Suh; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(2):322-328. Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.163

Histiocytic sarcoma is a type of lymphoma that rarely involves the central nervous system (CNS). Its rarity can easily lead to a misdiagnosis. We describe a patient with primary CNS histocytic sarcoma involving the cerebral hemisphere and spinal cord, who had been initially misdiagnosed as demyelinating disease. Two biopsies were necessary before a correct diagnosis was made. A histologic examination showed bizarre shaped histiocytes with larger nuclei and nuclear atypia. The cells were positive for CD68, CD163, and S-100 protein. As a resection was not feasible due to multifocality, he was treated with highdose methotrexate, but showed no response. As a result, he was switched to high dose cytarabine; but again, showed no response. The patient died 2 months from the start of chemotherapy and 8 months from the onset of symptoms. Since few patients with this condition have been described and histopathology is difficult to diagnose, suspicion of the disease is essential.

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A rare case of primary central nervous system histiocytic sarcoma harboring a novel ARHGAP45::BRAF fusion: a case report and literature review
Luyi Zhang, Gang Zhang, Han Zheng, Bin Jiang, Yongzhi Ju, Qianqian Duan, Lu An, Hangyu Shi
Brain Tumor Pathology.2024; 41(1): 18. CrossRef
Primary Histiocytic Sarcoma of the Breast: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Hind Althomali, Haneen Al-Maghrabi, Nora Trabulsi, Jaudah Al-Maghrabi
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary CNS histiocytic sarcoma: Two case reports highlighting a novel MIGA2::BRAF gene fusion and genome-wide DNA methylation profiling results
Ryan Cecchi, Doré Guptil, Nicholas Haslett, Alexandra Hristov, Jacob R Bledsoe, Harrison Tsai, John DeWitt, Sean P Ferris
Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology.2024; 83(10): 882. CrossRef
Case report: Treatment of a rare primary cerebellum histiocytic sarcoma with surgery and radiotherapy
Li Yanchu, Zhang Li, Zhang Qiongwen, Duan Jiayu, Wang Feng
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary intracranial histiocytic sarcomas: a report of six cases and a pooled analysis of individual patient data
Pengcheng Zuo, Mingxin Zhang, Wenhao Wu, Yu Wang, Tian Li, Tao Sun, YuJin Wang, Zhen Wu, Junting Zhang, Liwei Zhang
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2023; 149(13): 12071. CrossRef
A rare neuromyelitis optica mimic: Primary CNS histiocytic sarcoma
David S Rogawski, Jeffrey J Nirschl, Jamie McDonald, Esther Nie, Nicholas U Schwartz, Hannes Vogel, Brian J Scott, Carl A Gold, Lucas B Kipp
Multiple Sclerosis Journal.2022; 28(10): 1651. CrossRef
New onset headache caused by histiocytic sarcoma of the spinal cord and leptomeninges: a case report
Matthew Silsby, Winny Varikatt, Steve Vucic, Parvathi Menon
BMJ Neurology Open.2021; 3(1): e000147. CrossRef
Clinical Reasoning: A 42-Year-Old Woman With Mysterious Monocytic Meningitis
Meghan E. Nothem, Ryan M. Lee, Jonathan M. Katz, Paul A. Bergl, Ahmed Z. Obeidat
Neurology.2021; 97(9): 449. CrossRef
Primary histiocytic sarcoma in the brain with renal metastasis causing internal ophthalmoparesis and external ophthalmoplegia in a Maine Coon cat
Susana Monteiro, Katherine Hughes, Marie-Aude Genain, Lisa Alves
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Open Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinicopathological characteristics of histiocytic sarcoma affecting the central nervous system in dogs
Izumi Toyoda, William Vernau, Beverly K. Sturges, Karen M. Vernau, John Rossmeisl, Kurt Zimmerman, Chelsea M. Crowe, Kevin Woolard, Michelle Giuffrida, Robert J. Higgins, Peter J. Dickinson
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.2020; 34(2): 828. CrossRef
Nonepithelial Tumors of the Larynx: Single-Institution 13-Year Review with Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation
Andrew C. Ong, Eric H. Huh, Anna J. Moreland, Lisa M. Rooper, Nafi Aygun, Lee M. Akst, Simon R. Best, Majid A. Khan
RadioGraphics.2020; 40(7): 2011. CrossRef
Primary histiocytic sarcoma of the central nervous system: a case report with platelet derived growth factor receptor mutation and PD-L1/PD-L2 expression and literature review
Jackson M. May, Mark R. Waddle, Daniel H. Miller, William C. Stross, Tasneem A. Kaleem, Byron C. May, Robert C. Miller, Liuyan Jiang, Gerald W. Strong, Daniel M. Trifiletti, Kaisorn L. Chaichana, Ronald Reimer, Han W. Tun, Jennifer L. Peterson
Radiation Oncology.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Primary central nervous system histiocytic sarcoma
Shuang Ma, Michael Schild, Diana Tran, Xuefeng Zhang, Wan-Lin Zhang, Shuai Shen, Hong-Tao Xu, Lian-He Yang, Endi Wang
Medicine.2018; 97(26): e11271. CrossRef
Case of primary central nervous system histiocytic sarcoma with prominent proliferation of histiocytic cells between the trabeculae of reactive glial cells
Emiko Takahashi, Ayako Sakakibara, Toyonori Tsuzuki, Shigeo Nakamura
Neuropathology.2018; 38(6): 609. CrossRef
Primary histiocytic sarcoma presenting as diffuse leptomeningeal disease: Case description and review of the literature
Magda Zanelli, Moira Ragazzi, Giovanni Marchetti, Alessandra Bisagni, Massimo Principi, Daniela Fanni, Elisabetta Froio, Silvia Serra, Eleonora Zanetti, Loredana De Marco, Felice Giangaspero, Stefano Ascani
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Pediatric intracerebral histiocytic sarcoma with rhabdoid features: Case report and literature review
Young Hye Kim, Gie‐Taek Yie, Na Rae Kim, In‐Sang Jeon, Hyun Yee Cho, Jae Yeon Seok, Eung Yeop Kim, Kyu Chan Lee
Neuropathology.2017; 37(6): 560. CrossRef
Looking for a Rarity: Histiocytic Sarcoma
Joana de Castro Rocha, Isabel Paiva, Ana Rita Cruz
Journal of Cancer Therapy.2016; 07(02): 79. CrossRef
A Case of Histiocytic Sarcoma Arising in Head and Neck Region with Rhabdoid Differentiation
Jeong Marn Kim, Yun Seok Oh, Dong Wook Lee
Korean Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.2016; 59(9): 672. CrossRef
A 43‐Year‐Old Female with Multifocal Cerebral Lesions
Marieke B.B. Nieuwenhuis, Sandra M.A. van der Salm, Joost J.C. Verhoeff, Anneke J. van der Kooi, Ivana Slavujecvic‐Letic, Steven T. Pals, Josephine M.I. Vos
Brain Pathology.2015; 25(3): 371. CrossRef

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Two Pediatric Osteosarcoma Cases with Delayed Methotrexate Excretion: Its Clinical Course and Management: Kang Min Lee, Hee Woo Lee, Seung Yeon Kim, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Dong Hwan Kim, Joongbum Cho, Dong Ho Kim, Jung Sub Lim, Jin Kyung Lee, Jun Ah Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):67-70. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.67

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

High-dose methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy extends the duration of hospitalization and introduces the risks of serious complications related to delayed MTX excretion. The treatment of delayed MTX excretion is largely dependent on invasive measures such as hemodialysis because the clinical data regarding the efficacy or safety of carboxypetidase G2 is limited. We report here on the cases of two pediatric osteosarcoma patients with delayed MTX excretion and who were successfully managed using supportive measures. Potential life-threatening complications were prevented by administering high doses of leucovorin.

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The Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Transporter Proteins and the Folate Metabolism Pathway in Delayed Methotrexate Excretion: A Case Report and Literature Review
Jun Wang, Yue-Tao Zhao, Meng-Jiao Sun, Feng Chen, Hong-Li Guo
Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine.2022; Volume 15: 919. CrossRef
Toxicité rénale des anticancéreux
Blandine Aloy, Nicolas Janus, Corine Isnard-Bagnis, Gilbert Deray, Vincent Launay-Vacher
Néphrologie & Thérapeutique.2021; 17(7): 553. CrossRef
Delayed High-dose Methotrexate Excretion and Influencing Factors in Osteosarcoma Patients
Wei Zhang, Qing Zhang, Ting-Ting Zheng, Jian-Cun Zhen, Xiao-Hui Niu
Chinese Medical Journal.2016; 129(21): 2530. CrossRef

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Original Article

Influence of Reduced Folate Carrier and Dihydrofolate Reductase Genes on Methotrexate-Induced Cytotoxicity: Seong-Ae Yoon, Jung Ran Choi, Jeong-Oh Kim, Jung-Young Shin, XiangHua Zhang, Jin-Hyoung Kang; Cancer Res Treat. 2010;42(3):163-171. Published online September 30, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2010.42.3.163

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of genetic variations and the expression of the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) on the drug sensitivity to methotrexate (MTX) in different cancer cell lines.

Materials and Methods

We examined the six human cancer cell lines (MCF-7, AGS, A549, NCI-H23, HCT-116 and Saos-2). The cytotoxicity of MTX was measured by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. The expressions of the DHFR and RFC were evaluated by real-time PCR and western blotting. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DHFR and two SNPs of the RFC were genotyped.

Results

The IC₅₀s of MTX was in an extensively broad range from 6.05±0.81 nM to>1,000 nM in the cell lines. The Saos-2 (>1,000 nM) and MCF-7 (114.31±5.34 nM) cells were most resistant to MTX; in contrast, the AGS and HCT-116 cells were highly sensitive to MTX with an IC₅₀ of 6.05±0.81 nM and 13.56±3.76 nM, respectively. A reciprocal change of the RFC and DHFR mRNA expression was found between the MTX-sensitive AGS and MTX-resistant Saos-2 cells. There was no significant difference in the expression levels of RFC protein in both the AGS and Saos-2 cells, whereas DHFR protein was more increased in the MTX-resistant Saos-2 cells treated with MTX. The genotype of the MTX-sensitive AGS cells were mutant variants of the DHFR; in contrast, the Saos-2 cells had the wild-type of the DHFR.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study showed that inverse change of the RFC and DHFR mRNA and protein expression was associated with RFC and DHFR polymorphisms and it is postulated that this phenomenon might play an important role in sensitivity of certain cancers to MTX.

Citations

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Han Cen, Qin-Wen Wen, Han-Qing Zhang, Hang Yu, Zhen Zeng, Ting Jin, Ting-Hui Wang, Wen Qin, Hua Huang, Xiu-Di Wu
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Development and Optimization of Methotrexate Encapsulated Polymeric Nanocarrier by Ionic Gelation Method and its Evaluations
Rinki Verma, Manoj Kumar
ChemistrySelect.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Chunxia Gao, Mengmeng Wang, Peizhi Zhu, Caifeng Yan
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Heba Mostafa, Lamia Barakat, Walied S. Abdo, Rania M. Khalil
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Yangyang Luo, Ahmed Humayun, Teresa A. Murray, Benjamin S. Kemp, Antwine McFarland, Xuan Liu, David K. Mills
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Case Report

Carboxypeptidase-G2 Rescue in a Patient with High Dose Methotrexate-induced Nephrotoxicity: Eun Sil Park, Kyung Hee Han, Hyoung Soo Choi, Hee Young Shin, Hyo Seop Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(2):133-135. Published online April 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.2.133

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

A 13 year-old girl with osteosarcoma and pulmonary tumor recurrence developed acute renal failure following high dose methotrexate (12 g/m²) therapy, she had previously tolerated high dose methotrexate and her renal and hepatic functions were normal. Briefly, 48 hours after beginning methotrexate infusion her methotrexate concentration and creatinine level were 1338.8 µM/L and 5.8 mg/dl, respectively. Grade IV oral mucositis and neutropenia with fever developed at 144 hours after MTX infusion. Hydration and alkalinization were continued and leucovorin rescue was intensified based on the plasma MTX concentrations. Plasma exchange was performed twice and hemodialysis 3 times without problems, but methotraxate and creatinine levels remained high, 91.9 µM/L, and 2.5 mg/dl, respectively. After 3 courses of hemodialysis carboxypeptidase-G2 (CPDG2) was administered at 50 U/kg, intravenously over 5 minutes. After 15 minutes of CPDG2 (Voraxaze™) infusion, her plasma MTX concentration was 0.91 µM/L and no rebound elevation or side effects developed. Thirteen days post-MTX infusion her renal function had normalized. We report here our experience of a dramatic methotrexate level reduction caused by CPDG2 administration.

Citations

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Extracorporeal Treatment for Methotrexate Poisoning
Marc Ghannoum, Darren M. Roberts, David S. Goldfarb, Jesper Heldrup, Kurt Anseeuw, Tais F. Galvao, Thomas D. Nolin, Robert S. Hoffman, Valery Lavergne, Paul Meyers, Sophie Gosselin, Tudor Botnaru, Karine Mardini, David M. Wood
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Comparable efficacy with varying dosages of glucarpidase in pediatric oncology patients
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Anthony M. Christensen, Jennifer L. Pauley, Alejandro R. Molinelli, John C. Panetta, Deborah A. Ward, Clinton F. Stewart, James M. Hoffman, Scott C. Howard, Ching‐Hon Pui, Alberto S. Pappo, Mary V. Relling, Kristine R. Crews
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Original Articles

Results of CHOP-Bleo / CMED Alternating Chemotherapy for Aggressive Non - Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Suk Jin Kim, In Keun Choi, Sang Chul Oh, Jae Hong Seo, Byung Soo Kim, Sang Won Shin, Yeul Hong Kim, Jun Suk Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(2):350-356.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To assess the efficacy and toxicity of a new protocol that consists of CHOP- Bleo alternated with a new regimen of Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, etoposide, and dexamethasone(CMED) for aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma(NHL). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1991 and December 1996, forty-six patients with Ann Arbor stages II-IV aggressive NHL were treated with alternating cycles of CHOP-Bleo and CMED for a total of 12 cycles. All eligible patients were evaluated for response, disease-free survival, and overall survival.
RESULTS
Twenty-two patients(47.8%) achieved a complete response and overall response rate was 83.9%. The range of survival duration was 1-68+months and the median survival time was 42 months. Overall 3-year survival rate was 54%. The range of disease-free survival time was 6-63+months and 3-year disease-free survival rate was 61%. The most common hematologic toxicity was leukopenia and the incidence of severe leukopenia(<1,000/mm3) was 11%. And alopecia(84.8%) was the most common non-hematologic toxicity.
CONCLUSION
The results of CHOP-Bleo/CMED alternating chemotherapy for patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma is not superior to other results of previous studies. Therefore further study will be warranted to determine clinical effectiveness of alternating chemotherapy.

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Pharmacokinetics and Toxicities of High - Dose Methotrexate in the Treatment of Primary Osteogenic Sarcoma: Goo Hyun Baek, Soo Yong Lee, Seok Il Hong; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1990;22(3):386-395.

Abstract PDF: From December 1989 to July l990, we have tried 70 courses of high-dose methotrexate therapy, which was combined with adriamycin and cisplatin, in the treatment of 13 patients with primary wteogenic sarcoma. The dosage of methotrexate in our protocol was 8 grams per square meter of body surface and the intravenous infusion was done for 4 hours. Using fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPI) method, we measured the plasma level of methotrexate at 4, 5, 6, B, 24, 48 and 72 hours from the start of infusian. The toxicities were analyzed according to the WHO guidelines. The mean plasma level was 1343.89uM/L at 4 hours (S.D.: 474.63, range: 795.40 to 2870.00), 736.58 (S.D.:291.33, range: l53.00 to 1495.90) at 5 hours, 601.26 (S.D.:329.69, range:36.10 to 1251.20) at 6 hours, 353.44 (S.D.: 179.02, range: 3.60 to 720.23) at 8 hours, 7.32 (S.D.: 9.79, range: 0.08 to 68.50) at 24 hours, 0.40(S.D.: 0.55, range: 0.02 to 3.90) at 48 hours and 0.15 (S.D.: 0.09, range: 0.01 to 0.63) at 72 hours. Twenty two point nine percents at 24 hours and 17.1 percents at 48 hours needed increase of citrovorum factor rescue and 14.3 percents needed prolonged administration of citrovorum factor at 72 hours. Myelosuppression, alteration of hepatic function such as increase of sGOT and sGPT, and other infrequent toxicities were observed, but they were reversible and did not result in permanent dysfunction.

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Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy with High-dose Methotrexate , Adriamycin and Cisplatin for Non - Metastatic Osteosarcoma: Keun Seok Lee, Heung Moon Chang, Dae Seog Heo, Yung Jue Bang, Noe Kyeong Kim, Sang Hoon Lee, Eui Keun Ham, Han Ku Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(6):1092-1104.

Abstract PDF: three non-metastatic osteosarcoma patients were treated with high-dose methotrexate, adriamycin, and cisplatin from October 1987 to May 1993. Median age was 18. The ratio of male to female was 16: 7. The patients received methotrexate 8g/§³ IV, day 1 and 8 with leucovorin rescue, adriamycin 25mg/§³ IV day 16~18, and cisplatin 75mg/§³ IV day 16, After two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, operation was done and then six cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were given with the same regimen. One patient developed lung metastasis after two cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the other patient died from sepsis associated with chemotherapy-induced neutropenia before operation. Therefore, 21 patients underwent operation. Among them, l9 patients underwent limb salvage operation. Of the five patients who relapsed, two patients had lung metastasis and another two patients had local recurrence, and one patient had both lung and brain metastasis. One year, three year, and five year disease-free survival rate were 84%, 68%, and 68%. One year, three year, and five year survival rate were 91%, 64%, and 53%, respectively. The site of the primary lesion was the only significant prognosis factor. Patients with the lesion of distal femur had poor prognosis.Histologic responses were assessed in 17 patients. Observed histologic responses were grade I necrosis in 35%, grade II necrosis in 65%. There was no grade III or IV necrosis. The disease-free survival rates and overall survival rates were not significantly different between grade I necrosis group and grade II necrosis group. Toxicities grade III or IV were as follows: leukopenia 32%, thrombocytopenia 9%, hepatotoxicity 14%, and infection 6% with one chemotherapy-related death. The pharmacokinetics of high-dose methotrexate with leucovorin rescue were studied in l0 patients. The highest concentration was achieved at the end of infusion(6 hour). The decay of the plasma concentration of methotrexate after completion of the infusion followed a two-compartment model with a T(1/2)￥a of 3.4¡¾1.9 hours and T(1/2)￥a of 8.0¡¾2.6 hours. The clearance was 55¡¾13ml/min/§³ and the volume of distribution was 8.2¡¾3.0 L/§³. In conclusion, neoadjuvant chemotherapy with high-dose methotrexate, adriamycin, and cisplatin is effective for treatment of the patients of osteosarcoma with preserving the limb function.

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