Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Head and Neck cancer

Outcomes of Salvage Therapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer Recurrence Following Upfront Radiation Therapy and Prognostic Factors: Nayeon Choi, Hack Jung Kim, Heejun Yi, Heejung Kim, Tae Hwan Kim, Han-Sin Jeong, Young-Ik Son, Chung-Hwan Baek, Dongryul Oh, Yong Chan Ahn, Man Ki Chung; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1123-1133. Published online May 8, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1046

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the oncologic outcomes and prognostic factors of salvage treatments in patients with recurrent oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) after radiotherapy (RT)-based treatment.
Materials and Methods
A cancer registry was used to retrieve the records of 337 patients treated with definitive RT or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) from 2008 to 2018 at a single institution. The poor-responder group (PRG) was defined as patients with residual or recurrent disease after primary treatment, and the oncologic outcomes for each salvage treatment method were analyzed. In addition, prognostic indicators of recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) were identified in patients who underwent salvage treatment.
Results
After initial (C)RT, the PRG comprised 71 of the 337 patients (21.1%): 18 patients had residual disease, and 53 had recurrence after primary treatment (mean time to recurrence 19.5 months). Of these, 63 patients received salvage treatment (surgery 57.2%, re-(C)RT 23.8%, and chemotherapy 19.0%), and the salvage success rate was 47.6% at the last follow-up. The overall 2-year OS for salvage treatments was 56.4% (60.8% for the salvage surgery group and 46.2% for the salvage re-(C)RT). Salvage surgery patients with negative resection margins had better oncologic outcomes than those with close/positive resection margins. Using multivariate analyses, locoregional recurrence and residual disease after primary surgery were associated with poor outcome after salvage treatment. In Kaplan-Meier analyses, p16 status was significantly associated with OS in the initial treatment setting but not in the salvage setting.
Conclusion
In recurrent OPSCC after RT-based treatment, successful salvage was achieved in 56.4% patients who had undergone salvage surgery and radiation treatment. Salvage treatment methods should be selected carefully, given recurrence site as a prognostic factor for RFS.

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Reduced Dose and Selective Neck Irradiation Policy in Treating Oropharynx Cancer: Excellent Oncological Outcomes with Very Low Risk of Locoregional Failure
Eunyeong Yang, Seung Gyu Park, Kyungmi Yang, Dongryul Oh, Yong Chan Ahn
Cancer Research and Treatment.2026; 58(1): 95. CrossRef
HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: risk-adapted treatment strategies and biomarker-guided individualization
İbrahim Yıldız, Elif Şenocak Taşçı, Serap Yücel
Oral Oncology.2026; 178: 108005. CrossRef
Preoperative Chemoimmunotherapy Followed by Salvage Surgery and Adjuvant Tislelizumab for Previously Irradiated Recurrent HNSCC: A Prospective Phase II Trial
Pu-Gen An, Jie Zhang, Xiao Hu, Zi-Qi Zhang, Tong Zhang, Wen-Jie Wu
Clinical Cancer Research.2026; 32(13): 2572. CrossRef
Perspective on proton beam therapy for oropharyngeal cancer
Pietro De Luca, Francesco Bussu, Angelo Camaioni
The Lancet.2026; 408(10553): 412. CrossRef
Impact of Prior Neck Treatment Status on Salvage Treatment Outcomes in Isolated Regional Recurrence of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Younghac Kim, Heechun Cho, Nayeon Choi, Man Ki Chung, Han‐Sin Jeong, Young‐Ik Son
Head & Neck.2025; 47(10): 2742. CrossRef
Defining failure patterns and dynamics in locally advanced pharyngeal and laryngeal SCC following radiotherapy: Real-World Insights in the modern Era!
Linda Agolli, Luise Reinhard, Christine Langer, Christoph Arens, Gabriele A. Krombach, Sebastian Harth, Andreas Lurtz, Ann-Katrin Exeli, Stefan Gattenlöhner, Daniel Habermehl
Clinical and Translational Radiation Oncology.2025; 55: 101026. CrossRef
Toxicities and prognostic factors in elderly HPV‐associated oropharyngeal cancer patients treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy
Erkan Topkan, Efsun Somay, Ugur Selek
Journal of Medical Virology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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A Single-Arm, Prospective, Phase II Study of Cisplatin Plus Weekly Docetaxel as First-Line Therapy in Patients with Metastatic or Recurrent Salivary Gland Cancer: Hye Ryeon Kim, Su Jin Lee, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Se-Hoon Lee, Han-Sin Jeong, Man Ki Chung, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(3):719-727. Published online November 1, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1019

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Purpose
Salivary gland cancers (SGCs) are relatively rare but comprise various histologic subtypes, which complicates design of prospective trials. Systemic chemotherapy plays a limited role in treatment of SGCs, but cisplatin and docetaxel showed efficacy in a previous preclinical study. Here, we conduct a prospective, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of cisplatin plus weekly docetaxel in patients with metastatic or recurrent SGC.
Materials and Methods
We included patients with histologically confirmed SGCs of the following subtypes: mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, ductal carcinoma, or adenoid cystic carcinoma. Patients had no prior systemic chemotherapy for metastatic or recurrent tumors and at least one measurable lesion. Patients were treated with docetaxel 35 mg/m2 (D1, 8) and cisplatin 70 mg/m2 (D1) every 21 days.
Results
Forty-one patients were enrolled between April 2014 and October 2020. The median age was 58 years (range, 32 to 73 years). The most common histologic subtype was adenoid cystic carcinoma (63.4%), followed by ductal carcinoma (24.4%). The most common metastatic site was the lung (75.6%). The median treatment cycle was 5.5 (range, 3 to 8), and the objective response rate was 46.3%, with three complete responses. The median duration of response was 6.8 months (interquartile range, 4.0 to 10.2). The progression-free survival and overall survival were 9.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.4 to 10.5) and 28.2 months (95% CI, 22.7 to 33.6), respectively. There were no treatment-related deaths. The most common grade 3/4 adverse events were neutropenia (4.9%) and fatigue (4.9%).
Conclusion
Cisplatin plus weekly docetaxel is effective and tolerable with manageable toxicity as first-line therapy in patients with metastatic or recurrent SGC.

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Prognostic Significance of Primary Tumor Surgery in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Patients With Distant Metastases at Diagnosis: A Population-Based Database Analysis in Head and Neck Region
Han Li, Li Zhao, Yixuan Song, Yang Liu, Song Ni, Shaoyan Liu
Ear, Nose & Throat Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Systemic Therapy in the Management of Recurrent or Metastatic Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma of Salivary Gland: A Systematic Review
Gurkiran Kaur, Anahat Kaur, Ankur Mohan, Aprajita Panwar
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2026; 78(1): 656. CrossRef
Systemic Therapy for Salivary Gland Cancers: A Review of Targeted and Chemotherapeutic Approaches
Justin M. Hintze, Ashish Chintakuntlawar
Current Treatment Options in Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Contemporary Management of Malignancies of the Parotid Gland: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Anthony Tang, Vanessa Helou, Shaum S. Sridharan, Renata Ferrarotto, Jessica L. Geiger, Dan P. Zandberg, Diana Bell, Heath Skinner, Matthew E. Spector, Eugene N. Myers, Kevin J. Contrera
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.2026; 174(4): 916. CrossRef
Molecular Subtype-Associated Response to Cyclophosphamide–Epirubicin–Cisplatin Regimen in Recurrent or Metastatic Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma: A Retrospective Single-Center Study
Wenbo Tang, Jiuli Zhou, Wei Zhao, Fengjuan Lin, Liqiong Xue, Ye Guo
Cancers.2026; 18(11): 1847. CrossRef
Current landscape and future directions of therapeutic approaches for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands (Review)
Katarzyna Stawarz, Monika Durzynska, Adam Gałązka, Anna Gorzelnik, Jakub Zwolinski, Monika Paszkowska, Karolina Bieńkowska‑Pluta, Magdalena Misiak‑Galazka
Oncology Letters.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
TBK1 is a signaling hub in coordinating stress-adaptive mechanisms in head and neck cancer progression
Hyo Jeong Kim, Haeng-Jun Kim, Sun-Yong Kim, Jin Roh, Ju Hyun Yun, Chul-Ho Kim
Autophagy.2025; 21(8): 1744. CrossRef
Clinical trials for patients with salivary gland cancers: A systematic review of worldwide registers and an evaluation of current challenges
Pablo Jiménez-Labaig, Luigi Lorini, Cristina Gurizzan, Emma Kinloch, Sarah Burton, Martin D. Forster, Robert Metcalf, Renata Ferrarotto, Paolo Bossi, Ben O´leary, Glenn Hanna, Enriqueta Felip, Irene Braña Garcia, Kevin J. Harrington
Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2025; 211: 104747. CrossRef
Palliative systemic therapy for locally advanced or metastatic salivary duct carcinoma: A comprehensive review
Masafumi Kanno, Satoshi Kano, Yoshinori Imamura, Daisuke Kawakita, Norihiko Narita, Yuichiro Tada, Yumi Ito, Taiyo Morikawa, Yoshimasa Imoto, Yukinori Kato, Tetsuji Takabayashi, Shigeharu Fujieda
Cancer Treatment Reviews.2025; 139: 102993. CrossRef
Advances in Targeted and Systemic Therapy for Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Current Options and Future Directions
Sushanth Sreenivasan, Rahim Jiwani, Richard White, Veli Bakalov, Ryan Moll, Joseph Liput, Larisa Greenberg
Current Oncology.2025; 32(4): 232. CrossRef
Summary of Japanese clinical practice guidelines for head and neck cancer - 2025 update edited by the Japan Society for Head and Neck Cancer
Nobuhiro Hanai, Mizuo Ando, Hiroto Ishiki, Nobuhiro Ueda, Susumu Okano, Isaku Okamoto, Hiroyuki Ozawa, Satoshi Kano, Tomonori Kanda, Yuki Saito, Hirotaka Shinomiya, Keisuke Takanari, Toshifumi Tomioka, Hiroshi Fuseya, Yoshitaka Honma, Atsushi Motegi, Koic
Auris Nasus Larynx.2025; 52(6): 709. CrossRef
Clinical Course of Parotid Carcinoma with Hepatic and Nodal Metastases: A Case Report
Antonio Doronzo, Giovanni Musci, Gennaro Gadaleta-Caldarola, Maria Chiara Sergi
International Journal of Translational Medicine.2024; 5(1): 3. CrossRef
Systemic and Targeted Therapies in Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
Alec J. Kacew, Glenn J. Hanna
Current Treatment Options in Oncology.2023; 24(1): 45. CrossRef
Major and minor salivary gland cancers: A multicenter retrospective study
Muhammet Bekir Hacioglu, Bulent Erdogan, Murat Bardakcı, Efnan Algın, Burcu Gulbagcı, Ilhan Hacibekiroglu, Jamshid Hamdard, Omer Fatih Olmez, Hadi Akkus, Berna Oksuzoglu, Sema Sezgin Goksu, Shute Ailia Dae, Ahmet Taner Sumbul, Muzaffer Ugraklı, Mustafa Ka
Head & Neck.2023; 45(7): 1643. CrossRef
The Therapeutic Landscape of Salivary Gland Malignancies—Where Are We Now?
Robbert Cleymaet, Tijl Vermassen, Renaat Coopman, Hubert Vermeersch, Stijn De Keukeleire, Sylvie Rottey
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(23): 14891. CrossRef

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Oncological and Functional Outcomes of Larynx-preserving Surgery for Hypopharyngeal Cancer: A Comparison with Definitive Radiation-based Treatment: Donghyeok Kim, Nalee Kim, Sungmin Koh, Man Ki Chung, Young-Ik Son, Dongryul Oh, Han-Sin Jeong, Yong Chan Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(1):84-95. Published online March 26, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.1197

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Larynx-preserving surgery (LPS) have recently gained popularity and achieved comparable oncologic outcomes to conventional radical surgery for localized hypopharyngeal cancer (HPC). In the current study, the role of LPS has been assessed thoroughly in comparison with upfront radiation therapy (RT).
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 185 candidates for LPS with cT1-2 disease; 59 patients underwent upfront LPS while 126 patients received upfront RT, respectively. Oncological and functional outcomes were investigated and compared.
Results
Following LPS, safe margin (≥ 5 mm) was achieved in 37.3% of patients. Overall, better clinical outcomes at 5 years were achieved following upfront LPS than those following upfront RT: overall survival (OS) (72.7% vs. 59.0%, p=0.045), disease-free survival (DFS) (59.8% vs. 45.0%, p=0.039), and functional laryngeal preservation (100% vs. 89.7%, p=0.010). Although similar outcomes were observed in patients with cT1 disease, better 5-year DFS was achieved following upfront LPS in patients with cT2 disease (57.0% vs. 36.4%, p=0.023) by virtue of better local control. Despite frequent cN2-3 disease in upfront LPS group, comparable outcomes were observed between upfront RT and LPS group. However, multivariable analyses revealed that performance status and double primary cancer diagnosed within 6 months of HPC diagnosis affected OS significantly, while treatment modality per se did not.
Conclusion
Although upfront LPS could provide better local control than upfront RT in patients with cT2 disease, overall outcomes were comparable following either modality. Treatment selection of larynx-preserving approach for HPC should be individualized based on tumor and patient factors.

Citations

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Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for T2N0 hypopharyngeal cancer: an analysis of the head and neck cancer registry of Japan
Ari Nishimura, Naoki Fukuda, Daisuke Kawakita, Megumi Kitayama, Ken-ichi Nibu, Seiichi Yoshimoto, Hirokazu Uemura, Tadashi Kitahara
International Journal of Clinical Oncology.2026; 31(2): 328. CrossRef
Comparison of induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery and (chemo)radiotherapy in locoregionally advanced hypopharyngeal carcinoma: a prospective cohort study
Da-wei Zhao, Shi-rui Li, Fei Yang, Xiong-fang Guo, Xiao-zhe Sun, Ling Li, Su-cheng Tan, Jin-yang Qin, Ya-jing Qu, Zhong-qiu Wang, Lin Ma, Pei-guo Wang
Clinical and Translational Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy and Safety of Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locoregionally Advanced Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma
Fei Yang, Yajing Qu, Xiongfang Guo, Ling Li, Sucheng Tan, Xiang Li, Guibing Ren, Lin Ma, Da-wei Zhao
Advances in Radiation Oncology.2026; 11(11): 102129. CrossRef
Guidelines for the Treatment of Laryngeal Cancer from the Korean Society of Head and Neck Surgery
Jeon Yeob Jang, Geun-Jeon Kim, Sang-Yeon Kim, Min-Su Kim, Dong Kun Lee, Minsu Kwon, Dongbin Ahn, Myung Jin Ban, Young Kang, Ho-Ryun Won, Jae Won Chang, Dong Won Lee, Ki Nam Park, Yeon Soo Kim, Ah Ra Jung, Jungirl Seok, Hye Ran Lee, Sung-Chan Shin, Chang M
Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology.2025; 18(2): 89. CrossRef
A Comparative Study of Initiated Chemotherapy Versus Initiated Surgery Combined with Primary-Radiotherapy in Locoregionally Advanced Hypopharyngeal Carcinoma
D.-w. Zhao, H.-y. Jiang, W.-j. Fan, L.-l. Meng, Y.-j. Qu, G.-b. Ren, X.-f. Guo, C.-l. Liu, B.-n. Cai, P.-g. Wang, L. Ma
Clinical Oncology.2025; 44: 103890. CrossRef
A Current Perspective of Two of the Most Aggressive Head and Neck Cancers: Pharyngeal and Laryngeal
Mihaela Iuliana Ciortan (Sirbu), Maria Alina Marin, Doina Chioran, Iasmina-Alexandra Predescu, Nicolae Constantin Balica, Sergio Liga, Mircea Rivis, Ştefania Dinu, Şerban Talpoş
Current Oncology.2025; 32(10): 572. CrossRef
In Reply to Liu and Luo
Kangpyo Kim, Yong Chan Ahn
International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics.2024; 118(1): 308. CrossRef
The role and clinical significance of microRNA-29a-3p in the development of hypopharyngeal carcinoma
Tao Liu, Detao Ding, Wei Wang, Yungang Wu, Dengdian Ma, Miaomiao Liu, Ziqiao Tan, Jing Yao, Xiaoyu Li
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology.2023; 89(3): 401. CrossRef
Survival and swallowing function outcome impact factors analysis of surgery-oriented comprehensive treatment for hypopharyngeal cancer in a series of 122 patients
Wan-Xin Li, Yan-Bo Dong, Cheng Lu, Patrick J. Bradley, Liang-Fa Liu
Ear, Nose & Throat Journal.2022; 101(8): 532. CrossRef

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Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Implications in High-Recurrence Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Min-Young Lee, Bo Mi Ku, Hae Su Kim, Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Jong-Mu Sun, Se-Hoon Lee, Keunchil Park, Young Lyun Oh, Mineui Hong, Han-Sin Jeong, Young-Ik Son, Chung-Hwan Baek, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):906-914. Published online December 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.424

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) frequently involve genetic alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic alterations and further explore the relationships between these genetic alterations and clinicopathological characteristics in a high-recurrence risk (node positive, N1) PTC group.
Materials and Methods
Tumor tissue blocks were obtained from 240 surgically resected patients with histologically confirmed stage III/IV (pT3/4 or N1) PTCs. We screened gene fusions using NanoString’s nCountertechnology and mutational analysiswas performed by directDNA sequencing.Data describing the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical courses were retrospectively collected.
Results
Of the 240 PTC patients, 207 (86.3%) had at least one genetic alteration, including BRAF mutation in 190 patients (79.2%), PIK3CA mutation in 25 patients (10.4%), NTRK1/3 fusion in six patients (2.5%), and RET fusion in 24 patients (10.0%). Concomitant presence of more than two genetic alterations was seen in 36 patients (15%). PTCs harboring BRAF mutation were associated with RET wild-type expression (p=0.001). RET fusion genes have been found to occur with significantly higher frequency in N1b stage patients (p=0.003) or groups of patients aged 45 years or older (p=0.031); however, no significant correlation was found between other genetic alterations. There was no trend toward favorable recurrence-free survival or overall survival among patients lacking genetic alterations.
Conclusion
In the selected high-recurrence risk PTC group, most patients had more than one genetic alteration. However, these known alterations could not entirely account for clinicopathological features of high-recurrence risk PTC.

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Protective TGFβ2/SMAD3 axis identified by TWAS in papillary thyroid cancer
Qinnan Zhang, Jiayu Tang, Ju Yang, Yujin Li, Xueqing Li, Kangan Wang, Panpan Zhang, Kai Wang, Bingbing Zha
Endocrine-Related Cancer.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with time-intensity curve analysis about thyroid nodule and parenchyma for differentiating BRAF V600E mutation status
Zhipeng Hu, Rong Xue, Zhixi Liu, Liang Liu, Zheli Gong
PeerJ.2025; 13: e19006. CrossRef
miR-7-5p and Importin-7 Regulate the p53 Dynamics and Stability in Malignant and Benign Thyroid Cells
Abeer Al-Abdallah, Iman Jahanbani, Bashayer Al-Shammari
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(12): 5813. CrossRef
BRAF V600E mutation co-existing with oncogenic mutations is associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Nobuyuki Bandoh, Takashi Goto, Yasutaka Kato, Akinobu Kubota, Shota Sakaue, Ryuhei Takeda, Shuto Hayashi, Misaki Hayashi, Shogo Baba, Tomomi Yamaguchi-Isochi, Hiroshi Nishihara, Hajime Kamada
Asian Journal of Surgery.2024; 47(1): 413. CrossRef
FHL1: A novel diagnostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Yeting Zeng, Dehua Zeng, Xingfeng Qi, Hanxi Wang, Xuzhou Wang, Xiaodong Dai, Lijuan Qu
Pathology International.2024; 74(9): 520. CrossRef
Rearranged During Transfection Rearrangement Detection by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Compared With Other Techniques in NSCLC
Anne Mc Leer, Julie Mondet, Nelly Magnat, Mailys Mersch, Diane Giovannini, Camille Emprou, Anne-Claire Toffart, Nathalie Sturm, Sylvie Lantuéjoul, David Benito
JTO Clinical and Research Reports.2024; 5(12): 100714. CrossRef
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Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Jessica A. Baker, Anthony N. Sireci, Narasimha Marella, Holly Kay Cannon, Tyler J. Marquart, Timothy R. Holzer, Leslie O'Neill Reising, Joel D. Cook, Sameera R. Wijayawardana, Juraj Bodo, Eric D. Hsi, Andrew E. Schade, Gerard J. Oakley
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Laura Fugazzola, Marina Muzza, Gabriele Pogliaghi, Mario Vitale
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The stress-activated protein kinase pathway and the expression of stanniocalcin-1 are regulated by miR-146b-5p in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis
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Prediction of cervical lymph node metastasis with contrast-enhanced ultrasound and association between presence of BRAFV600E and extrathyroidal extension in papillary thyroid carcinoma
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Prediction of Lymph Node Metastasis by Tumor Dimension Versus Tumor Biological Properties in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Jeon Yeob Jang, Min Ji Kim, Gwanghui Ryu, Nayeon Choi, Young-Hyeh Ko, Han-Sin Jeong; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):54-62. Published online March 6, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.332

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is a strong prognostic factor in many solid cancers, including head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), and LNM can be dependent upon primary tumor biology, as well as tumor dimension. Here, we investigate the relative risk of LNM in accordance to tumor dimension and biology in HNSCC subsites.
Materials and Methods
Medical data of 295 HNSCC patients who had undergone the initial curative surgery (oral tongue 174, oropharynx 75, hypopharynx 46) were analyzed to identify the significant predictive factor for LNM. Tumor volume and thickness were set as tumor dimensional variables, and biological variables included lymphovascular, perineural invasion, and tumor differentiation. Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the predictability of LNM from variables, and subgroup analyses according to the tumor subsites. In addition, we evaluated the impacts of tumor dimension and biological variables on the treatment outcomes and survival in HNSCC subsites.
Results
The overall tumor dimension and biological variables had a similar impact on the prediction of LNM in HNSCC (area under curve, 0.7682 and 0.7717). The prediction sensitivity of LNM in oral tongue cancer was mainly dependent on tumor dimension, while LNM in oro- and hypo-pharynx cancers was more influenced by biological factors. Survival analyses also confirmed that biological factor was more powerful in estimating disease-free survival of hypopharyngeal cancer patients, while tumor dimension was more significant in that of oral cancer patients.
Conclusion
Tumor dimension and biology have a significant, tumor subsite-dependent impact on the occurrence of LNM and disease-free survival in HNSCC.

Citations

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Lymph Node Metastases in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: The Association with Tumor Stage and Primary Tumor Location
Aldona Chloupek, Paweł Grab, Dariusz Jurkiewicz
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2026; 15(11): 4102. CrossRef
ASCL2 promotes malignant progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by transcriptionally downregulating SHPRH
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Biochemical Pharmacology.2026; 253: 118320. CrossRef
Extra-Capsular Spread of Lymph Node Metastasis in Oral, Oropharyngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer: A Comparative Subsite Analysis
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A preoperative nomogram model for the prediction of lymph node metastasis in buccal mucosa cancer
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Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(13): 14120. CrossRef
The Prognostic Prediction Value of Positive Lymph Nodes Numbers for the Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Wendu Pang, Yaxin Luo, Junhong Li, Danni Cheng, Yufang Rao, Minzi Mao, Ke Qiu, Yijun Dong, Jun Liu, Jian Zou, Haiyang Wang, Fei Chen
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