Role of Chemotherapy in Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Curative Radiotherapy

Article information

Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):871-878

Publication date (electronic) : 2015 February 13

doi : https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.141

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

²Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

³Proton Therapy Center, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea

⁴Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

⁵Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

⁶Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

⁷Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

⁸Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

⁹Department of Medical Oncology, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

¹⁰Department of Radiation Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea

¹¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Yeouido St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

¹²Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Vincent’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea

¹³Department of Radiation Oncology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea

Correspondence: Chang Geol Lee, MD, PhD Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea Tel: 82-2-2228-8114 Fax: 82-2-2227-7823 E-mail: cglee1023@yuhs.ac

*Min Kyu Kang and Dongryul Oh contributed equally to this work.

Received 2014 June 8; Accepted 2014 September 1.

Abstract

Purpose

To define the role of neoadjuvant and concurrent chemotherapy in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we compared the treatment outcomes of patients treated with curative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods

From 2004 to 2011, 138 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 2002 stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated with curative radiotherapy in 12 hospitals in South Korea. Treatment methods included radiotherapy alone in 34 patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy alone in seven, concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 80, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 17. Adjuvant chemotherapy was used in 42 patients. Total radiation dose ranged from 64 Gy to 74.2 Gy (median, 70 Gy).

Results

Median follow-up was 48 months (range, 7 to 97 months) for all patients. At the last follow-up, 13 patients had died and 32 had experienced treatment failure; locoregional failure occurred in 14, distant failure in 16, and both in two. Five-year locoregional relapse-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 86.2%, 85.5%, 74.4%, and 88.2%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the significant prognostic factors were concurrent chemotherapy and N stage for locoregional relapse-free survival, concurrent chemotherapy for progression-free survival, and age and N stage for overall survival. Neither neoadjuvant nor concurrent chemotherapy improved distant metastasis-free survival.

Conclusion

Concurrent chemotherapy significantly improved 5-year locoregional relapse-free survival and progression-free survival in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy failed to improve either.

Keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Radiotherapy; Chemotherapy; Chemoradiotherapy

Introduction

Early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is traditionally treated with radiotherapy (RT) alone which achieves high overall survival (OS) rates. However, treatment outcome after RT alone in early-stage NPC is not always satisfactory in terms of locoregional control and distant metastasis. Chua et al. [1] reported results of 141 early-stage NPC patients treated with RT alone and found that stage II patients showed significantly poorer outcomes. The 10-year disease-specific survival, recurrence-free survival, local control, regional control, and distant control rates of stage I patients were 98%, 94%, 96%, 98%, and 98%, respectively, and the corresponding 10-year survival rates of stage II patients were 60%, 51%, 78%, 93%, and 64%, respectively. In addition, parapharyngeal extension [2,3], N1 [1,4] or T2N1 (1992 Fuzhou, China staging system) [5] increased the incidence of distant metastasis or were associated with poorer survival in early-stage NPC.

Chemotherapy (CTx) has been used before, during, or after RT in selected early stage NPC at the physician’s discretion. Concurrent CTx is considered to improve locoregional control, and Xu et al. [6] retrospectively found that the locoregional control rate in T2N1 NPC was significantly higher for concurrent CTx than RT alone (91.5% vs. 77.3%, p=0.008). On the other hand, neoadjuvant CTx has been used to reduce distant metastasis, but results of two studies about the role of neoadjuvant CTx in early-stage NPC were contradictory. Neoadjuvant CTx decreased distant metastasis and improved OS in a subgroup analysis of two randomized trials [7], but not in a retrospective study [8]. Hence, the role of CTx in early-stage NPC is ill-defined.

To define the roles of neoadjuvant and concurrent CTx on patterns of failure and survival in stage II NPC patients, we retrieved and analyzed the data of stage II NPC patients collected in a database for the patterns of care study conducted by Head and Neck Study Group of the Korean Society for Radiation Oncology (KROG 11-09).

Materials and Methods

The Institutional Review Boards of all participating hospitals approved this retrospective study and waived the requirement for informed patient consent.

1. Patients

From 2004 to 2011, 804 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer were treated at 15 hospitals in South Korea, and of these, 138 patients from 12 hospitals met the following study eligibility criteria: biopsy-proven NPC, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 2002 stage II (T2N0, T1N1, or T2N1), completion of curative RT, and available information on patterns of failure and survival. Patient and tumor characteristics are listed in Table 1. Patients with a follow-up period of less than 12 months without any event were excluded.

Table 1.

Patients and tumor characteristics

2. Pretreatment workup

All patients underwent computed tomography (CT, n=129) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, n=104) of the head and neck. For the systemic work-up, bone scan (n=23) and abdominal ultrasonography or CT (n=13) were used. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was used in 79.0% of the patients (109/138). After PET-CT became reimbursable by Korean National Health Insurance System in June 2006, it became routine.

3. Treatment

RT techniques included 2-dimensional RT alone (2D-RT) in three patients, 2D-RT followed by 3-dimensional conformal RT (3D-CRT) or intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in six, 3D-CRT alone in 50, 3D-CRT followed by stereotactic body RT (SBRT) in one, and IMRT alone in 78. Total dose ranged from 64 to 74.2 Gy (median, 70 Gy), after excluding one patient given 100.2 Gy by 3D-CRT and SBRT. RT was given once daily at a median fraction size of 2.12 Gy (1.8 Gy in 32, 2.0 Gy in 35, 2.12 Gy in 24, 2.20 Gy in 15, 2.25 Gy in 15, and 2.4 Gy in 17).

CTx was used in neoadjuvant, concurrent, and adjuvant settings. Neoadjuvant CTx was used in 17.4% of patients (24/138) and concurrent CTx in 70.3% (97/138). Accordingly, there were four treatment groups: RT alone in 34 patients, neoadjuvant CTx followed by RT alone in seven patients, concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in 80 patients, and neoadjuvant CTx followed by CCRT (neo-CCRT) in 17 patients. During RT, most patients were given cisplatin weekly or every 3 to 4 weeks. Cisplatin-based combination regimens were used for neoadjuvant CTx. Neoadjuvant CTx regimens used 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in 11 patients, docetaxel and cisplatin in six, 5-fluorouracil, docetaxel and cisplatin in four, and other taxane-containing regimens in three. Concurrent CTx regimens were cisplatin every 3 to 4 weeks in 45 patients, weekly cisplatin in 40, 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in five, and other regimens in seven. Adjuvant CTx was used in 30.4% of the patients (42/138): 39 patients in CCRT group, two in neo-CCRT group, and one in RT alone group. Adjuvant CTx regimens were 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin in 38 patients and taxane-containing regimens in three.

Planned neck dissection was not performed in all patients. Instead, three patients with partial response underwent neck dissection at 37, 48, and 101 days after completing RT. These patients were not considered to have regional recurrence.

4. Statistical analysis

The chi-square test or Fisher exact test and the Student t test or one-way ANOVA were used to evaluate group differences among categorical or continuous variables as appropriate. The duration of locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and OS rates was calculated from treatment start to the date of the first event or the date of last follow-up. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Log-rank tests and the Cox proportional hazard model using backward stepwise elimination procedure to remove variables with a p-value of ≥ 0.10 were used to determine the prognostic significance of variables. IBM SPSS ver. 22 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY) was used for analysis, and p-values of < 0.05 were considered significant.

Results

1. Patient and tumor characteristics

Patient and tumor characteristics, except N stage and the use of adjuvant CTx, were not significantly different between neoadjuvant CTx and concurrent CTx groups (Table 2). Neoadjuvant CTx was used only in patients with N1 disease (20.5% vs. 0%, p=0.025). Concurrent CTx was used more frequently in patients with N1 disease (75.2% vs. 42.9%, p=0.003). Adjuvant CTx was predominantly used in concurrent CTx group (42.3% vs. 2.4%, p < 0.001).

Table 2.

Comparison of patient and tumor characteristics

2. Patterns of failure and survival

Median follow-up in the 138 patients was 48 months (range, 7 to 97 months). Thirty-two patients experienced treatment failure; locoregional failure in 14 (9 local, 4 regional, and 1 locoregional), distant failure in 16, and both in two.

Of the 14 patients with locoregional relapse only, salvage surgery (n=3), RT (n=6), or both (n=1) were applied, and four received additional CTx. One patient was treated with CTx alone. Four patients died at 16, 22, 35, and 45 months after diagnosis of recurrence and eight patients remained alive at 12 to 84 months after recurrence (median, 30 months). OS rate after diagnosis of locoregional recurrence was 63.0% at 3 years. Of the 18 patients with distant metastasis, palliative CTx was administered in 15 patients. The OS rate after diagnosis of distant metastasis was 57.6% at 3 years. At the last follow-up, 13 of the 138 patients had died: nine of distant metastasis, two of local recurrence, one of a non-nasopharyngeal cause, and one of unknown cause.

3. Prognostic factors

Fig. 1 shows survival curves and Table 3 shows the results of univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors. OS rates were 93.7% at 3 years and 88.2% at 5 years. Age and N stage were significant prognostic factors in both univariate and multivariate analysis. However, neither concurrent CTx nor neoadjuvant CTx improved OS.

Fig. 1.

Locoregional relapse-free, distant metastasis-free, progression-free, and overall survival curves for all patients.

Table 3.

Univariate and multivariate analyses of prognostic factors for survival endpoints

PFS rates were 77.0% at 3 years and 74.4% at 5 years. Concurrent CTx and N stage were significantly associated with PFS by univariate analysis, but only concurrent CTx was significant in multivariate analysis. Fig. 2A shows the PFS curves according to the use of concurrent CTx.

Fig. 2.

Progression-free survival (A) and locoregional relapse-free survival (B) curves according to the use of concurrent chemotherapy.

LRRFS rates were 90.5% at 3 years and 86.2% at 5 years. Significant variables were gender, concurrent CTx, and N stage in univariate analysis. Concurrent CTx and N stage were significantly associated with LRRFS in multivariate analysis. Neoadjuvant CTx did not improve locoregional control. Fig. 2B shows LRRFS curves according to the use of concurrent CTx: 3- and 5-year LRRFS of each group were 78.8% vs. 95.7% and 66.6% vs. 95.7%, respectively. DMFS rates were 86.8% at 3 years and 85.5% at 5 years. No significant prognostic factor was identified in univariate or univariate analysis.

Discussion

In this study, concurrent CTx significantly improved LRRFS and PFS in stage II stage NPC, whereas neoadjuvant CTx did not. However, neither neoadjuvant nor concurrent CTx reduced distant metastasis or increased OS.

CCRT is a standard treatment for stage III/IV locally advanced NPC due to both locoregional control and survival benefit compared to RT alone. Intergroup Study 0099, in which concurrent (cisplatin) and adjuvant CTx (5-fluorouracil and cisplatin) were used, showed improved PFS and OS [9], and randomized clinical trials in endemic areas produced similar results [10-12].

Based on these findings, concurrent CTx could be expected to improve locoregional control and survival rates in selected early-stage NPC patients. Cheng et al. [13] reported that concurrent CTx (5-fluorouracil and cisplatin) achieved a locoregional control rate of 100% at 3 years in 32 patients with AJCC 1997 stage II NPC, whereas RT alone achieved a locoregional control rate of 91.7% in 12 patients with stage I or II NPC. Xu et al. [6] retrospectively compared RT alone with CCRT (cisplatin) in patients with AJCC 2002 T2N1 NPC, and found concurrent CTx significantly improved locoregional control (91.5% vs. 77.3% at 5 years, p=0.008), but not DMFS or OS. In the present study, concurrent CTx significantly improved locoregional control in stage II NPC patients (Table 3), but this was not reflected by an OS improvement. This discrepancy may have been caused by the effectiveness of salvage treatment, as the majority of patients with locoregional relapse alone were treated with salvage surgery or RT, and 5-year OS of patients with locoregional relapse alone was 42%. However, although a lack of an OS increase mitigates against the use of concurrent CTx, its use seems warranted based on improved locoregional control, since the toxicities related to salvage treatments for locoregional recurrence after RT alone may be greater than the toxicities associated with concurrent CTx. A recent phase III trial showed the benefit of CCRT in NPC patients with Chinese 1992 stage II [14], equivalent to AJCC 2010 stage II-III, but only 13% of the study's patients were AJCC stage III. Concurrent cisplatin given weekly during RT significantly improved OS (94.5% vs. 85.8% at 5 years, p=0.007) by reducing distant metastasis rather than locoregional failure. However, as the current study showed no difference in DMFS by use of concurrent CTx (85.6% vs. 85.4% at 5 years), and there has not been enough evidence that concurrent CTx can reduce distant metastasis, follow-up data in a large cohort of early stage NPC may be needed to assess the effect of concurrent CTx on distant metastasis.

Conversely, IMRT without any kind of CTx achieves high locoregional control and OS rates. Su et al. [2] in a Chinese study reported disease-specific survival, local recurrence-free survival and DMFS rates were 97.3%, 97.7%, and 97.8%, respectively, at 5 years in 198 patients with AJCC 2002 stage I-IIb NPC treated with IMRT without CTx (141 of these patients had stage IIb). Local relapse only occurred in patients with T2b disease and their local recurrence-free survival rate was 94.2% at 5 years. Tham et al. [15] reported a 3-year OS of 96.2% in 107 patients, only nine of whom received concurrent CTx, with stage IIb NPC treated with IMRT with or without CTx. However, since most studies favoring IMRT alone were reported from single institutional retrospective experiences in endemic areas, it is unclear whether IMRT alone is sufficient to treat the stage II NPC, especially in non-endemic areas.

Neoadjuvant CTx has been used to reduce distant metastasis in locally advanced NPC. Of five randomized controlled studies using neoadjuvant CTx followed by RT alone, DFS was increased by neoadjuvant CTx only in one study, and OS was not improved in any of the studies [16-20]. A meta-analysis also concluded that neoadjuvant CTx does not improve OS [21]. Although neoadjuvant CTx is also used in early stage NPC, its effect remains unclear. A pooled analysis of two randomized controlled trials conducted by Chua et al. [7] in AJCC 1997 stage I and II NPC revealed that induction CTx (cisplatin, epirubicin, and 5-fluorouracil) improved OS by 12% (79% vs. 67% at 5 years, p=0.048) by reducing distant metastasis (86% vs. 71% at 5 years, p=0.005) in earlystage NPC (T1-2N0-1). However, Song et al. [8] reported that induction CTx (cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) did not improve clinical outcomes including distant metastasis and OS in AJCC 1997 stage I and II NPC. In the current study, 24 patients with AJCC 2002 stage II NPC were treated with neoadjuvant CTx (mainly cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil) followed by RT alone (n=7) or RT combined with concurrent CTx (n=17). Although the number of patients enrolled in the current study was small, neoadjuvant CTx did not improve DMFS or PFS. Tham et al. [15] also found that neoadjuvant CTx did not improve DMFS in stage IIB NPC.

In addition, delayed definitive RT and toxicities associated with neoadjuvant CTx could be harmful. Song et al. [8] reported that RT delay due to neoadjuvant CTx resulted in poorer locoregional control in stage IIB disease than RT alone (p=0.044). In another trial, in which combination of bleomycin, epirubicin and cisplatin were used, treatment-related death was found to be greater for induction CTx than RT alone (8% vs. 1%) [17]. However, when considering that distant metastasis is still problematic in early stage NPC, and earlier studies used old chemotherapeutic regimens, neoadjuvant CTx with novel agents deserves investigation.

Unlikely concurrent and neoadjuvant CTx, the effect of adjuvant CTx on early stage NPC has not been investigated. In locally advanced NPC, adjuvant CTx after RT alone did not improve DFS or OS in three randomized trials [22-24]. Instead, adjuvant CTx has been used with CCRT based on the results of randomized trials, which showed that CCRT followed by adjuvant CTx significantly improved OS compared to RT alone [9-11]. Cheng et al. [13] also used adjuvant CTx following CCRT in 32 stage II NPC patients, but could not investigate the effects of adjuvant CTx due to the low incidence of distant metastasis. In the present study, adjuvant CTx was used mainly in the CCRT group, but although it was used in 47.6% of patients in this group, it did not appear to improve PFS or OS (data not shown). Hence, the efficacy of adjuvant CTx in early stage NPC remains unclear.

This study is inherently limited by its retrospective nature. Another limitation is the change of the staging system: stage II in the AJCC 2002 staging system consists of IIa (T2aN0) and IIb (T1N1, T2bN0, T2a/bN1), but T2aN0 was moved to stage I in AJCC 2010 staging system [25]. T2a and T2b disease could not be analyzed separately because of the lack of information. Epstein-Barr virus infection was tested in only 37 of 138 patients (26.8%), in whom the positive rate was 75.7% (28/37). A variety of CTx regimens and RT techniques were used.

However, this study also has some strengths. Because it was a multi-institutional study, retrospective bias was probably reduced. In addition, because the quality of oncologic management, including imaging techniques, CTx, and RT, has improved significantly, we included only patients treated during the last decade. MRI was used in 75.4% of patients for staging, which can discriminate T stage more than CT. PET-CT was used in 79.0% of patients as an initial systemic work-up tool, which means that the risk of including patients with asymptomatic distant metastasis was lower than other studies. In addition, since PET-CT was reimbursed by national health insurance beginning June 2006 and used for routine workups thereafter, locoregional or distant failures were probably detected and treated earlier, which might have influenced PFS and OS.

Conclusion

In summary, concurrent CTx significantly improved LRRFS and PFS in stage II NPC, whereas neoadjuvant CTx did not. These findings need to be confirmed by a randomized clinical trial. Furthermore, since distant metastasis occurred in 13% of patients and was not reduced by adding CTx, more effective novel agents are required.

Notes

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Yeungnam University research grants in 2012.

References

1. Chua DT, Sham JS, Kwong DL, Au GK. Treatment outcome after radiotherapy alone for patients with Stage I-II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2003;98:74–80.

2. Su SF, Han F, Zhao C, Chen CY, Xiao WW, Li JX, et al. Long-term outcomes of early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy alone. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;82:327–33.

3. Teo P, Yu P, Lee WY, Leung SF, Kwan WH, Yu KH, et al. Significant prognosticators after primary radiotherapy in 903 nondisseminated nasopharyngeal carcinoma evaluated by computer tomography. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;36:291–304.

4. He X, Ye M, Guo X, Pan Z, Zhang Z, He S, et al. Treatment outcome of patients with stages I-II nasopharyngeal carcinoma after late course accelerated hyperfractionation radiotherapy alone. Oral Oncol 2012;48:1058–63.

5. Xiao WW, Han F, Lu TX, Chen CY, Huang Y, Zhao C. Treatment outcomes after radiotherapy alone for patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:1070–6.

6. Xu T, Hu C, Wang X, Shen C. Role of chemoradiotherapy in intermediate prognosis nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011;47:408–13.

7. Chua DT, Ma J, Sham JS, Mai HQ, Choy DT, Hong MH, et al. Improvement of survival after addition of induction chemotherapy to radiotherapy in patients with early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: subgroup analysis of two phase III trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65:1300–6.

8. Song CH, Wu HG, Heo DS, Kim KH, Sung MW, Park CI. Treatment outcomes for radiotherapy alone are comparable with neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy in early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2008;118:663–70.

9. Al-Sarraf M, LeBlanc M, Giri PG, Fu KK, Cooper J, Vuong T, et al. Chemoradiotherapy versus radiotherapy in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal cancer: phase III randomized Intergroup study 0099. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:1310–7.

10. Lee AW, Lau WH, Tung SY, Chua DT, Chappell R, Xu L, et al. Preliminary results of a randomized study on therapeutic gain by concurrent chemotherapy for regionally-advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: NPC-9901 Trial by the Hong Kong Nasopharyngeal Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6966–75.

11. Wee J, Tan EH, Tai BC, Wong HB, Leong SS, Tan T, et al. Randomized trial of radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union against cancer stage III and IV nasopharyngeal cancer of the endemic variety. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:6730–8.

12. Chen Y, Liu MZ, Liang SB, Zong JF, Mao YP, Tang LL, et al. Preliminary results of a prospective randomized trial comparing concurrent chemoradiotherapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in endemic regions of china. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;71:1356–64.

13. Cheng SH, Tsai SY, Yen KL, Jian JJ, Chu NM, Chan KY, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy for early-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:2040–5.

14. Chen QY, Wen YF, Guo L, Liu H, Huang PY, Mo HY, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy vs radiotherapy alone in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma: phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011;103:1761–70.

15. Tham IW, Lin S, Pan J, Han L, Lu JJ, Wee J. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy without concurrent chemotherapy for stage IIb nasopharyngeal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2010;33:294–9.

16. Chan AT, Teo PM, Leung TW, Leung SF, Lee WY, Yeo W, et al. A prospective randomized study of chemotherapy adjunctive to definitive radiotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1995;33:569–77.

17. International Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group, ; VUMCA I Trial. Preliminary results of a randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (cisplatin, epirubicin, bleomycin) plus radiotherapy vs. radiotherapy alone in stage IV(> or = N2, M0) undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a positive effect on progression-free survival. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1996;35:463–9.

18. Chua DT, Sham JS, Choy D, Lorvidhaya V, Sumitsawan Y, Thongprasert S, et al. Preliminary report of the Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association randomized trial comparing cisplatin and epirubicin followed by radiotherapy versus radiotherapy alone in the treatment of patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Asian-Oceanian Clinical Oncology Association Nasopharynx Cancer Study Group. Cancer 1998;83:2270–83.

19. Ma J, Mai HQ, Hong MH, Min HQ, Mao ZD, Cui NJ, et al. Results of a prospective randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus radiotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:1350–7.

20. Hareyama M, Sakata K, Shirato H, Nishioka T, Nishio M, Suzuki K, et al. A prospective, randomized trial comparing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with radiotherapy alone in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2217–23.

21. Baujat B, Audry H, Bourhis J, Chan AT, Onat H, Chua DT, et al. Chemotherapy in locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an individual patient data meta-analysis of eight randomized trials and 1753 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;64:47–56.

22. Rossi A, Molinari R, Boracchi P, Del Vecchio M, Marubini E, Nava M, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin after radiotherapy in local-regional nasopharyngeal cancer: results of a 4-year multicenter randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:1401–10.

23. Chi KH, Chang YC, Guo WY, Leung MJ, Shiau CY, Chen SY, et al. A phase III study of adjuvant chemotherapy in advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:1238–44.

24. Kwong DL, Sham JS, Au GK, Chua DT, Kwong PW, Cheng AC, et al. Concurrent and adjuvant chemotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a factorial study. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:2643–53.

25. Edge SB, Byrd DR, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A. AJCC cancer staging manual 7th edth ed. New York: Springer; 2010.

Article information Continued

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Characteristic		No. (%)
Age (yr)	≤ 60	99 (71.7)
	> 60	39 (28.3)
Gender	Female	40 (29.0)
	Male	98 (71.0)
ECOG	0	31 (22.5)
	1	95 (68.8)
	2	5 (3.6)
	Unknown	7 (5.1)
Smoking	No	69 (50.0)
	Yes	58 (42.0)
	Unknown	11 (8.0)
Histology	WHO 1	19 (13.8)
	WHO 2	39 (28.3)
	WHO 3	80 (58.0)
Histology	Keratinizing	19 (13.8)
	Non-keratinizing	119 (86.2)
Epstein-Barr virus	Negative	9 (6.5)
	Positive	28 (20.3)
	Unknown	101 (73.2)
T stage	1	68 (49.3)
	2	70 (50.7)
N stage	0	21 (15.2)
	1	117 (84.8)
TNM stage	T1N1	68 (49.3)
	T2N0	21 (15.2)
	T2N1	49 (35.5)

Variable	Locoregional relapse-free		Distant metastasis-free		Progression-free		Overall
Variable	Uni	Multi	Uni	Multi	Uni	Multi	Uni	Multi
Age (≤ 60 yr vs. > 60 yr)	0.111	-	0.495	-	0.150	-	0.014	0.041
Gender (male vs. female)	0.042	0.087	0.766	-	0.268	-	0.548	-
Histology (keratinizing vs. non-keratinizing)	0.936	-	0.721	-	0.862	-	0.605	-
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (no vs. yes)	0.477	-	0.453	-	0.365	-	0.717	-
Concurrent chemotherapy (no vs. yes)	< 0.001	0.004	0.765	-	0.007	0.012	0.256	-
T stage (T1 vs. T2)	0.243	-	0.163	0.172	0.056	0.077	0.155	-
N stage (N0 vs. N1)	0.002	0.039	0.757	-	0.041	-	0.007	0.029

Characteristic		Neoadjuvant CTx			Concurrent CTx
Characteristic		No	Yes	p-value	No	Yes	p-value
Age (yr)	≤ 60	80	19	0.374	27	72	0.318
	> 60	34	5		14	25
Gender	Male	79	19	0.333	31	67	0.439
	Female	35	5		10	30
Histology	Keratinizing	18	1	0.196	4	15	0.374
	Non-keratinizing	96	23		37	82
T stage	1	56	12	0.938	18	50	0.412
	2	58	12		23	47
N stage	0	21	0	0.025	12	9	0.003
	1	93	24		29	88
TNM stage	T1N1	56	12	0.030	18	50	0.010
	T2N0	21	0		12	9
	T2N1	37	12		11	38
Neoadjuvant CTx	No	-	-	-	34	80	0.949
	Yes	-	-		7	17
Concurrent CTx	No	34	7	0.949	-	-	-
	yes	80	17		-	-
Adjuvant CTx	No	74	22	0.010	40	56	< 0.001
	yes	40	2		1	41
RT technique	2D-RT	6	3	0.190	4	5	0.450
	3D-CRT or IMRT	108	21		37	92