A Phase II Trial of Haptaplatin/5-FU and Leucovorin for Advanced Stomach Cancer

Won Sup Lee; Gyeong-Won Lee; Hwal Woong Kim; Ok-Jae Lee; Young-Joon Lee; Gyung Hyuck Ko; Jong-Seok Lee; Joung Soon Jang; Woo Song Ha

doi:10.4143/crt.2005.37.4.208

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Cancer Res Treat > Volume 37(4); 2005 > Article

Original Article A Phase II Trial of Haptaplatin/5-FU and Leucovorin for Advanced Stomach Cancer: Won Sup Lee, M.D., Ph.D.^1,4, Gyeong-Won Lee, M.D.¹, Hwal Woong Kim, M.D., Ph.D.³, Ok-Jae Lee, M.D., Ph.D.¹, Young-Joon Lee, M.D., Ph.D.^2,4, Gyung Hyuck Ko, M.D., Ph.D.^3,4, Jong-Seok Lee, M.D., Ph.D.¹, Joung Soon Jang, M.D., Ph.D.^1,4, Woo Song Ha, M.D., Ph.D.^1,4; Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2005;37(4):208-211.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.4.208
Published online: August 31, 2005

¹Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeong-Sang National University, Jinju, Korea.

²Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Gyeong-Sang National University, Jinju, Korea.

³Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Gyeong-Sang National University, Jinju, Korea.

⁴Institute of Health Science, College of Medicine, Gyeong-Sang National University, Jinju, Korea.

Correspondence: Won Sup Lee, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeong-Sang National University, 92 Chilamdong, Jinju 660-702, Korea. (Tel) 82-55-750-8733, (Fax) 82-55-758-9122, lwshmo@hanmail.net

• Received: April 10, 2005 • Accepted: July 2, 2005

9,421 Views
62 Download
6 Crossref

prev next

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract

Purpose
Heptaplatin (SKI-2053 R) is a new platinum analogue, with a better toxicity profile than cisplatin, and has antitumor activity even in cisplatin resistant cell lines. 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) has shown synergy with platinum compounds. This phase II trial was designed to determine the efficacy and toxicities of heptaplatin/ 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) for treating stomach cancer.
Materials and Methods
Thirty-two patients with advanced, measurable gastric adenocarcinomas were enrolled in this trial. The treatment consisted of heptaplatin, 400 mg/m²/day (1 hour IV infusion), on day 1 and 5-FU, 800 mg/m²/day (12 hours IV infusion), on days 1 to 5. The cycles were repeated every 3 weeks.
Results
Of the 26 evaluable patients, 9 had partial responses and 1a complete response (overall response rate, 38%; 95% confidence interval, 19~57%). The median response duration was 23 weeks (range: 4~60 weeks). The median time to progression was 26 weeks (range: 3~68 weeks). The grades III-IV toxicities were mostly hematological toxicities: leucopenia was observed in 11 patients (35%) and thrombocytopenia 4 (13%). No definite neuropathy was observed. Grade I-II nephropathy was also noted: grade I high BUN/creatinine levels occurred in 5 patients (16%), grade II proteinuria 2 (6%), grade I proteinuria 5 (16%). Neutropenic fever developed in 5 patients (16%) and 1 died of pneumonia in a neutropenic state.
Conclusion
This study suggests that the regimen of Heptaplatin/5-FU should be effective and have a favorable toxicity profile for the patients suffering with advanced stomach cancer.
Key words: Stomach neoplasms, Heptaplatin (SKI-2053 R), 5-FU, Chemotherapy

INTRODUCTION

Gastric adenocarcinomas have been the leading cause of cancer death worldwide throughout most of the twentieth century (1), and are now ranked as the primary cause of cancer death in Korea and the second leading cause of cancer death in the world (2). The only proven, potentially curative treatment for this disease is surgical resection; for both the gross and microscopic disease. Even after a curative gastrectomy, the disease still recurs in both regional and distant sites in 50~80% of the patients (3). Some patients have no chance to receive an operation due to the far advanced progression of their gastric cancer.

In these relapsed or far advanced cancer patients, a curative resection is rarely possible; therefore, effective palliative chemotherapy or other systemic therapies are required for disease control.

Many chemotherapeutic agents have been studied for the treatment of gastric cancer since the late 1970s. Of these drugs, cisplatin has been proved to be effective for treating gastric adenocarcinomas; the response rates between 30~60% have been reported when combined with 5-fuloruracil (5-FU) (4~6). Despite the effectiveness of cisplatin, it has some serious toxicities, such as nause/vominting, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity. To overcome these drawbacks, heptaplatin (SKI-2053R), a new derivatives of platinum, has been developed (7,8). The initial phase II single agent heptaplatin study for advanced gastric carcinomas showed some promising results, with minimal toxicities and an efficacy comparable to cisplatin (9).

Several studies have suggested that the biochemical modulation of 5-FU by leucovorin (LV) should confer a superior response rate compared to 5-FU alone for advanced gastric cancer (10), although the most effective dosage and mode of administering LV remain to be documented. Based on these findings, we have conducted a single center phase II trial of a heptaplatin, 5-FU and LV combination chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer, with the results reported herein.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1) Eligibility

Between January 2001 and March 2003, thirty-one patients were enrolled in this trial study. The eligibility criteria were as follows: (1) a histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma with one or more measurable lesions, (2) a WHO performance status of 3 or less; adequate hematopoietic, hepatic and renal functions, and (3) no previous palliative chemotherapy. For those patients who had received previous adjuvant chemotherapy more than 6 months after the completion of their adjuvant therapy (4), and if they had received no prior radiation therapy (5), were then also enrolled into the study. The informed, written consent was obtained from all the subjects.

2) Treatment schedule

The eligible patients were treated as follows: heptaplatin, 400 mg/m²/day, was intravenously administered (IV) over a period of 1 hour on day 1; this was given along with adequate, vigorous hydration before and after treatment. 5-FU, 800 mg/m²/day was IV administered over a 12 hour period on days 1 to 5. Leucovorin, 30 mg (a fixed dose), was administered as an IV bolus before the 5-FU infusion. The cycles were repeated every 3 weeks.

3) Dose modifications for toxicity

The prerequisites for dose modifications were as follows: (1) any episode of grade 4 neutropenia of more than 7 days' duration, (2) any episode of febrile neutropenia (3), any grade 4 thrombocytopenia and (4) any nonhematologic grade 3 or 4 toxicity, excluding nausea/vomiting and alopecia. The dose modification criteria were designed as follows: (1) for the above conditions, the dose of 5-FU was reduced by 20% in the subsequent cycles, (2) for neuropathy ≥ grade 3, the treatment was interrupted, (3) for nephropathy ≥ grade 3, the treatment was withheld until recovery (a serum creatinine level <1.5 times the upper normal value, and proteinuria ≤1+) and then treatment was started again with a 20% heptaplatin dose reduction. If the blood counts did not recovered to an absolute neutrophil count ≥1,500/ul, and the platelet count was ≥100,000/ul on the day of therapy, the treatment was further withheld until recovery. After a maximum delay of two weeks, no further therapy was administered.

4) Pretreatment, follow-up studies and response evaluation

Pretreatment evaluations were performed by taking a complete history and physical examination (P/E), documenting the performance status, a pretreatment laboratory evaluation (full blood counts, biochemical tests, urinalysis and viral hepatitis markers), a 12-lead electrocardiogram and chest radiography. Blood counts and biochemical tests were performed every 3 weeks prior to treatment initiation. Urinalysis was performed when the patients complained of fatigue or there was a poor oral intake, hypoalbuminemia or newly developed non-hematological toxicities >grade 1 after each cycle of therapy. Tumor measurements were performed by a specific radiograph test that documented the measurable disease before treatment. The treatment response was evaluated after every two cycles of therapy. The tumor response classification was derived from the RECIST criteria. Toxicity was graded according to the WHO scoring system. Treatment was stopped if the disease progressed, if grade 4 toxicity occurred, excluding hematological toxicities and nausea/vomiting, if the ECOG performance status of the patient was 4 or if they refused further treatment.

5) Statistical analysis

Patients who had received at least one cycle of treatment were assessable for toxicity evaluation. The response duration was measured from the onset of PR (even if patient later had a CR) until there was evidence of PD. Time to progression (TTP) was calculated from the start of treatment until there was evidence of PD; actuarial survival was measured from the start of treatment until the last follow-up or death. The 95% confidence interval (CI) for the response rate (RR) was calculated from the binomial distribution. The overall survival was calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The sample size was calculated to accept the hypothesis that 'the true RR is at least 40%' with an alpha=0.1 and a beta=0.2, according to Simon's optimal design (11).

RESULTS

1) Patient characteristics

The characteristics of the thirty-two patients enrolled in this study are listed in Table 1. All patients received at least one cycle of chemotherapy, and were assessable for treatment toxicity, with 26 patients receiving at least two cycles of treatment, who were also assessable for treatment response. Of the six non-assessable patients, five refused further treatment and one died of pneumonia in a neutropenic state. Of these six patients, two had received prior adjuvant chemotherapy. Of the 5 patients who refused further treatment and two had grade 4 neutropenia, one had grade 3 nausea/vomiting; one also had no definite toxicity, with the exception of anorexia and general weakness.

2) Response to treatment and survival

Among the 26 assessable patients, there were one CR and nine PRs, with an overall RR of 38% (95% CI, 19~57%); there were also 7 SDs (27%; 95% CI, 10~44%) and 9 PDs (46%: 95% CI, 27~65%). When the response rate was calculated by an intention to treatment analysis, the RR was 31%. The median follow-up period, time to disease progression and overall survival were 18 (range: 3~85 weeks), 15 (range: 3~85 weeks) and 33 weeks (range: 536 weeks), respectively (Fig. 1). The median remission duration for the 10 responding patients was 20 weeks (range: 11~60 weeks).

3) Toxicities

The hematological and non-hematological toxicities encountered in this study were evaluated for all patients, and are shown in Table 2. The grade III-IV toxicities that developed included neutropenia in 14 patients (44%) and neutropenic fever in 5 patients (16%). Of these, one elderly patient, with an ECOG performance II, who had massive lymphadenopathy in the abdomen, developed severe neutropenia after the first round of chemotherapy, which was followed by pneumonia and sepsis. The patient died of sepsis, in a neutropenic state, even though the patient was aggressively managed with broadspectrum antibiotics and G-CSF.

No definite neuropathy was observed. Grade I-II nephropathy was observed: grade I high BUN/creatinine levels in 5 patients (16%), but the levels were normalized after hydration; grade II proteinuria in 2 (6%), grade I proteinuria in 5 (16%), and grade I hematuria in 3 (9%).

4) Compliance with treatment

A total of 124 treatment cycles were administered (a median of 3 cycles; range of treatment cycles: 1~6 cycles), with a mean of 3.88 cycles per patient. The planned six cycles were not completed for the patients due to the following reasons: PD (15 patients); SD with persisting symptoms and poor performance (two patients after 4 cycles); personal choice for reasons unrelated toxicities or disease progression (4 patients); and toxic death (one patient). Eleven patients required a dose reduction and eighteen had delays in their chemotherapy of 1 week or more. More than a 1 week delay occurred in four patients. The administered mean dose intensity for heptaplatin and 5-FU were 0.78 (range: 0.52~1.04) and 0.82 (range: 0.52~1.10), respectively.

DISCUSSION

In this study trial, the combination chemotherapy of heptaplatin and 5-FU displayed good clinical activity, with well-tolerated toxicities. The response rates were comparable to those of previously reported results for the combination chemotherapy of 5-FU and CDDP (6,12), and 5-FU and oxaliplatin (13,14); this suggests that the efficacy of heptaplatin is as good as that of CDDP and oxaliplatin.

The toxicity profiles of heptaplatin and 5-FU were not very serious. The most common toxicity greater than grade II was neutropenia. 5 of the 14 neutropenic patients developed neutropenic fever, yet this was well controlled by empirical antibiotics and G-CSF administration, except in one patient. The most common non-hematological toxicity greater than grade II was nausea/vomiting. However, only one of 32 patients developed Grade III nausea/vomiting. Given the previous studies on the cisplatin and 5-FU regimens produced greater than grade III nausea/vomiting in a larger proportion of patients (6,12), heptaplatin was observed to be well-tolerated in terms of nausea/vomiting. A phase II trial of heptaplatin for advanced stomach cancer also showed that the nausea/vomiting was mild and transient (9).

Proteinuria developed in 7 patients (22%), but the incidence was slightly less than that reported in other trials (9,15). This may be attributable to the fact urinalysis was not mandatory for every patient as the proteinuria was transient and completely resolved after treatment, with urinalysis only performed for those cases with a high probability of complications. Azotemia occurred in 5 patients (16%), and this was rapidly normalized in all patients. This result was consistent with other previously reported results (9).

Heptaplatin has been reported to induce less frequent and milder neurotoxicity compared with the other platinum compounds, oxaliplatin or cisplatin (9,16).

In this study, no neuropathy was observed, which when compared to the results of a phase II trial using heptaplatin alone, the incidence of neuropathy was lower in our study. However, no neuropathy was observed in a previously reported pilot study of heptaplatin, UFT-E and leucovorin for stomach cancer (16).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggested that the combination of heptaplatin and 5-FU had good treatment efficacy, with very favorable toxicities for patients suffering with advanced gastric cancer.

NOTES

Post presentation was done at the GI symposium held in Spain, 2004. This work supported, in part, by the Korean Cancer Research Institute (KCR Inc).

REFERENCES

1. Karpen MS, Kelsen DP, Tepper JE. . In: Devita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, editors. Cancer of the stomach. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology. 2001. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; p. 1092–1126.
2. Bae JM, Won YJ, Jung KW, Suh KA, Ahn DH, Park JG. Annual report of the central cancer registry in Korea - 1999: Based on registered data from 128 hospitals. Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33:367–372. Article PubMed
3. Kim JP, Yu HJ, Lee JH. Results of immunochemo-surgery for gastric carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001;48:1227–1230. PMID: 11677936PubMed
4. Moertel CG, Rubin J, O'Connell MJ, Schutt AJ, Wieand HS. A phase II study of combined 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1053–1057. PMID: 3014083Article PubMed
5. Lacave AJ, Baron FJ, Anton LM, Estrada E, De Sande LM, Palacio I, et al. Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil 5-day infusion in the therapy of advanced gastric cancer: a phase II trial. Ann Oncol. 1991;2:751–754. PMID: 1801881Article PubMed
6. Kim NK, Park YS, Heo DS, Suh C, Kim SY, Park KC, et al. A phase III randomized study of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin versus 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin C versus 5-fluorouracil alone in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Cancer. 1993;71:3813–3818. PMID: 8508349Article PubMed
7. Kim DK, Kim HT, Cho YB, Tai JH, Ahn JS, Kim TS, et al. Antitumor activity of cis-malonato[(4R,5R)-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-2-isopropyl-1,3-dioxolane]platinum(II), a new platinum analogue, as an anticancer agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1995;35:441–445. PMID: 7850928Article PubMed
8. Kim DK, Kim HT, Cho YB, Kim TS, Kim KH, Hong WS. In vitro cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamics of a new platinum compound, cis-malonato [(4R,5R-4,5-bis(aminomethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-2-spiro-1'-cyclopentane) platinum (II). Anticancer Res. 1996;16:251–256. PMID: 8615617PubMed
9. Kim NK, Im SA, Kim DW, Lee MH, Jung CW, Cho EK, et al. Phase II clinical trial of SKI-2053R, a new platinum analog, in the treatment of patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 1999;86:1109–1115. PMID: 10506693Article PubMed
10. Moertel CG, Rubin J, O'Connell MJ, Schutt AJ, Wieand HS. A phase II study of combined 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in the treatment of advanced upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas. J Clin Oncol. 1986;4:1053–1057. PMID: 3014083Article PubMed
11. Simon R. Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Control. Clin Trials. 1989;10:1–10. Article
12. Lin YC, Chen JS, Wang CH, Wang HM, Chang HK, Liaul CT, et al. Weekly high-dose 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin (LV) and bimonthly cisplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31:605–609. PMID: 11902492Article PubMed
13. Kim DY, Kim JH, Lee SH, Kim TY, Heo DS, Bang YJ, et al. Phase II study of oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in previously platinum-treated patients with advanced gastric cancer. Ann Oncol. 2003;14:383–387. PMID: 12598342Article PubMed
14. Ai-Batran SE, Atmaca A, Hegewisch-Becker S, Jaeger D, Hahnfeld S, Rummel MJ, et al. Phase II trial of biweekly infusional fluorouracil, folinic acid, and oxaliplatin in patients with advanced gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:658–663. PMID: 14966088Article PubMed
15. Ahn JH, Kang YK, Kim TW, Bahng H, Chang HM, Kang WC, et al. Nephrotoxicity of heptaplatin: a randomized comparison with cisplatin in advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2002;50:104–110. PMID: 12172973Article PubMed
16. Oh SC, Yoon SY, Seo JH, Choi CW, Kim BS, Shin SW, et al. Pilot study of heptaplatin, UFT-E and leucovorin in advanced gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35:117–122. Article PubMed

Fig. 1

Kaplan-Meier estimates of the time to progression of the patients with advanced gastric cancer. The median time to progression was 15 weeks (range: 3~85 weeks).

Table 1

Patient characteristics (No. of patients=32)

^*Eastern cooperative oncology group.

Table 2

Toxicities^*

^*Per person, ^†Blood urea nitrogen/creatinine.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Cisplatin Resistance in Cancer Therapy: Causes and Overcoming Strategies
S. Shruthi, K. Bhasker Shenoy
ChemistrySelect.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Application of Approved Cisplatin Derivatives in Combination Therapy against Different Cancer Diseases
Dobrina Tsvetkova, Stefka Ivanova
Molecules.2022; 27(8): 2466. CrossRef
Synthesis of novel heptaplatin derivatives and evaluation of their ability to inhibit proliferation of cancer cell lines
W. Xu, D. C. Wang
Russian Journal of General Chemistry.2016; 86(4): 939. CrossRef
The extract of Paris polyphylla exerts apoptotic induction and synergic antiproliferative effect with anticancer drugs in SMMC-7721 human liver cancer cells
Jing Sun, Bao-rui Liu, Jia Wei, Xiao-ping Qian, Li-xia Yu, Ren-hua Guo, Hua Shen, Tong-shan Wang, Yong-qian Shu
Biomedicine & Preventive Nutrition.2011; 1(3): 186. CrossRef
The status of platinum anticancer drugs in the clinic and in clinical trials
Nial J. Wheate, Shonagh Walker, Gemma E. Craig, Rabbab Oun
Dalton Transactions.2010; 39(35): 8113. CrossRef
Prognostic value of expression of ERCC1, thymidylate synthase, and glutathione S-transferase P1 for 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer
H.-C. Kwon, M.S. Roh, S.Y. Oh, S.-H. Kim, M.C. Kim, J.-S. Kim, H.-J. Kim
Annals of Oncology.2007; 18(3): 504. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

A Phase II Trial of Haptaplatin/5-FU and Leucovorin for Advanced Stomach Cancer

Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(4):208-211. Published online August 31, 2005

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.4.208

XML Download

Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
NOTES
REFERENCES

A Phase II Trial of Haptaplatin/5-FU and Leucovorin for Advanced Stomach Cancer

Fig. 1 Kaplan-Meier estimates of the time to progression of the patients with advanced gastric cancer. The median time to progression was 15 weeks (range: 3~85 weeks).

Fig. 1

A Phase II Trial of Haptaplatin/5-FU and Leucovorin for Advanced Stomach Cancer

Table 1

Patient characteristics (No. of patients=32)

^*Eastern cooperative oncology group.

Table 2

Toxicities^*

^*Per person, ^†Blood urea nitrogen/creatinine.

Table 1 Patient characteristics (No. of patients=32)

^*Eastern cooperative oncology group.

Table 2 Toxicities*

^*Per person, ^†Blood urea nitrogen/creatinine.