1Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
2Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Center for Thyroid Cancer, Goyang, Korea
3Division of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
4Division of Cancer Registration and Surveillance, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
5Department of Cancer AI and Digital Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
Copyright © 2023 by the Korean Cancer Association
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethical Statement
The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National Cancer Center (NCC2016-0041) of Korea. This study used secondary de-identified data. Written informed consents were waived.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the analysis: Jung YS, Cho H.
Collected the data: Jung KW.
Contributed data or analysis tools: Lee D, Jung KW, Cho H.
Performed the analysis: Jung YS, Lee D, Cho H.
Wrote the paper: Jung YS, Lee D, Jung KW, Cho H.
Conflicts of Interest
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
Characteristic | Total (n=40,890) | Sex | Age group (yr) | Tumor stage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Male (n=31,670) | Female (n=9,220) | 0–44 (n=4,753) | 45–54 (n=7,768) | 55–64 (n=10,991) | 65–74 (n=10,960) | ≥ 75 (n=6,418) | Localized (n=16,825) | Regional (n=16,094) | Distant (n=3,298) | ||
Alivea) | 24,160 (59.1) | 18,074 (57.1) | 6,086 (66.0) | 3,873 (81.5) | 5,518 (71.0) | 7,252 (66.0) | 5,530 (50.5) | 1,987 (31.0) | 12,460 (74.1) | 8,541 (53.1) | 797 (24.2) |
|
|||||||||||
Deatha) | 16,730 (40.9) | 13,596 (42.9) | 3,134 (34.0) | 880 (18.5) | 2,250 (29.0) | 3,739 (34.0) | 5,430 (49.5) | 4,431 (10.8) | 4,365 (10.7) | 7,553 (18.5) | 2,501 (6.1) |
|
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Cause of deathb) | |||||||||||
|
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Head and neck cancer | 13,767 (82.3) | 11,111 (81.7) | 2,656 (84.7) | 802 (91.1) | 1,968 (87.5) | 3,132 (83.8) | 4,328 (79.7) | 3,537 (79.8) | 3,023 (69.3) | 6,568 (87.0) | 2,344 (93.7) |
|
|||||||||||
Other causes | 2,963 (17.7) | 2,485 (18.3) | 478 (15.3) | 78 (8.9) | 282 (12.5) | 607 (16.2) | 1,102 (20.3) | 894 (20.2) | 1,342 (30.7) | 985 (13.0) | 157 (6.3) |
|
|||||||||||
Distribution of other causesc) | |||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Cancer of other sitesd) | 807 (27.2) | 723 (29.1) | 84 (17.6) | 35 (44.9) | 94 (33.3) | 210 (34.6) | 322 (29.2) | 146 (16.3) | 345 (25.7) | 271 (27.5) | 55 (35.0) |
|
|||||||||||
Heart diseases | 265 (8.9) | 220 (8.9) | 45 (9.4) | - | 14 (5) | 44 (7.2) | 113 (10.3) | 92 (10.3) | 143 (10.7) | 83 (8.4) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Intentional self-harm | 256 (8.6) | 229 (9.2) | 27 (5.6) | 14 (17.9) | 53 (18.8) | 71 (11.7) | 74 (6.7) | 44 (4.9) | 99 (7.4) | 111 (11.3) | 13 (8.3) |
|
|||||||||||
Cerebrovascular diseases | 227 (7.7) | 179 (7.2) | 48 (10.0) | - | 13 (4.6) | 41 (6.8) | 84 (7.6) | 84 (9.4) | 110 (8.2) | 66 (6.7) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Pneumonia | 185 (6.2) | 156 (6.3) | 29 (6.1) | - | 14 (5) | 27 (4.4) | 61 (5.5) | 83 (9.3) | 89 (6.6) | 60 (6.1) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 109 (3.7) | 94 (3.8) | 15 (3.1) | - | - | 11 (1.8) | 42 (3.8) | 53 (5.9) | 42 (3.1) | 37 (3.8) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Other non-cancer causes | 1,114 (37.6) | 884 (35.6) | 230 (48.1) | 29 (37.2) | 94 (33.3) | 203 (33.4) | 406 (36.8) | 392 (43.8) | 514 (38.3) | 357 (36.2) | 89 (56.7) |
Values are presented as number (%). Percentages are rounded to an integer. Patients diagnosed with primary head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. Results of patients whose tumor stage is unknown are not included. -, less than 10 cases; KCCR, Korea Central Cancer Registry.
a) Percentage among each column of sex, age group, and tumor stage,
b) Percentage among the total number of deaths,
c) Percentage among non-head and neck cancer deaths,
d) Cancer from other sites include cancer of the lung (n=238) and stomach (n=97) as the most frequent.
Ranka) | All sex | Male | Female | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||
Cause of death | SMRb) (95% CI) | Cause of death | SMRb) (95% CI) | Cause of death | SMRb) (95% CI) | |
1 | Heart diseases | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | Intentional self-harm | 2.3 (2.0–2.6) | Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
|
||||||
2 | Intentional self-harm | 3.1 (2.7–3.5) | Heart diseases | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | Heart diseases | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
|
||||||
3 | Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | Pneumonia | 1.2 (0.7–1.6) |
|
||||||
4 | Pneumonia | 1.7 (1.4–1.9) | Pneumonia | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | Intentional self-harm | 2.5 (1.5–3.4) |
|
||||||
5 | Chronic lower respiratory disease | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | Chronic lower respiratory disease | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | Chronic lower respiratory disease | 1.1 (0.5–1.6) |
Patients diagnosed with primary head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; SMR, standard mortality ratio.
a) Rank by the number of deaths for the top five leading causes of death in head and neck cancer patients,
b) SMRs for a specific cause of death were calculated as the average ratio of observed deaths in cancer patients 2006 to 2017 to the expected deaths in the Korean general population from 2006 to 2017.
Characteristic | Observed survival probabilitya) (%) (95% CI) | Probability of deathb) (%) (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
Head and neck cancer | Other causes | |||||
|
|
|
||||
5-Year | 10-Year | 5-Year | 10-Year | 5-Year | 10-Year | |
Totalc) | 60.5 (59.9–61.0) | 48.6 (47.9–49.3) | 33.9 (33.4–34.4) | 39.5 (38.9–40.1) | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 11.9 (11.4–12.4) |
|
||||||
Sex | ||||||
|
||||||
Male | 58.5 (58.0–59.1) | 46.0 (45.3–46.8) | 35.4 (34.8–35.9) | 41.1 (40.5–41.8) | 6.1 (5.8–6.4) | 12.8 (12.3–13.4) |
|
||||||
Female | 67.1 (66.0–68.1) | 57.6 (56.2–58.9) | 28.9 (27.9–29.9) | 33.9 (32.7–35.1) | 4.1 (3.6–4.5) | 8.5 (7.7–9.4) |
|
||||||
Age (yr) | ||||||
|
||||||
0–44 | 81.7 (80.5–82.9) | 76.7 (75.1–78.2) | 16.9 (15.8–18.0) | 20.8 (19.4–22.2) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) |
|
||||||
45–54 | 71.8 (70.7–72.9) | 64.0 (62.6–65.4) | 25.3 (24.3–26.4) | 30.4 (29.2–31.7) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 5.6 (4.9–6.4) |
|
||||||
55–64 | 67.3 (66.3–68.2) | 55.4 (54.1–56.7) | 28.5 (27.6–29.4) | 34.8 (33.6–35.9) | 4.3 (3.9–4.7) | 9.8 (8.9–10.7) |
|
||||||
65–74 | 53.2 (52.2–54.2) | 37.0 (35.7–38.3) | 39.4 (38.5–40.4) | 46.5 (45.3–47.7) | 7.3 (6.8–7.9) | 16.5 (15.5–17.6) |
|
||||||
≥ 75 | 30.9 (29.7–32.2) | 14.3 (12.7–16.0) | 57.1 (55.7–58.3) | 61.1 (59.7–62.6) | 12.0 (11.1–12.9) | 24.5 (22.9–26.2) |
|
||||||
Tumor stage | ||||||
|
||||||
Localized | 76.4 (75.7–77.1) | 63.2 (62.1–64.3) | 17.5 (16.9–18.1) | 22.7 (21.9–23.6) | 6.1 (5.7–6.5) | 14.0 (13.2–14.9) |
|
||||||
Regional | 52.9 (52.1–53.7) | 41.7 (40.6–42.8) | 42.0 (41.2–42.8) | 47.9 (46.9–48.9) | 5.1 (4.7–5.5) | 10.4 (9.7–11.2) |
|
||||||
Distant | 23.4 (21.9–25.0) | 16.0 (14.3–17.8) | 72.4 (70.8–74.0) | 77.8 (76.0–79.5) | 4.1 (3.4–4.9) | 6.2 (5.1–7.4) |
Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; KCCR, Korea Central Cancer Registry.
a) Estimated by the Kaplan-Meier estimator,
b) Estimated by the cumulative incidence function,
c) Include patients with all sex and all tumor stages.
Characteristic | Head and neck cancer | Other causes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
sHRa) (95% CI) | p-value | sHRa) (95% CI) | p-value | |
Sex | ||||
|
||||
Female | Reference | Reference | ||
|
||||
Male | 1.19 (1.14–1.25) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.41–1.72) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
Age (yr) | ||||
|
||||
0–44 | Reference | Reference | ||
|
||||
45–54 | 1.45 (1.34–1.57) | < 0.001 | 2.15 (1.67–2.76) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
55–64 | 1.74 (1.61–1.88) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (2.66–4.28) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
65–74 | 2.64 (2.45–2.84) | < 0.001 | 6.20 (4.91–7.82) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
≥ 75 | 4.82 (4.46–5.21) | < 0.001 | 9.81 (7.76–12.39) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
Tumor stage | ||||
|
||||
Localized | Reference | 1.86 (1.58–2.21) | < 0.001 | |
|
||||
Regional | 2.96 (2.83–3.09) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.21–1.70) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
Distant | 6.71 (6.34–7.11) | < 0.001 | Reference | |
|
||||
Tumor type | ||||
|
||||
HPV-unrelated | Reference | Reference | ||
|
||||
HPV-related | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 0.683 |
|
||||
Others | 0.89 (0.85–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.137 |
Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papillomavirus; sHR, subdistribution hazard ratio.
a) The Fine-Gray competing risks survival models were used to estimate the subdistribution hazard ratios.
Patient characteristics and distribution of causes of death by sex, age group, and tumor stage, KCCR 2006–2016
Characteristic | Total (n=40,890) | Sex | Age group (yr) | Tumor stage | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||||
Male (n=31,670) | Female (n=9,220) | 0–44 (n=4,753) | 45–54 (n=7,768) | 55–64 (n=10,991) | 65–74 (n=10,960) | ≥ 75 (n=6,418) | Localized (n=16,825) | Regional (n=16,094) | Distant (n=3,298) | ||
Alive |
24,160 (59.1) | 18,074 (57.1) | 6,086 (66.0) | 3,873 (81.5) | 5,518 (71.0) | 7,252 (66.0) | 5,530 (50.5) | 1,987 (31.0) | 12,460 (74.1) | 8,541 (53.1) | 797 (24.2) |
|
|||||||||||
Death |
16,730 (40.9) | 13,596 (42.9) | 3,134 (34.0) | 880 (18.5) | 2,250 (29.0) | 3,739 (34.0) | 5,430 (49.5) | 4,431 (10.8) | 4,365 (10.7) | 7,553 (18.5) | 2,501 (6.1) |
|
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Cause of death |
|||||||||||
|
|||||||||||
Head and neck cancer | 13,767 (82.3) | 11,111 (81.7) | 2,656 (84.7) | 802 (91.1) | 1,968 (87.5) | 3,132 (83.8) | 4,328 (79.7) | 3,537 (79.8) | 3,023 (69.3) | 6,568 (87.0) | 2,344 (93.7) |
|
|||||||||||
Other causes | 2,963 (17.7) | 2,485 (18.3) | 478 (15.3) | 78 (8.9) | 282 (12.5) | 607 (16.2) | 1,102 (20.3) | 894 (20.2) | 1,342 (30.7) | 985 (13.0) | 157 (6.3) |
|
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Distribution of other causes |
|||||||||||
|
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Cancer of other sites |
807 (27.2) | 723 (29.1) | 84 (17.6) | 35 (44.9) | 94 (33.3) | 210 (34.6) | 322 (29.2) | 146 (16.3) | 345 (25.7) | 271 (27.5) | 55 (35.0) |
|
|||||||||||
Heart diseases | 265 (8.9) | 220 (8.9) | 45 (9.4) | - | 14 (5) | 44 (7.2) | 113 (10.3) | 92 (10.3) | 143 (10.7) | 83 (8.4) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Intentional self-harm | 256 (8.6) | 229 (9.2) | 27 (5.6) | 14 (17.9) | 53 (18.8) | 71 (11.7) | 74 (6.7) | 44 (4.9) | 99 (7.4) | 111 (11.3) | 13 (8.3) |
|
|||||||||||
Cerebrovascular diseases | 227 (7.7) | 179 (7.2) | 48 (10.0) | - | 13 (4.6) | 41 (6.8) | 84 (7.6) | 84 (9.4) | 110 (8.2) | 66 (6.7) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Pneumonia | 185 (6.2) | 156 (6.3) | 29 (6.1) | - | 14 (5) | 27 (4.4) | 61 (5.5) | 83 (9.3) | 89 (6.6) | 60 (6.1) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Chronic lower respiratory diseases | 109 (3.7) | 94 (3.8) | 15 (3.1) | - | - | 11 (1.8) | 42 (3.8) | 53 (5.9) | 42 (3.1) | 37 (3.8) | - |
|
|||||||||||
Other non-cancer causes | 1,114 (37.6) | 884 (35.6) | 230 (48.1) | 29 (37.2) | 94 (33.3) | 203 (33.4) | 406 (36.8) | 392 (43.8) | 514 (38.3) | 357 (36.2) | 89 (56.7) |
Values are presented as number (%). Percentages are rounded to an integer. Patients diagnosed with primary head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. Results of patients whose tumor stage is unknown are not included. -, less than 10 cases; KCCR, Korea Central Cancer Registry.
a)Percentage among each column of sex, age group, and tumor stage,
b)Percentage among the total number of deaths,
c)Percentage among non-head and neck cancer deaths,
d)Cancer from other sites include cancer of the lung (n=238) and stomach (n=97) as the most frequent.
Standard mortality ratios of the most frequent non-cancer causes of death in cancer patients relative to the general population
Rank |
All sex | Male | Female | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||
Cause of death | SMR |
Cause of death | SMR |
Cause of death | SMR |
|
1 | Heart diseases | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | Intentional self-harm | 2.3 (2.0–2.6) | Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
|
||||||
2 | Intentional self-harm | 3.1 (2.7–3.5) | Heart diseases | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | Heart diseases | 0.7 (0.5–0.9) |
|
||||||
3 | Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | Cerebrovascular diseases | 0.7 (0.6–0.8) | Pneumonia | 1.2 (0.7–1.6) |
|
||||||
4 | Pneumonia | 1.7 (1.4–1.9) | Pneumonia | 1.3 (1.1–1.5) | Intentional self-harm | 2.5 (1.5–3.4) |
|
||||||
5 | Chronic lower respiratory disease | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | Chronic lower respiratory disease | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | Chronic lower respiratory disease | 1.1 (0.5–1.6) |
Patients diagnosed with primary head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; SMR, standard mortality ratio.
a)Rank by the number of deaths for the top five leading causes of death in head and neck cancer patients,
b)SMRs for a specific cause of death were calculated as the average ratio of observed deaths in cancer patients 2006 to 2017 to the expected deaths in the Korean general population from 2006 to 2017.
Five and 10-year survival and probability of death from the head and neck cancer and competing other causes, KCCR 2006–2016
Characteristic | Observed survival probability |
Probability of death |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||
Head and neck cancer | Other causes | |||||
|
|
|
||||
5-Year | 10-Year | 5-Year | 10-Year | 5-Year | 10-Year | |
Total |
60.5 (59.9–61.0) | 48.6 (47.9–49.3) | 33.9 (33.4–34.4) | 39.5 (38.9–40.1) | 5.6 (5.4–5.9) | 11.9 (11.4–12.4) |
|
||||||
Sex | ||||||
|
||||||
Male | 58.5 (58.0–59.1) | 46.0 (45.3–46.8) | 35.4 (34.8–35.9) | 41.1 (40.5–41.8) | 6.1 (5.8–6.4) | 12.8 (12.3–13.4) |
|
||||||
Female | 67.1 (66.0–68.1) | 57.6 (56.2–58.9) | 28.9 (27.9–29.9) | 33.9 (32.7–35.1) | 4.1 (3.6–4.5) | 8.5 (7.7–9.4) |
|
||||||
Age (yr) | ||||||
|
||||||
0–44 | 81.7 (80.5–82.9) | 76.7 (75.1–78.2) | 16.9 (15.8–18.0) | 20.8 (19.4–22.2) | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 2.5 (1.9–3.2) |
|
||||||
45–54 | 71.8 (70.7–72.9) | 64.0 (62.6–65.4) | 25.3 (24.3–26.4) | 30.4 (29.2–31.7) | 2.8 (2.5–3.3) | 5.6 (4.9–6.4) |
|
||||||
55–64 | 67.3 (66.3–68.2) | 55.4 (54.1–56.7) | 28.5 (27.6–29.4) | 34.8 (33.6–35.9) | 4.3 (3.9–4.7) | 9.8 (8.9–10.7) |
|
||||||
65–74 | 53.2 (52.2–54.2) | 37.0 (35.7–38.3) | 39.4 (38.5–40.4) | 46.5 (45.3–47.7) | 7.3 (6.8–7.9) | 16.5 (15.5–17.6) |
|
||||||
≥ 75 | 30.9 (29.7–32.2) | 14.3 (12.7–16.0) | 57.1 (55.7–58.3) | 61.1 (59.7–62.6) | 12.0 (11.1–12.9) | 24.5 (22.9–26.2) |
|
||||||
Tumor stage | ||||||
|
||||||
Localized | 76.4 (75.7–77.1) | 63.2 (62.1–64.3) | 17.5 (16.9–18.1) | 22.7 (21.9–23.6) | 6.1 (5.7–6.5) | 14.0 (13.2–14.9) |
|
||||||
Regional | 52.9 (52.1–53.7) | 41.7 (40.6–42.8) | 42.0 (41.2–42.8) | 47.9 (46.9–48.9) | 5.1 (4.7–5.5) | 10.4 (9.7–11.2) |
|
||||||
Distant | 23.4 (21.9–25.0) | 16.0 (14.3–17.8) | 72.4 (70.8–74.0) | 77.8 (76.0–79.5) | 4.1 (3.4–4.9) | 6.2 (5.1–7.4) |
Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; KCCR, Korea Central Cancer Registry.
a)Estimated by the Kaplan-Meier estimator,
b)Estimated by the cumulative incidence function,
c)Include patients with all sex and all tumor stages.
Risks of death due to head and neck cancer and other causes under the presence of competing risks
Characteristic | Head and neck cancer | Other causes | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||
sHR |
p-value | sHR |
p-value | |
Sex | ||||
|
||||
Female | Reference | Reference | ||
|
||||
Male | 1.19 (1.14–1.25) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.41–1.72) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
Age (yr) | ||||
|
||||
0–44 | Reference | Reference | ||
|
||||
45–54 | 1.45 (1.34–1.57) | < 0.001 | 2.15 (1.67–2.76) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
55–64 | 1.74 (1.61–1.88) | < 0.001 | 3.38 (2.66–4.28) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
65–74 | 2.64 (2.45–2.84) | < 0.001 | 6.20 (4.91–7.82) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
≥ 75 | 4.82 (4.46–5.21) | < 0.001 | 9.81 (7.76–12.39) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
Tumor stage | ||||
|
||||
Localized | Reference | 1.86 (1.58–2.21) | < 0.001 | |
|
||||
Regional | 2.96 (2.83–3.09) | < 0.001 | 1.44 (1.21–1.70) | < 0.001 |
|
||||
Distant | 6.71 (6.34–7.11) | < 0.001 | Reference | |
|
||||
Tumor type | ||||
|
||||
HPV-unrelated | Reference | Reference | ||
|
||||
HPV-related | 0.81 (0.77–0.85) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.85–1.08) | 0.683 |
|
||||
Others | 0.89 (0.85–0.92) | < 0.001 | 1.07 (0.98–1.17) | 0.137 |
Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papillomavirus; sHR, subdistribution hazard ratio.
a)The Fine-Gray competing risks survival models were used to estimate the subdistribution hazard ratios.
Values are presented as number (%). Percentages are rounded to an integer. Patients diagnosed with primary head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. Results of patients whose tumor stage is unknown are not included. -, less than 10 cases; KCCR, Korea Central Cancer Registry. Percentage among each column of sex, age group, and tumor stage, Percentage among the total number of deaths, Percentage among non-head and neck cancer deaths, Cancer from other sites include cancer of the lung (n=238) and stomach (n=97) as the most frequent.
Patients diagnosed with primary head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; SMR, standard mortality ratio. Rank by the number of deaths for the top five leading causes of death in head and neck cancer patients, SMRs for a specific cause of death were calculated as the average ratio of observed deaths in cancer patients 2006 to 2017 to the expected deaths in the Korean general population from 2006 to 2017.
Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; KCCR, Korea Central Cancer Registry. Estimated by the Kaplan-Meier estimator, Estimated by the cumulative incidence function, Include patients with all sex and all tumor stages.
Patients diagnosed with head and neck cancer from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2016, followed up to December 31, 2017. CI, confidence interval; HPV, human papillomavirus; sHR, subdistribution hazard ratio. The Fine-Gray competing risks survival models were used to estimate the subdistribution hazard ratios.