1Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
2Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Medical Device Management and Research, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
5Clinical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
6School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
7Center for Research Resource Standardization, Seoul, Korea
8Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
9Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Cancer Association
This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Ethical Statement
After providing informed consent, participants were asked to complete the paper questionnaire. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Samsung Medical Center (IRB number: SMC-2017-03-103-012).
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the analysis: Kang D, Kim Y, Lim J, Yoon J, Kim S, Kang E, Nam H, Shim S, Lee M, Bok H, Lee SW, Shin SY, Ahn JS, Oh D, Cho J.
Collected the data: Kim Y, Yoon J, Shim S, Lee M, Oh D, Cho J.
Contributed data or analysis tools: Kang D, Kim Y, Lim J, Bok H, Ahn JS, Oh D, Cho J.
Performed the analysis: Kang D, Kim Y, Lim J, Cho J.
Wrote the paper: Kang D, Kim Y, Lim J, Yoon J, Kim S, Kang E, Nam H, Shim S, Lee M, Bok H, Lee SW, Shin SY, Ahn JS, Oh D, Cho J.
Conflicts of Interest
Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±SD. In this data set, education level (n=4), current worker (n=4), marital status (n=4), walking support (n=6), smoking status (n=10), drinking status (n=9), and monthly family income (n=6) had missing data. For all other variables, the values were available for all participants.
Original domain and items | Factor loading | Percentage of variance explained | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | ||
F5 | ||||||||
Physical function | 9.3 | |||||||
Are you able to do chores such as vacuuming or yard work? | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.68a) | 0.08 | 0.04 | |
Are you able to go up and down stairs at a normal pace? | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.69a) | 0.13 | 0.03 | |
Are you able to go for a walk of at least 15 minutes? | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.81a) | −0.02 | 0.07 | |
Are you able to run errands and shop? | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.77a) | 0.04 | −0.02 | |
F1 | 18.2 | |||||||
Anxiety | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, I felt fearful | 0.75a) | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.08 | |
In the past 7 days, I found it hard to focus on anything other than my anxiety | 0.75a) | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.06 | |
In the past 7 days, my worries overwhelmed me | 0.84a) | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.08 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt uneasy | 0.81a) | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.05 | |
Depression | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, I felt worthless | 0.73a) | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.11 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt helpless | 0.69a) | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.13 | −0.09 | 0.16 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt depressed | 0.78a) | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt hopeless | 0.71a) | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.07 | |
F3 | ||||||||
Fatigue | 11.8 | |||||||
During the past 7 days, I feel fatigued | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.75a) | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.10 | |
During the past 7 days, I had trouble starting things because I was tired | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.74a) | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.09 | |
In the past 7 days, how run-down did you feel on average? | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.81a) | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
In the past 7 days, how fatigued were you on average? | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.81a) | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |
F7 | 6.3 | |||||||
Sleep disturbance | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, my sleep quality was… | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.87a) | |
In the past 7 days, my sleep was refreshing | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.91a) | |
F6 | 6.8 | |||||||
In the past 7 days, I had a problem with my sleep | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.91a) | 0.19 | |
In the past 7 days, I had difficulty falling asleep | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.92a) | 0.15 | |
F4 | ||||||||
Ability to participate in social roles and activities | 11.6 | |||||||
I have trouble doing all of my regular leisure activities with others | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.86a) | 0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | |
I have trouble doing all of the family activities that I want to do | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.77a) | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.08 | |
I have trouble doing all of my usual work (include work at home) | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.71a) | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.05 | |
I have trouble doing all of the activities with friends that I want to do | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.83a) | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
F2 | ||||||||
Pain interference | 15.8 | |||||||
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your day to day activities? | 0.08 | 0.87a) | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.09 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with work around the home? | 0.10 | 0.89a) | 0.18 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your ability to participate in social activities? | 0.14 | 0.83a) | 0.12 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.07 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your household chores? | 0.14 | 0.85a) | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.01 | |
Pain intensity | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, how would you rate your pain on average? | 0.13 | 0.80a) | 0.17 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
EORTC QLQ C-30 | K-PROMIS-29 V2.1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical function | Anxiety | Depression | Ability to participate in social roles and activities | Fatigue | Pain interference | Sleep disturbance | |
Overall | |||||||
Overall QoL/Health status | 0.37* | −0.44* | −0.44* | 0.52* | −0.49* | −0.43* | −0.27* |
Function | |||||||
Physical | 0.71*a) | −0.39* | −0.41* | 0.61* | −0.61* | −0.56* | −0.27* |
Emotional | 0.33* | −0.66*a) | −0.55*a) | 0.35* | −0.51* | −0.37* | −0.31* |
Role | 0.57* | −0.41* | −0.45* | 0.65*a) | −0.59* | −0.53* | −0.22* |
Social | 0.32* | −0.43* | −0.39* | 0.52*a) | −0.44* | −0.40* | −0.25* |
Cognitive | 0.34* | −0.38* | −0.33* | 0.32* | −0.44* | −0.30* | −0.31* |
Symptoms | |||||||
Fatigue | −0.54* | 0.37* | 0.38* | −0.55* | 0.66*a) | 0.53* | 0.35* |
Nausea/Vomiting | −0.28* | 0.17* | 0.20* | −0.31* | 0.35* | 0.30* | 0.13* |
Pain | −0.49* | 0.32* | 0.34* | −0.44* | 0.51* | 0.73*a) | 0.33* |
Dyspnea | −0.47* | 0.32* | 0.32* | −0.40* | 0.51* | 0.40* | 0.20* |
Insomnia | −0.35* | 0.30* | 0.25* | −0.32* | 0.37* | 0.31* | 0.64*a) |
Appetite loss | −0.39* | 0.26* | 0.28* | −0.42* | 0.44* | 0.40* | 0.29* |
Constipation | −0.24* | 0.10 | 0.15* | −0.20* | 0.26* | 0.26* | 0.21* |
Diarrhea | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11* | −0.08 | 0.11* | 0.14* | 0.11 |
Financial | −0.23* | 0.33* | 0.34* | −0.29* | 0.35* | 0.28* | 0.28* |
EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30; K-PROMIS-29 V2.1, Korean version of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29 Profile v2.1; QoL, quality of life.
* Pearson’s correlation coefficient, all p < 0.05.
a) Domains expected to be highly correlated.
Characteristics of study population
Characteristic | No. (%) (n=349) |
---|---|
Female sex | 170 (48.7) |
Age (yr) | 54.4±10.2 |
Age ≥ 65 | 53 (15.2) |
Marital status | |
Single | 23 (6.7) |
Married | 299 (86.7) |
Divorced/Widowed | 23 (6.7) |
Education | |
≤ Middle school | 39 (11.3) |
High school | 142 (41.2) |
College and higher | 164 (47.5) |
Monthly family income | |
< $2,000 | 71 (20.7) |
$2,000–$3,990 | 103 (30.0) |
≥ $4,000 | 169 (49.3) |
Current worker | 129 (37.4) |
Smoking status | |
Never smoked | 171 (50.4) |
Past smoker | 163 (48.1) |
Current smoker | 5 (1.5) |
Drinking status | |
Never drank | 81 (23.8) |
Past drinker | 244 (71.8) |
Current drinker | 15 (4.4) |
Time since diagnosis (yr) | 1.2 (2.4) |
Type of cancer | |
Breast cancer | 73 (20.9) |
Gastric cancer | 17 (4.9) |
Lung cancer | 59 (16.9) |
Head and neck/Esophageal | 41 (11.8) |
Lymphoma/Myeloma | 25 (7.2) |
Colorectal cancer | 55 (15.8) |
Other | 79 (22.6) |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±SD. In this data set, education level (n=4), current worker (n=4), marital status (n=4), walking support (n=6), smoking status (n=10), drinking status (n=9), and monthly family income (n=6) had missing data. For all other variables, the values were available for all participants.
Percentage of variance explained by each domain (item numbers represent the order in the instrument)
Mean±SD | Cronbach’s α | Item-rest correlation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Raw score | T-score | |||
Physical function | 18.1±2.8 | 49.6±7.5 | 0.87 | |
Are you able to do chores such as vacuuming or yard work? | 0.73 | |||
Are you able to go up and down stairs at a normal pace? | 0.70 | |||
Are you able to go for a walk of at least 15 minutes? | 0.71 | |||
Are you able to run errands and shop? | 0.75 | |||
Anxiety | 7.1±3.3 | 51.5±9.1 | 0.91 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt fearful | 0.77 | |||
In the past 7 days, I found it hard to focus on anything other than my anxiety | 0.77 | |||
In the past 7 days, my worries overwhelmed me | 0.84 | |||
In the past 7 days, I felt uneasy | 0.80 | |||
Depression | 6.9±3.3 | 51.0±8.5 | 0.90 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt worthless | 0.81 | |||
In the past 7 days, I felt helpless | 0.83 | |||
In the past 7 days, I felt depressed | 0.75 | |||
In the past 7 days, I felt hopeless | 0.74 | |||
Fatigue | 7.6±3.7 | 45.7±9.9 | 0.94 | |
During the past 7 days, I feel fatigued | 0.80 | |||
During the past 7 days, I have trouble starting things because I am tired | 0.82 | |||
In the past 7 days, how run-down did you feel on average? | 0.89 | |||
In the past 7 days, how fatigued were you on average? | 0.89 | |||
Sleep disturbance | 10.9±3.4 | 52.1±7.7 | 0.81 | |
In the past 7 days, my sleep quality was… | 0.64 | |||
In the past 7 days, my sleep was refreshing | 0.56 | |||
In the past 7 days, I had a problem with my sleep | 0.66 | |||
In the past 7 days, I had difficulty falling asleep | 0.63 | |||
Ability to participate in social roles and activities | 14.7±4.7 | 50.6±10.5 | 0.93 | |
I have trouble doing all of my regular leisure activities with others | 0.83 | |||
I have trouble doing all of the family activities that I want to do | 0.87 | |||
I have trouble doing all of my usual work (include work at home) | 0.83 | |||
I have trouble doing all of the activities with friends that I want to do | 0.85 | |||
Pain interference | 7.7±4.3 | 51.8±9.3 | 0.96 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your day to day activities? | 0.89 | |||
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with work around the home? | 0.94 | |||
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your ability to participate in social activities? | 0.86 | |||
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your household chores? | 0.90 | |||
Pain intensity | 2.7±2.4 | |||
In the past 7 days, how would you rate your pain on average? |
SD, standard deviation.
Exploratory factor analysis of the K-PROMIS-29 items
Original domain and items | Factor loading | Percentage of variance explained | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | ||
F5 | ||||||||
Physical function | 9.3 | |||||||
Are you able to do chores such as vacuuming or yard work? | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.28 | 0.21 | 0.68 |
0.08 | 0.04 | |
Are you able to go up and down stairs at a normal pace? | 0.09 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.69 |
0.13 | 0.03 | |
Are you able to go for a walk of at least 15 minutes? | 0.13 | 0.20 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.81 |
−0.02 | 0.07 | |
Are you able to run errands and shop? | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.77 |
0.04 | −0.02 | |
F1 | 18.2 | |||||||
Anxiety | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, I felt fearful | 0.75 |
0.06 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.08 | |
In the past 7 days, I found it hard to focus on anything other than my anxiety | 0.75 |
0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.06 | |
In the past 7 days, my worries overwhelmed me | 0.84 |
0.05 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.16 | 0.08 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt uneasy | 0.81 |
0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.05 | |
Depression | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, I felt worthless | 0.73 |
0.20 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.04 | −0.09 | 0.11 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt helpless | 0.69 |
0.19 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.13 | −0.09 | 0.16 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt depressed | 0.78 |
0.08 | 0.28 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | |
In the past 7 days, I felt hopeless | 0.71 |
0.12 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.09 | −0.02 | 0.07 | |
F3 | ||||||||
Fatigue | 11.8 | |||||||
During the past 7 days, I feel fatigued | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.75 |
0.19 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.10 | |
During the past 7 days, I had trouble starting things because I was tired | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.74 |
0.27 | 0.28 | 0.05 | 0.09 | |
In the past 7 days, how run-down did you feel on average? | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.81 |
0.26 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
In the past 7 days, how fatigued were you on average? | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.81 |
0.22 | 0.17 | 0.13 | 0.12 | |
F7 | 6.3 | |||||||
Sleep disturbance | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, my sleep quality was… | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.25 | 0.87 |
|
In the past 7 days, my sleep was refreshing | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.91 |
|
F6 | 6.8 | |||||||
In the past 7 days, I had a problem with my sleep | 0.09 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.91 |
0.19 | |
In the past 7 days, I had difficulty falling asleep | 0.10 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.92 |
0.15 | |
F4 | ||||||||
Ability to participate in social roles and activities | 11.6 | |||||||
I have trouble doing all of my regular leisure activities with others | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.86 |
0.12 | 0.08 | 0.14 | |
I have trouble doing all of the family activities that I want to do | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.77 |
0.16 | 0.07 | 0.08 | |
I have trouble doing all of my usual work (include work at home) | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.71 |
0.23 | 0.08 | 0.05 | |
I have trouble doing all of the activities with friends that I want to do | 0.21 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.83 |
0.15 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |
F2 | ||||||||
Pain interference | 15.8 | |||||||
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your day to day activities? | 0.08 | 0.87 |
0.20 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.09 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with work around the home? | 0.10 | 0.89 |
0.18 | 0.20 | 0.17 | 0.10 | 0.08 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your ability to participate in social activities? | 0.14 | 0.83 |
0.12 | 0.32 | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.07 | |
In the past 7 days, how much did pain interfere with your household chores? | 0.14 | 0.85 |
0.12 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.01 | |
Pain intensity | ||||||||
In the past 7 days, how would you rate your pain on average? | 0.13 | 0.80 |
0.17 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.14 |
a)The factors that affect the question the most (and therefore have the highest factor loadings) are marked.
Pearson’s correlation coefficients comparing the K-PROMIS-29 V2.1 with EORTC QLQ-C30 (n=349)
EORTC QLQ C-30 | K-PROMIS-29 V2.1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical function | Anxiety | Depression | Ability to participate in social roles and activities | Fatigue | Pain interference | Sleep disturbance | |
Overall | |||||||
Overall QoL/Health status | 0.37 |
−0.44 |
−0.44 |
0.52 |
−0.49 |
−0.43 |
−0.27 |
Function | |||||||
Physical | 0.71 |
−0.39 |
−0.41 |
0.61 |
−0.61 |
−0.56 |
−0.27 |
Emotional | 0.33 |
−0.66 |
−0.55 |
0.35 |
−0.51 |
−0.37 |
−0.31 |
Role | 0.57 |
−0.41 |
−0.45 |
0.65 |
−0.59 |
−0.53 |
−0.22 |
Social | 0.32 |
−0.43 |
−0.39 |
0.52 |
−0.44 |
−0.40 |
−0.25 |
Cognitive | 0.34 |
−0.38 |
−0.33 |
0.32 |
−0.44 |
−0.30 |
−0.31 |
Symptoms | |||||||
Fatigue | −0.54 |
0.37 |
0.38 |
−0.55 |
0.66 |
0.53 |
0.35 |
Nausea/Vomiting | −0.28 |
0.17 |
0.20 |
−0.31 |
0.35 |
0.30 |
0.13 |
Pain | −0.49 |
0.32 |
0.34 |
−0.44 |
0.51 |
0.73 |
0.33 |
Dyspnea | −0.47 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
−0.40 |
0.51 |
0.40 |
0.20 |
Insomnia | −0.35 |
0.30 |
0.25 |
−0.32 |
0.37 |
0.31 |
0.64 |
Appetite loss | −0.39 |
0.26 |
0.28 |
−0.42 |
0.44 |
0.40 |
0.29 |
Constipation | −0.24 |
0.10 | 0.15 |
−0.20 |
0.26 |
0.26 |
0.21 |
Diarrhea | −0.06 | 0.08 | 0.11 |
−0.08 | 0.11 |
0.14 |
0.11 |
Financial | −0.23 |
0.33 |
0.34 |
−0.29 |
0.35 |
0.28 |
0.28 |
EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30; K-PROMIS-29 V2.1, Korean version of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29 Profile v2.1; QoL, quality of life.
*Pearson’s correlation coefficient, all p < 0.05.
a)Domains expected to be highly correlated.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±SD. In this data set, education level (n=4), current worker (n=4), marital status (n=4), walking support (n=6), smoking status (n=10), drinking status (n=9), and monthly family income (n=6) had missing data. For all other variables, the values were available for all participants.
SD, standard deviation.
The factors that affect the question the most (and therefore have the highest factor loadings) are marked.
EORTC QLQ-C30, European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30; K-PROMIS-29 V2.1, Korean version of Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System 29 Profile v2.1; QoL, quality of life. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, all p < 0.05. Domains expected to be highly correlated.