1Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Pediatric Surgery, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
5Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Asan Medical Center Children’s Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
6Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Copyright © 2022 by the Korean Cancer Association
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Baseline characteristics of the 129 patients
Characteristic | No. (%) |
---|---|
Age at initial diagnosis, mean±SD (yr) | 2.6±3.3 |
≤ 2 | 86 (66.7) |
3–7 | 27 (20.9) |
≥ 8 | 16 (12.4) |
Sex | |
Female | 63 (48.8) |
Male | 66 (51.2) |
Serum AFP concentration (ng/mL) (n=125) | |
< 100 | 1 (0.8) |
100–999 | 4 (3.2) |
1,000–106 | 109 (87.2) |
> 106 | 11 (8.8) |
PRETEXT stage | |
I | 10 (7.8) |
II | 51 (39.5) |
III | 39 (30.2) |
IV | 29 (22.5) |
Annotation factors | |
V (HV or IVC involvement) | 45 (34.9) |
P (PV involvement) | 24 (18.6) |
E (extrahepatic tumor extension) | 11 (8.5) |
F (multifocality) | 46 (35.7) |
R (tumor rupture) | 10 (7.8) |
C (caudate involvement) | 31 (24.0) |
N (lymph node metastasis) | 11 (8.5) |
M (distant metastasis) | 34 (26.4) |
One or more of V, P, E, F, or R | 70 (54.3) |
CHIC-HS risk | |
Very low | 11 (8.5) |
Low | 40 (31.0) |
Intermediate | 30 (23.3) |
High | 48 (37.2) |
Follow-up period, median (IQR, mo) | 36.6 (11.3–81.8) |
No. of patients with an event | 36 (27.9) |
No. of deaths | 22 (17.8) |
Summary of Cox regression analysis
Variable | Univariable | Multivariable | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Sex | ||||
| ||||
Female | Reference | |||
| ||||
Male | 1.542 (0.795–2.994) | 0.200 | ||
| ||||
Age group (yr) | ||||
| ||||
≤ 2 | Reference | Reference | ||
| ||||
3–7 | 2.206 (1.033–4.714) | 0.041 | 1.809 (0.839–3.901) | 0.130 |
| ||||
≥ 8 | 2.788 (1.202–6.467) | 0.017 | 2.781 (1.187–6.512) | 0.018 |
| ||||
PRETEXT | ||||
| ||||
I | Reference | |||
| ||||
II | 0.930 (0.206–4.200) | 0.925 | ||
| ||||
III | 0.983 (0.208–4.630) | 0.982 | ||
| ||||
IV | 2.983 (0.681–13.066) | 0.147 | ||
| ||||
PRETEXT (simplified) | ||||
| ||||
I or II | Reference | Reference | ||
| ||||
III | 1.045 (0.432–2.524) | 0.923 | 1.233 (0.497–3.059) | 0.652 |
| ||||
IV | 3.172 (1.504–6.689) | 0.002 | 2.774 (1.228–5.974) | 0.009 |
| ||||
V | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 2.463 (1.277–4.749) | 0.007 | Eliminated | |
| ||||
P | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 2.371 (1.136–4.947) | 0.021 | Eliminated | |
| ||||
E | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 1.685 (0.593–4.790) | 0.327 | ||
| ||||
F | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 2.553 (1.324–4.926) | 0.005 | Eliminated | |
| ||||
R | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 2.179 (0.846–5.610) | 0.107 | ||
| ||||
C | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 1.348 (0.650–2.799) | 0.423 | ||
| ||||
N | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 3.017 (1.317–6.909) | 0.009 | Eliminated | |
| ||||
M | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 3.513 (1.816–6.795) | < 0.001 | 2.886 (1.457–5.719) | 0.002 |
| ||||
V, P, E, F, or R | ||||
| ||||
Yes | 2.339 (1.149–4.761) | 0.019 | Eliminated | |
| ||||
AFP | ||||
| ||||
< 1,000 | 0.865 (0.078–9.547) | 0.906 | ||
| ||||
≥ 1,000 | 1.683 (0.403–7.033) | 0.476 |
Variables with p < 0.05 in the univariable analyses were entered into the multivariable analysis. AFP, α-fetoprotein; C, caudate lobe involvement; CI, confidence interval; E, extrahepatic tumor extension; F, multifocality; HR, hazard ratio; M, distant metastases; N, lymph node metastases; P, portal vein; PRETEXT, 2017 PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor staging system; R, tumor rupture; REF, reference category; V, hepatic vein/inferior vena cava.
Variables with p < 0.05 in the univariable analyses were entered into the multivariable analysis. AFP, α-fetoprotein; C, caudate lobe involvement; CI, confidence interval; E, extrahepatic tumor extension; F, multifocality; HR, hazard ratio; M, distant metastases; N, lymph node metastases; P, portal vein; PRETEXT, 2017 PRE-Treatment EXTent of tumor staging system; R, tumor rupture; REF, reference category; V, hepatic vein/inferior vena cava.