1Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
2Department of Digital Health, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
3Department of Urology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
4Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
5Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
6Department of Urology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
7Department of Urology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
8Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
9College of Medicine/Graduate School of Health Science Business Convergence, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
10Division of Cancer Policy and Management, National Cancer Control Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
11Department of Urology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea
Copyright © 2019 by the Korean Cancer Association
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Variable | Total (n=209) | Open (n=41) | Laparoscopic (n=63) | Robot (n=105) | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yr) | 66.6±6.6 | 67.6±6.1 | 67.5±6.2 | 65.7±6.9 | 0.124 |
Height (cm) | 166.7±5.6 | 166.5±6.3 | 167.0±5.5 | 166.9±5.4 | 0.881 |
Weight (kg) | 66.8±8.4 | 66.9±9.1 | 66.5±8.6 | 67.0±8.0 | 0.931 |
Comorbidity, any | 118±56.5 | 26±63.4 | 35±55.6 | 57±54.3 | 0.598 |
Education level | |||||
Less than high school | 112 (53.9) | 27 (65.9) | 37 (58.7) | 48 (46.2) | 0.065 |
High school and above | 96 (46.1) | 14 (34.1) | 26 (41.3) | 56 (53.8) | |
Marital status | |||||
Married | 187 (89.5) | 39 (95.1) | 53 (84.1) | 95 (90.5) | 0.181 |
Unmarried | 22 (10.5) | 2 (4.9) | 10 (15.9) | 10 (9.5) | |
Smoking | |||||
Current | 22 (10.6) | 3 (7.3) | 7 (11.1) | 12 (11.5) | 0.386 |
Past | 120 (57.7) | 24 (58.5) | 31 (49.2) | 65 (62.5) | |
None | 66 (31.7) | 14 (34.2) | 25 (39.7) | 27 (26.0) | |
Drinking | |||||
Current | 84 (40.2) | 16 (39.0) | 20 (31.8) | 48 (45.7) | 0.349 |
Past | 69 (33.0) | 14 (34.2) | 21 (33.3) | 34 (32.4) | |
None | 56 (26.8) | 11 (26.8) | 22 (34.9) | 23 (21.9) | |
Pathologic T category | |||||
2 | 153 (73.2) | 29 (70.7) | 40 (63.5) | 84 (80.0) | 0.060 |
3 | 56 (26.8) | 12 (29.3) | 23 (36.5) | 21 (20.0) | |
Pathologic N category | |||||
0 | 100 (47.9) | 27 (65.9) | 29 (46.03) | 44 (41.9) | 0.053 |
1 | 3 (1.4) | 0 | 0 | 3 (2.9) | |
x | 106 (50.7) | 14 (34.1) | 34 (53.97) | 58 (55.2) | |
Pathologic Gleason score | |||||
6 | 41 (19.6) | 6 (14.6) | 15 (23.8) | 20 (19.1) | 0.795 |
7 | 130 (62.2) | 26 (63.4) | 37 (58.7) | 67 (63.8) | |
≥ 8 | 38 (18.2) | 9 (22.0) | 11 (17.5) | 18 (17.1) | |
PSA (ng/mL) | 10.4±11.9 | 8.6±7.1 | 10.9±9.5 | 10.7±14.5 | 0.578 |
Karnofsky performance status | |||||
100 | 159 (76.4) | 21 (52.5) | 63 (100) | 75 (71.4) | < 0.001 |
90 | 47 (22.6) | 17 (42.5) | 0 | 30 (28.6) | |
80 | 2 (1.0) | 2 (5.0) | 0 | 0 |
Baseline (n=209) |
3 Months (n=180) |
12 Months (n=190) |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean±SD | Mean±SD | p-value (vs. baseline) | Mean±SD | p-value (vs. baseline) | p-value (vs. 3 months) | |
QLQ-C30 functioning scale | ||||||
Physical function | 85.5±13.6 | 84.7±13.5 | 0.293 | 87.7±13.4 | 0.039 | < 0.001 |
Role function | 89.0±17.3 | 85.8±20.5 | 0.013 | 88.4±18.6 | 0.630 | 0.052 |
Emotional function | 84.0±18.2 | 86.5±17.5 | 0.485 | 88.2±15.3 | 0.002 | 0.360 |
Cognitive function | 84.9±16.4 | 88.6±15.5 | 0.019 | 88.4±14.8 | 0.007 | 0.781 |
Social function | 81.7±22.1 | 82.3±21.6 | 0.962 | 85.0±19.0 | 0.080 | 0.085 |
Global quality of life | 62.2±21.7 | 62.1±18.6 | 0.977 | 64.4±20.9 | 0.234 | 0.041 |
QLQ-C30 symptom scale | ||||||
Fatigue | 20.6±17.9 | 23.1±17.9 | 0.103 | 20.3±17.9 | 0.968 | 0.154 |
Nausea and vomiting | 4.9±11.5 | 4.2±10.1 | 0.629 | 4.1±11.6 | 0.749 | 0.927 |
Pain | 14.0±20.5 | 11.8±14.6 | 0.459 | 8.8±15.9 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Dyspnea | 11.2±18.9 | 9.3±17.6 | 0.500 | 10.7±19.8 | 0.632 | 0.773 |
Insomnia | 18.2±24.9 | 18.9±26.6 | 0.578 | 14.4±23.1 | 0.025 | 0.053 |
Appetite loss | 11.3±18.9 | 14.6±22.3 | 0.041 | 8.8±16.6 | 0.085 | < 0.001 |
Constipation | 14.4±22.1 | 12.2±19.6 | 0.512 | 13.4±22.8 | 0.742 | 0.781 |
Diarrhea | 10.5±17.8 | 5.6±15.7 | 0.002 | 6.1±15.7 | 0.007 | 0.527 |
Financial difficulties | 21.7±26.7 | 17.7±24.1 | 0.095 | 14.6±21.1 | 0.002 | 0.290 |
QLQ-PR25 scale | ||||||
Urinary symptom | 22.2±16.8 | 29.2±16.7 | < 0.001 | 22.0±16.8 | 0.896 | < 0.001 |
Incontinence aid (conditional) | 12.0±22.3 | 28.9±27.2 | < 0.001 | 17.9±30.7 | 1.000 | 0.005 |
Bowel symptoms | 7.7±10.7 | 6.9±10.4 | 0.877 | 5.3±9.3 | 0.007 | 0.006 |
Hormonal treatment-related symptom | 9.2±10.2 | 12.0±8.9 | < 0.001 | 11.3±9.4 | 0.010 | 0.132 |
Sexual activity | 32.6±27.7 | 17.7±25.8 | < 0.001 | 27.0±27.1 | 0.035 | < 0.001 |
Sexual function (conditional) | 63.1±23.8 | 45.0±26.4 | < 0.001 | 44.0±23.7 | < 0.001 | 0.328 |
Unmatched sample |
Matched sample |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PC patients | Control | p-value | PC patients | Control | p-value | |
Total | 156 (100) | 623 (100) | 114 (100) | 114 (100) | ||
Age (yr) | 63.9±5.4 | 57.4±5.7 | < 0.001 | 62.7±5.5 | 62.1±5.2 | 0.359 |
Comorbidity, any | 90 (57.7) | 221 (35.5) | < 0.001 | 60 (52.6) | 62 (54.4) | 0.791 |
Education level, high school and above | 79 (60.0) | 496 (79.6) | < 0.001 | 58 (50.9) | 60 (52.6) | 0.791 |
Marital status, married | 141 (90.4) | 600 (96.3) | < 0.001 | 106 (93) | 108 (94.7) | 0.581 |
Smoking, current | 18 (11.6) | 328 (52.7) | < 0.001 | 18 (15.8) | 18 (15.8) | 1.000 |
Drinking, current | 70 (44.9) | 508 (81.5) | < 0.001 | 64 (56.1) | 59 (51.8) | 0.506 |
Pathologic T category | ||||||
2 | 117 (75.0) | - | - | 84 (73.7) | - | - |
3 | 39 (25.0) | - | - | 30 (26.3) | - | - |
Pathologic N category | ||||||
0 | 70 (44.9) | - | - | 57 (50.0) | - | - |
1 | 3 (1.9) | - | - | 2 (1.8) | - | - |
x | 83 (53.2) | - | - | 55 (48.2) | - | - |
Pathologic Gleason score | ||||||
6 | 31 (19.9) | - | - | 24 (21.1) | - | - |
7 | 98 (62.8) | - | - | 71 (62.3) | - | - |
≥ 8 | 27 (17.3) | - | - | 19 (16.6) | - | - |
Prostate-specific antigen (ng/mL) | 9.98±9.77 | - | - | 9.76±9.16 | - | - |
Karnofsky performance status | ||||||
100 | 119 (76.8) | - | - | 83 (73.5) | - | - |
90 | 34 (21.9) | - | - | 28 (24.8) | - | - |
80 | 2 (1.3) | - | - | 2 (1.8) | - | - |
Type of surgery | ||||||
Open | 28 (18.0) | - | - | 22 (19.3) | - | - |
Laparoscopic | 46 (29.5) | - | - | 27 (23.7) | - | - |
Robot | 82 (52.6) | - | - | 65 (57.0) | - | - |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Numbers may not sum to total number due to missing responses. p-values were calculated by chi-square test or Fisher exact test. PSA, prostate-specific antigen.
SD, standard deviation; QLQ, Quality-of-Life Questionnaire.
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation.