Paranasal Sinus Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma after Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Caineng Cao; Feng Jiang; Qifeng Jin; Ting Jin; Shuang Huang; Qiaoying Hu; Yuanyuan Chen; Yongfeng Piao; Yonghong Hua; Xinglai Feng; Xiaozhong Chen

doi:10.4143/crt.2017.607

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Original Article Paranasal Sinus Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma after Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy: Caineng Cao, MD, Feng Jiang, MD, Qifeng Jin, MD, Ting Jin, MD, Shuang Huang, MD, Qiaoying Hu, MD, Yuanyuan Chen, MD, Yongfeng Piao, MD, Yonghong Hua, MD, Xinglai Feng, MD, Xiaozhong Chen, MD; Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2019;51(1):73-79.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.607
Published online: February 26, 2018

Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China

Correspondence: Xiaozhong Chen, MD Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Head & Neck Cancer Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, No. 38, Guangji Road, Hangzhou 310022, China
Tel: 86-571-88128202 Fax: 86-571-88122062 E-mail: chenxiaozhong2016@163.com

• Received: December 24, 2017 • Accepted: February 22, 2018

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognostic significance of paranasal sinus invasion for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and its suitable position in the T classification.
Materials and Methods
The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of 695 patients with previously untreated, biopsy-proven, non-metastatic NPC that was treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) were reviewed retrospectively.
Results
The incidence of paranasal sinus invasion was 39.4% (274 of 695 patients). Multivariate analysis showed that paranasal sinus invasion was an independent negative prognostic factor for local failure-free survival (LFFS) (p < 0.05). According to the eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, 275 patients were classified as T3 classification. Of these, 78 patients (28.4%) developed paranasal sinus invasion (T3b) and 197 (71.6%) didn’t (T3a). The estimated 5-year LFFS and overall survival (OS) rates for the patients with T3b and T3a classification were 88.6% versus 95.0% (p=0.047), and 84.5% versus 93.3% (p=0.183), respectively. The estimated 5-year LFFS and OS rates for the patientswith T4 classificationwere 89.5% and 83.2%,whichwere similarwith the outcomes of patients with T3b classification.
Conclusion
MRI-determined paranasal sinus invasion is an independent prognostic factor of NPC treated by IMRT. Paranasal sinus invasion is recommended to classify as T4 classification in the 8th AJCC staging system for NPC.
Key words: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Paranasal sinuses, Intensity-modulated radiotherapy, Prognostic value, American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system

Introduction

In China, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is endemic and over 33,000 new patients were diagnosed in 2012, which accounted for 40% of new diagnosed NPC worldwide [1]. According to the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system published in 2017, T classification for NPC is based on the anatomical extent of the primary tumor and which has been proposed on NPC treated by intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) [2,3]. In the eighth edition of the AJCC staging system for NPC, paranasal sinus involvement is classified as T3 disease [2]. However, the Chinese 2008 staging system which has been proposed in the era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and modern radiation therapy technology classifies involvement of the paranasal sinuses as T4 disease [4].

T4 classification NPC patients with MRI-detected intracranial extension are more likely to experience local failure and death after IMRT than patients without intracranial extension in our previous study [5]. With respect to the prognostic value of paranasal sinus invasion, there are limited reports, especially, for patients treated by IMRT [6-10]. Therefore, we analyzed a large cohort of MRI-staged patients treated with IMRT to evaluate the prognostic significance of paranasal sinus invasion and its suitable position in the T classification.

Materials and Methods

1. Patients and work-up

After obtaining approval from our institutional review board, the medical records of consecutive 695 patients with previously untreated, biopsy-proven, non-metastatic NPC that was treated with IMRT between January 2007 and February 2012 in our center were retrospectively evaluated. All patients were restaged according to the eighth edition of the AJCC staging system. The pretreatment workup included a complete history and physical examination, hematology, and biochemistry profiles, MRI of the head and neck, computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest and abdominal region, bone scintigraphy, fiber-optic nasopharyngoscopy, and dental check. The clinical characteristics are listed in Table 1.

2. MR imaging

All patients underwent MRI on a 1.5- or 3.0-T system system (Magnetom Symphony/Verio, Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) with a head-and-neck combined coil. The scan range covered from the suprasellar cistern to the inferior margin of the sternoclavicular joint. The thickness/slice gap was 5 mm/1 mm for axial plane and 5 mm/0.5 mm for sagittal and coronal plane, respectively. Non-enhanced series included: axial T1-weighted imaging (T1WI; fast spin echo [FSE], repetition time [TR]/echo time [TE]=460 msec/8.3 msec), sagittal T1WI (FSE, TR/TE=500 msec/9.0 msec), axial T2-weighted imaging (T2WI; FSE with fat-suppressed, TR/TE=6,200 msec/92.9 msec). After injection of gadopentetate dimeglumine with a dose of 0.2 mL/kg and rate of 2.0 mL/sec, contrast-enhanced scan was performed by FSE with fat-suppressed (TR/TE=460 msec/7.8 msec for sagittal and coronal plane, TR/TE=295 msec/2.9 msec for axial plane). Two radiologists independently evaluated all scans, and any disagreements were resolved by consensus. In addition, there is a multidisciplinary team of NPC to confirm the extent of diseases and the treatment in our center.

Paranasal sinuses involvement was diagnosed using the following criteria: (1) primary tumors invaded into the sinus cavity with bone destruction of the wall of the sinus (Fig. 1) and (2) the same signal intensity characteristics as the primary lesion (an equal or lower signal in the T1WI MRI scan, an equal or higher signal in the T2WI and an obvious enhancement in the enhanced scan) [9].

3. Treatment

All patients received definitive radiotherapy using IMRT techniques. A detailed description of IMRT has been previously reported [11]. Briefly, the dose prescribed was 69-70.4 Gy, 63-67.2 Gy, 60-60.8 Gy, and 54-54.4 Gy in 30-32 fractions delivered over 6 weeks at the periphery of the planning target volume (PTV) of primary tumor, PTV of metastatic lymph nodes, PTV of high-risk clinical target volume, and PTV of low-risk clinical target volume, respectively, using the simultaneous integrated boost technique. Most patients (n=673, 96.8%) underwent platinum-based neoadjuvant, concurrent, or adjuvant chemotherapy.

4. Follow-up and statistical analysis

Follow-up was calculated from the day of radiation therapy completion to the date of the event or the last follow-up visit. All patients were followed up after the completion of radiotherapy: 1 month after the completion of radiotherapy, every 3 months in the first 2 years, every 6 months from year 3 to year 5, and annually thereafter.

The SPSS ver. 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL), software was used for statistical analysis. The local failure-free survival (LFFS), regional failure-free survival (RFFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and overall survival (OS) were estimated by use of the Kaplan-Meier method. LFFS, RFFS, DMFS, and OS were measured from day 1 of treatment to the date of the event. Multivariate analysis was performed by using the Cox proportional hazards model. All statistical tests were two sided, and p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

5. Ethical statement

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Zhejiang Cancer Hospital with a waiver of informed consent (IRB No. IRB-2018-27) and performed in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Results

1. Incidence of paranasal sinus invasion

The incidence of paranasal sinus invasion was 39.4% (274 of 695 patients), with invasion of the ethmoid sinus, maxillary sinus and sphenoid sinus in 21 (3.0%), 33 (4.7%), and 272 (39.1%) patients, respectively. None of patients had frontal sinus involvement. Of the 272 patients with sphenoid sinus invasion, 230 (84.6%) did not have maxillary sinus or ethmoid sinus invasion. In contrast, of the 21 patients with ethmoid sinus invasion and 33 patients with maxillary sinus invasion, 20 (95.2%) and 32 (96.7%) also had sphenoid sinus invasion, respectively.

2. Prognosis of patients with paranasal sinus invasion

The median follow-up period was 63 months (range, 2 to 119 months). The estimated 5-year LFFS, RFFS, DMFS, and OS rates for the whole group were 92.0%, 93.5%, 87.5%, and 89.1%, respectively. The estimated 5-year LFFS, RFFS, DMFS, and OS rates for the patients without and with paranasal sinus invasion were 93.9% versus 89.0% (p=0.012), 93.2% versus 94.0% (p=0.764), 89.3% versus 84.7% (p=0.056), and 92.2% versus 83.7% (p=0.011), respectively (Fig. 2).

The value of various potential prognostic factors including age (≥ 48 years and < 48 years), sex, prevertebral muscles extension, medial pterygoid muscle extension, lateral pterygoid muscle extension, parapharyngeal space extension, skull base erosion, paranasal sinus invasion, involvement beyond the lateral surface of lateral pterygoid muscle, cranial nerve palsy, intracranial extension, N classification and concurrent chemotherapy on predicting LFFS, RFFS, DMFS, and OS were evaluated. By multivariate analysis, paranasal sinus invasion was an independent negative prognostic factor for LFFS (Table 2).

3. T classification of paranasal sinus invasion

According to the eighth AJCC staging system, 275 patients were classified as T3 classification. Of these, 78 patients (28.4%) developed paranasal sinus invasion (T3b) and 197 (71.6%) didn’t (T3a). The estimated 5-year LFFS and OS rates for the patients with T3b and T3a classification were 88.6% versus 95.0% (p=0.047), and 84.5% versus 93.3% (p=0.183), respectively. The estimated 5-year LFFS and OS rates for the patients with T4 classification were 89.5% and 83.2%, which were similar with the outcomes of patients with T3b classification (Fig. 3).

Of the 274 patients with paranasal sinus invasion, most of patients with maxillary sinus or ethmoid sinus invasion simultaneously accompanied with sphenoid sinus invasion. Patients with paranasal sinus invasion were classified as patients with invasion of the sphenoid sinus alone, without invasion of the maxillary sinus or ethmoid sinus (group A, n=230), and patients with invasion of the maxillary sinus and/or ethmoid sinus (group B, n=44). The T and N classification distribution according to paranasal sinus invasion is shown in Table 3. No significant differences were observed in LFFS, RFFS, DMFS, and OS between the groups A and B (5-year LFFS, 88.6% vs. 90.7%, p=0.778; 5-year RFFS, 93.3% vs. 97.1%, p=0.393; 5-year DMFS, 85.0% vs. 83.0%, p=0.896; 5-year OS, 82.1% vs. 91.5%, p=0.130).

Discussion

In this study, we observed a high incidence of paranasal sinus invasion in NPC and that paranasal sinus invasion is an independent prognostic factor of LFFS in NPC after IMRT. In patients with T3 classification, tumors with paranasal sinus invasion had a higher risk of local failure than those without paranasal sinus invasion. Paranasal sinus invasion was recommended to classify as T4 classification in the eighth AJCC staging system for NPC.

The result of the present study indicated that the incidence of paranasal sinus invasion in NPC was 39.4%. The highest rate of incidence was of sphenoid sinus invasion (39.1%), followed by maxillary sinus invasion (4.7%) and ethmoid sinus invasion (3.0%). Compared to the respective rates of 15%-27%, 4.9%-9%, and 4%-14% reported in previous studies [6-10], the rate of sphenoid sinus invasion was higher in the current study. The floor of the sphenoid sinus borders the nasopharynx roof. No muscle or fascia to act as a barrier against tumor invasion, tumors originating from the nasopharynx tend to spread directly and superiorly into the sphenoid sinus. This accounts for the high rate of incidence of sphenoid sinus invasion. In the diagnosis of gross paranasal sinus invasion, there should be minimal discrepancy. However, the diagnosis of subtle paranasal sinus invasion may pose a considerable diagnostic challenge and a source of variation between different radiologists or centers. Compared with CT, MRI has been used to assess the extent of NPC more reliably and accurately [12-14]. All of the patients in the present study were evaluated by MRI, which was recommended as the preferred modalities for staging [15]. Variations in the diagnosis of paranasal sinus invasion may explain this inconsistency in the different studies.

In the Chinese 1992 staging system for NPC, patients with paranasal sinus invasion were defined as T4, and this classification remains in the Chinese 2008 staging system. The present study indicated that the estimated 5-year LFFS and OS rates for the patients with T4 classification were similar with the outcomes of patients with T3b classification. Paranasal sinus invasion was recommended to classify as T4 classification in the eighth AJCC staging system. In a study of 1,811 patients with NPC treated by IMRT, tumors with ethmoid or maxillary sinus invasion which were recommended to classify as T4 classification had a higher risk of local failure than those with sphenoid sinus invasion alone [10]. Only three patients with maxillary sinus and/or ethmoid sinus invasion were classified as T3 classification (Table 3). For NPC after IMRT, locoregional recurrence rates at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years accounted for 14.7%, 49.4%, 66.7%, 85.4%, and 94.7% of the total, respectively [16]. The 3-year local relapse-free survival rate was reported in the previous study [10]. It is reasonable to report the 5-year survival outcomes for prognostic analysis. No significant differences were observed in LFFS, RFFS, DMFS, and OS between the patients with invasion of the sphenoid sinus alone, without invasion of the maxillary sinus or ethmoid sinus and patients with invasion of the maxillary sinus and/or ethmoid sinus, which was probably associated with the aid of MRI, IMRT, and the use of chemotherapy [17-19].

There are several limitations in the current study, including the retrospective nature of the study design and the inclusion of patients treated at a single center. In China, only 2% patients had keratinizing disease, which accounts for up to 67% of NPC in western countries [20]. The effect of paranasal sinus invasion on the prognosis and staging of patients with NPC should be further confirmed by other cohorts from different regions.

MRI-determined paranasal sinus invasion is an independent prognostic factor of NPC treated by IMRT. Paranasal sinus invasion is recommended to classify as T4 classification in the 8th AJCC staging system for NPC.

NOTES

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Acknowledgements

The present study was supported by Zhejiang Province Medical and Health Science and Technology Project (2017182785).

Fig. 1.

Paranasal sinus invasion in one patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A coronal contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance image in a 52-year-old man show the sphenoid sinus invasion (arrow).

Fig. 2.

Kaplan-Meier curve showing local failure-free survival (LFFS) (A), regional failure-free survival (RFFS) (B), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (C), and overall survival (OS) rates (D) for the patients without and with paranasal sinus invasion (PSI) in the study.

Fig. 3.

Probability of local failure-free survival (LFFS) (A) and overall survival (OS) rates (B) for patients with T3 classification and T4 classification according to the eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. T3b, T3 patients with paranasal sinus invasion; T3a, T3 patients without paranasal sinus invasion.

Table 1.

Patient characteristics

Characteristic	Whole group (n=695)	Non-PSI group (n=421)	PSI group (n=274)	p-value
Sex
Male	477 (68.6)	274 (65.1)	203 (74.1)	0.012
Female	218 (31.4)	147 (34.9)	71 (25.9)
Age (yr)
< 48	329 (47.3)	209 (49.6)	120 (43.8)	0.131
≥ 48	366 (52.7)	212 (50.4)	154 (56.2)
Pathology classification
Keratinizing	6 (0.9)	3 (0.7)	3 (1.1)	0.685
Non-keratinizing	689 (99.1)	418 (99.3)	271 (98.9)
T classification
T1	107 (15.4)	107 (25.4)	-	< 0.001
T2	101 (14.5)	101 (24.0)	-
T3	275 (39.6)	197 (46.8)	78 (28.5)
T4	212 (30.5)	16 (3.8)	196 (71.5)
N classification
N0	79 (11.4)	48 (11.4)	31 (11.3)	0.277
N1	304 (43.7)	174 (41.3)	130 (47.4)
N2	212 (30.5)	131 (31.1)	81 (29.6)
N3	100 (14.4)	68 (16.2)	32 (11.7)
Overall stage
I	14 (2.0)	14 (3.3)	-	< 0.001
II	94 (13.5)	94 (22.3)	-
III	299 (43.0)	231 (54.9)	68 (24.8)
IVA	288 (41.4)	82 (19.5)	206 (75.2)

Values are presented as number (%). PSI, paranasal sinus invasion.

Table 2.

Multivariate analysis of variables correlated with various clinical endpoints

Endpoint	Item	HR	95% CI	p-value
LFFS	Paranasal sinus invasion	1.945	1.104-3.426	0.021
RFFS	N classification	1.536	1.116-2.115	0.008
DMFS	N classification	1.681	1.311-2.156	< 0.001
	Cranial nerve palsy	2.074	1.121-3.837	0.020
OS	Age (≥ 48 yr vs. < 48 yr)	2.147	1.291-3.572	0.003
	Intracranial extension	1.942	1.040-3.628	0.037

p-values were calculated by using the Cox proportional hazards model. HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; LFFS, local failure-free survival; RFFS, regional failure-free survival; DMFS, distant metastasis-free survival; OS, overall survival.

Table 3.

Distribution of T and N classifications with paranasal sinus invasion

	Group B (n=44)			Group A (n=230)
	T3	T4	Total	T3	T4	Total
N0	0	4 (9.8)	4 (9.1)	11 (14.7)	16 (10.3)	27 (11.7)
N1	0	18 (43.9)	18 (40.9)	32 (42.7)	80 (51.6)	112 (48.7)
N2	2 (66.7)	12 (29.3)	14 (31.8)	23 (30.7)	44 (28.4)	67 (29.1)
N3	1 (33.3)	7 (17.1)	8 (18.2)	9 (12.0)	15 (9.7)	24 (10.4)

Values are presented as number (%).

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Paranasal Sinus Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma after Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):73-79. Published online February 26, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.607

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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Individualized Concurrent Chemotherapy for Patients with Stage III-IVa Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Combined with Definitive Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Paranasal Sinus Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma after Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Fig. 1. Paranasal sinus invasion in one patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A coronal contrast-enhanced T1-weighted magnetic resonance image in a 52-year-old man show the sphenoid sinus invasion (arrow).

Fig. 2. Kaplan-Meier curve showing local failure-free survival (LFFS) (A), regional failure-free survival (RFFS) (B), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) (C), and overall survival (OS) rates (D) for the patients without and with paranasal sinus invasion (PSI) in the study.

Fig. 3. Probability of local failure-free survival (LFFS) (A) and overall survival (OS) rates (B) for patients with T3 classification and T4 classification according to the eighth American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. T3b, T3 patients with paranasal sinus invasion; T3a, T3 patients without paranasal sinus invasion.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

Fig. 3.

Paranasal Sinus Invasion in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma after Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy

Characteristic	Whole group (n=695)	Non-PSI group (n=421)	PSI group (n=274)	p-value
Sex
Male	477 (68.6)	274 (65.1)	203 (74.1)	0.012
Female	218 (31.4)	147 (34.9)	71 (25.9)
Age (yr)
< 48	329 (47.3)	209 (49.6)	120 (43.8)	0.131
≥ 48	366 (52.7)	212 (50.4)	154 (56.2)
Pathology classification
Keratinizing	6 (0.9)	3 (0.7)	3 (1.1)	0.685
Non-keratinizing	689 (99.1)	418 (99.3)	271 (98.9)
T classification
T1	107 (15.4)	107 (25.4)	-	< 0.001
T2	101 (14.5)	101 (24.0)	-
T3	275 (39.6)	197 (46.8)	78 (28.5)
T4	212 (30.5)	16 (3.8)	196 (71.5)
N classification
N0	79 (11.4)	48 (11.4)	31 (11.3)	0.277
N1	304 (43.7)	174 (41.3)	130 (47.4)
N2	212 (30.5)	131 (31.1)	81 (29.6)
N3	100 (14.4)	68 (16.2)	32 (11.7)
Overall stage
I	14 (2.0)	14 (3.3)	-	< 0.001
II	94 (13.5)	94 (22.3)	-
III	299 (43.0)	231 (54.9)	68 (24.8)
IVA	288 (41.4)	82 (19.5)	206 (75.2)

Endpoint	Item	HR	95% CI	p-value
LFFS	Paranasal sinus invasion	1.945	1.104-3.426	0.021
RFFS	N classification	1.536	1.116-2.115	0.008
DMFS	N classification	1.681	1.311-2.156	< 0.001
	Cranial nerve palsy	2.074	1.121-3.837	0.020
OS	Age (≥ 48 yr vs. < 48 yr)	2.147	1.291-3.572	0.003
	Intracranial extension	1.942	1.040-3.628	0.037

	Group B (n=44)			Group A (n=230)
	T3	T4	Total	T3	T4	Total
N0	0	4 (9.8)	4 (9.1)	11 (14.7)	16 (10.3)	27 (11.7)
N1	0	18 (43.9)	18 (40.9)	32 (42.7)	80 (51.6)	112 (48.7)
N2	2 (66.7)	12 (29.3)	14 (31.8)	23 (30.7)	44 (28.4)	67 (29.1)
N3	1 (33.3)	7 (17.1)	8 (18.2)	9 (12.0)	15 (9.7)	24 (10.4)

Table 1. Patient characteristics

Values are presented as number (%). PSI, paranasal sinus invasion.

Table 2. Multivariate analysis of variables correlated with various clinical endpoints

Table 3. Distribution of T and N classifications with paranasal sinus invasion

Values are presented as number (%).