Guk Jin Lee; Hye Shin Ahn; Se Eun Go; Ji Hyun Kim; Min Wu Seo; Seung Hun Kang; Yeo Ree Yang; Mi Yeong Lee; Ku Ock Lee; Sang Hoon Chun; Jong Youl Jin

doi:10.4143/crt.2013.148

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Cancer Res Treat > Volume 47(1); 2015 > Article

Original Article Patient’s Factors at Entering Hospice Affecting Length of Survival in a Hospice Center: Guk Jin Lee, MD¹, Hye Shin Ahn, MD¹, Se Eun Go, MD¹, Ji Hyun Kim, MD¹, Min Wu Seo, MD¹, Seung Hun Kang, MD¹, Yeo Ree Yang, MD¹, Mi Yeong Lee, RN¹, Ku Ock Lee, RN², Sang Hoon Chun, MD¹, Jong Youl Jin, MD^1,; Cancer Research and Treatment : Official Journal of Korean Cancer Association 2015;47(1):1-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.148
Published online: August 28, 2014

¹Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea

²Hospice Unit, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Bucheon, Korea

Correspondence: Jong Youl Jin, MD Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 327 Sosa-ro 327beon-gil, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 420-717, Korea
Tel: 82-32-340-2114 Fax: 82-32-340-2667 E-mail: drjin@catholic.ac.kr

• Received: August 9, 2013 • Accepted: December 9, 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

12,237 Views
78 Download
9 Web of Science
10 Crossref
9 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Purpose
In order to provide effective hospice care, adequate length of survival (LOS) in hospice is necessary. However the reported average LOS is much shorter. Analysis of LOS in hospice has not been reported from Korea. We evaluated the duration of LOS and the factors associated with LOS at our hospice center.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively examined 446 patients who were admitted to our hospice unit between January 2010 and December 2012. We performed univariate and multivariate analysis for analysis of factors associated with LOS.
Results
The median LOS was 9.5 days (range, 1 to 186 days). The LOS of 389 patients (86.8%) was< 1 month. At the time of admission to hospice, 112 patients (25.2%) were completely bedridden, 110 patients (24.8%) had mouth care only without intake, and 134 patients (30.1%) had decreased consciousness, from confusion to coma. The median time interval between the day of the last anticancer treatment and the day of hospice admission was 75 days. By analysis of the results of multivariate analysis, decreased intake and laboratory results showing increased total white blood cell (WBC), decreased platelet count, increased serum creatinine, increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were poor prognostic factors for survival in hospice.
Conclusion
Before hospice admission, careful evaluation of the patient’s performance, particularly the oral intake, and total WBC, platelet, creatinine, AST, ALT, and LDH level is essential, because these were strong predictors of shorter LOS. In the future, conduct of prospective controlled studies is warranted in order to confirm the relationship between potential prognostic factors and LOS in hospice.
Key words: Hospice care, Survival analysis, Prognosis

Introduction

End of life care in hospice is expanding globally. For effective hospice care, adequate length of survival (LOS) in hospice is necessary. To improve the LOS in hospice, it is essential that physicians refer patients at the appropriate time, and the hospice team must select the indicated patients for hospice care from the referred patients. If the LOS of the hospice patient is too short, they do not receive adequate help from hospice and their short LOS can have a negative impact on other patients who share the same ward. Therefore, another type of palliative care, such as home hospice care is required for these patients.

Despite some previous reports, there are no established criteria for selection of patients who are more likely to live longer in hospice. Many physicians had a tendency to overestimate the LOS of terminal cancer patients [1,2]. According to previous studies, there was a considerable physician factor for LOS in hospice; LOS was adequate when the referring physician had previously referred more than two patients to hospice care and estimated patient survival accurately [3]. In addition, social factors, local market factors, and accessibility to medical institutions showed an association with early referral to hospice care [4]. Significant differences in LOS were observed according to gender, diagnosis, physician specialty, referral source, type of insurance, living status, and discharge status [5]. In a recent study, factors showing association with adequate LOS were full-code status, receiving hospice care at home, hospitalization during enrollment in hospice, referral to hospice by an oncologist, and a diagnosis of cancer [6].

In this country, no previous study on LOS in hospice and affecting factors has been reported. Therefore, we evaluated the current length of hospice stay and analyzed the patient’s factors regarding enrolled time that influenced LOS in hospice.

Materials and Methods

1. Patients

We retrospectively examined 446 patients who were admitted to Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012. We studied baseline characteristics of these patients. The patients were classified according to age (< 60, ≥ 60), sex (male, female), partner status (married, or living with a partner; or single, divorced, or widowed), referral hospital (secondary, tertiary), primary diagnosis (gastrointestinal cancer, thoracic cancer, or other cancers), history of chemotherapy (first-line to second-line, more than third-line), ambulation (full, reduced, mainly sitting, mainly supine, totally bedridden), intake (full, reduced, minimal to sips, mouth care only), and consciousness (full, confusion, drowsy to coma). We tried to find the important laboratory results as a prognostic factor. We performed laboratory studies for patients entering hospice. The patients were classified according to the total white blood cell (WBC) count (< 11,000×10³/μL, ≥ 11,000×10³/μL), lymphocyte percentage (< 12%, ≥ 12%), hemoglobin (< 10 g/dL, ≥ 10 g/dL), platelet (< 100×10³/μL, ≥ 100×10³/μL), albumin (< 3.0 g/dL, ≥ 3.0 g/dL), creatinine (< 1.5 mg/dL, ≥ 1.5 mg/dL), sodium (< 135 mmol/L, 135 to 145 mmol/L, > 145 mmol/L), potassium (< 3.5 mmol/L, 3.5 to 5.5 mmol/L, > 5.5 mmol/L), aspa-rtate aminotransferase (AST; < 100 U/L, ≥ 100 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT; < 100 U/L, ≥ 100 U/L), total bilirubin (< 1.0 mg/dL, ≥ 1.0 mg/dL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; < 480, ≥ 480), and C-reactive protein (CRP; < 5.0 mg/L, ≥ 5.0 mg/L). LOS was the time interval between the day of admission to hospice and the day of the patient’s death.

2. Statistical methods

The median LOS in hospice and the median referral time to hospice were calculated. Using the Kaplan-Meier method, we analyzed the association between LOS and the patients’ baseline demographics (age, sex, marital status, referral hospital, types of cancer, history of chemotherapy), palliative performances (ambulation, intake, consciousness), and laboratory findings (total WBC count, lymphocyte percentage, hemoglobin, platelet, albumin, creatinine, sodium, potassium, AST, ALT, total bilirubin, LDH, CRP). Factors showing significant association with LOS by univariate analysis were evaluated by multivariate analysis using Cox proportional-hazards regression for identification of factors showing independent association with LOS. Analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 20.0 software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results

1. Baseline characteristics of patients

The median age of the hospice patients was 66 years (range, 13 to 94 years). The baseline demographics of the patients treated at our hospice center are shown in Table 1; 299 patients (67%) were > 60 years old, 232 patients (52%) were male; 407 patients (91.3%) were not living with their spouse or a partner (they were single, divorced, or widowed); 214 patients (47.8%) were referred by a tertiary hospital; and 232 patients (51.8%) were referred by a secondary hospital. The primary diagnosis was gastrointestinal cancer in 254 patients (56.7%), thoracic cancer in 102 patients (22.8%), and other cancers in 90 patients (20.1%). Three hundred fifty patients (78.5%) had previously received first-line to second-line chemotherapy before and 96 patients (21.5%) had received more than third-line chemotherapy. At the time of admission to hospice, 112 patients (25.2%) were completely bedridden, 110 patients (24.8%) had mouth care only without intake, and 134 patients (30.1%) had decreased consciousness such as confusion or drowsy to coma. The classifications of the patients according to laboratory results are shown in Table 1. All patients agreed to an informed consent for ‘do not resuscitate’ (DNR).

2. Referral time to hospice and LOS in hospice

The median time interval between diagnosis of stage IV or recurrent cancer and referral to hospice was 248 days (range, 1 to 4,405 days). The median time interval between the last day of anticancer treatment and the day of hospice admission was 75 days (range, 3 to 1,310 days). The median LOS was 9.5 days (range, 1 to 186 days) (Table 2). The LOS of 389 patients (86.8%) was less than one month.

3. Factors affecting LOS in hospice

In univariate analysis, factors showing significant association with LOS included sex (p=0.027), intake (p < 0.02), consciousness (p < 0.01), total WBC (p < 0.001), lymphocyte percentage (p < 0.001), platelet (p=0.006), creatinine (p=0.02), potassium (p=0.004), AST (p < 0.001), ALT (p < 0.001), total bilirubin (p < 0.001), and LDH (p < 0.001) (Table 3). In ambulation status, no statistical significance was observed between ‘full’ and ‘reduced’ (p=0.146). Age, partner status, referral hospital, primary diagnosis, history of chemotherapy, hemoglobin, albumin, sodium, potassium, and CRP level did not show a statistically significant result.

In multivariate analysis, factors showing significant association with LOS, included intake (p < 0.05), total WBC (p<0.001), platelet (p=0.015), creatinine (p=0.007), AST (p=0.03), ALT (p=0.008), and LDH (p=0.006) (Table 4). As the intake status becomes gradually worse to reduced, minimal to sips, mouth care only, the hazard ratio of short LOS in hospice was increased (hazard ratio, 1.525, 2.096, 2.732). In multivariate analysis, sex, consciousness, lymphocyte percentage, potassium, and total bilirubin did not show a statistically significant result.

Discussion

End of life care for terminal cancer patients is very important and terminal care in hospice is becoming universal. Although LOS in hospice does not show exact correlation with the quality of care, LOS has an important influence on the effect of hospice treatment. There is general agreement among experts in the field and referring clinicians that patients who are referred near the end of life receive fewer benefits from the services that hospice offers. Thus, there is a widespread consensus among experts, referring clinicians, and government agencies that many patients should be enrolled in hospice sooner [7-10]. Because there was little information on LOS in hospice and the factors affecting LOS in South Korea, we conducted this study.

At the time of admission to hospice, 112 patients (25%) were completely bedridden, corresponding to below 30% of the Palliative Performance Scale (PPS) ver. 2. Similarly, 110 patients (24.6%) had mouth care only without intake, below 10% of the PPS. In addition, 134 patients (30.6%) had decreased consciousness from confusion to coma, below 10% of the PPS. These results indicate that the palliative performance of these patients was poorer than reported from previous studies of hospices from other countries [11,12].

Compared with other studies, we found a relatively longer time period (median, 75 days) from the last anticancer treatment to referral to hospice. In addition, the median LOS in hospice was 9.5 days (range, 1 to 186 days), significantly shorter than that reported in another study [13]. Reasons for the late referrals could be multiline chemotherapy and longer duration of anticancer treatment. In addition, insufficient in-advance discussion about preferred end of life care between patients/families and physicians or families’ insufficient preparation for changes of patient conditions could be important reasons for late referral, as found in a previous study [14]. In this study, 96 patients (21.5%) underwent more than third-line chemotherapy before referral to our hospice. Considering that third-line palliative chemotherapy has no established survival benefit in most cancer patients, further treatment should be avoided, therefore, early hospice referral was appropriate for most of the patients.

In this study, in univariate analysis, male sex (p=0.027), less intake (p < 0.02), and lower consciousness (p < 0.005) showed an association with shorter LOS in hospice. These findings were consistent with those of previous studies [15-17]. Although previous studies showed that the performance status was an important factor, our study analyzed the detail factors of performance status; according to the result, intake status and consciousness were more significant factors than ambulation. Regarding laboratory results as a prognostic factor, previous studies showed that total WBC count, lymphocyte percentage, and bilirubin were significant factors [18,19]. In our study, these factors were also statistically significant, and platelet count, serum creatinine, potassium, AST, ALT and LDH were additional significant factors affecting LOS in hospice.

In analysis of the results of multivariate analysis, intake, total WBC, platelet, creatinine, AST, ALT, and LDH were significant factors, indicating that intake status is the most important prognostic factor of performance factors. Regarding the laboratory findings, increased total WBC, decreased platelet count, increased serum creatinine, AST, ALT and increased LDH level were poor prognostic factors for survival in hospice. Increased total WBC count is related to infection or leukemoid reaction, decreased platelet count is related to sepsis or disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC). Increased serum creatinine and AST, ALT level is related to decreased renal and hepatic function. Elevated LDH level is usually an indicator of high tumor burden, although it is not directly proportional to the tumor burden. All of these laboratory results are related to cancer progression and decreased overall physical function of the patient. Therefore, we strongly recommend careful evaluation of the patients’ oral intake status and total WBC, platelet from complete blood count, and serum creatinine, AST, ALT, and LDH level from blood chemistry at the time of referral to hospice.

This study had some limitations. First, this study was a single center study. For greater external validity, a multicenter study is necessary. Second, because we retrospectively studied baseline characteristics we could not analyze the activity and self-care components of the PPS. In the future, conduct of a prospective controlled study is warranted in order to study palliative performance with greater detail. Third, LOS of hospice is not the sole factor influencing quality in hospice care. According to some studies, it is important for patients and their family members to be satisfied with not just the LOS in hospice but also the quality of hospice care [20-22]. Therefore, conduct of further research is warranted with regard to both lengthening LOS in hospice and for improving the satisfaction of patients and their families despite a short LOS in hospice.

Conclusion

The LOS of hospice in our institution was too short relative to recommendations and other studies. It appears that illness progressed during the relatively long delay between diagnosis of incurable cancer and referral to hospice; consequently, by the time patients were referred to hospice their performance was poor and their overall physical function was decreased due to progression of cancer, which could have negatively affected LOS in hospice. Before hospice admission, careful evaluation of the oral intake and total WBC, platelet, creatinine, AST, ALT, and LDH level is essential because these were strong predictors of shorter LOS. In the future, we should conduct a prospective study of the subjective symptoms of patients entering hospice on affecting LOS as well as the above objective factors of the patient. In addition, investigation of the appropriate LOS in hospice for satisfaction of patients and their family members in this country is also needed.

NOTES

Conflict of interest relevant to this article was not reported.

Table 1.

Baseline patient characteristics (n=446)

Characteristic	No. (%)
Age (yr)
< 60	147 (33)
≥ 60	299 (67)
Gender
Female	214 (48.0)
Male	232 (52.0)
Partner status
Married or living with partner	39 (8.7)
Single, divorced or widowed	407 (91.3)
Referral hospital
Tertiary referral hospital	214 (47.8)
Secondary hospital	232 (51.8)
Primary diagnosis
Gastrointestinal cancer^a)	254 (56.7)
Thoracic cancer^b)	102 (22.8)
Other cancers	232 (51.8)
History of chemotherapy
First-line or second-line	350 (78.5)
More than third-line	96 (21.5)
Ambulation
Full	17 (3.8)
Reduced	63 (14.2)
Mainly sitting	133 (29.9)
Mainly supine	120 (27.0)
Totally bedridden	112 (25.2)
Intake
Full	23 (5.2)
Reduced	137 (30.9)
Minimal to sips	173 (39.0)
Mouth care only	110 (24.8)
Consciousness
Full	311 (69.9)
Confusion	56 (12.6)
Drowsy-coma	78 (17.5)
Total white blood cell count (×10³/μL)
< 11,000	222 (50.5)
≥ 11,000	218 (49.5)
Lymphocyte (%)
< 12	321 (73.0)
≥ 12	119 (27.0)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
< 10	224 (50.2)
≥ 10	222 (49.8)
Platelet (×10³/μL)
≥ 100	347 (78.5)
< 100	95 (21.5)
Albumin (g/dL)
< 3.0	263 (59.0)
≥ 3.0	183 (41.0)
Creatinine (mg/dL)
≥ 1.5	66 (14.8)
< 1.5	379 (85.2)
Sodium (mmol/L)
< 135	245 (55.6)
135-145	185 (42.1)
Potassium (mmol/L)
< 3.5	56 (12.7)
3.5-5.5	349 (79.4)
> 5.5	35 (7.9)
AST (U/L)
< 100	358 (80.5)
≥ 100	87 (19.5)
ALT (U/L)
< 100	401 (90.3)
> 100	44 (9.7)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
< 1.0	227 (51.5)
≥ 1.0	213 (48.5)
LDH (U/L)
< 480 (upper limit of normal)	157 (35.2)
≥ 480 (upper limit of normal)	289 (64.8)
CRP (mg/L)
< 5.0	40 (9.0)
≥ 5.0	402 (91.0)

AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

^a) Stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatobiliary cancer, pancreatic cancer,

^b) Cancer arising in the thorax (lung cancer, esophageal cancer).

Table 2.

Referral time to hospice and length of survival in hospice

	Median days (range)
Referral time to hospice from diagnosis^a)	248 (1-4,405)
Referral time to hospice from last anticancer treatment^b)	75 (3-1,310)
Length of survival in hospice	9.5 (1-186)

^a) Time interval between diagnosis of stage IV or recurrent cancer and referral to hospice,

^b) Time interval between last anticancer treatment, including chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and referral to hospice.

Table 3.

Factors associated with length of survival in hospice by univariate analysis

	No. of patients	Median survival (day)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age (yr)
< 60	147	10	1.000
≥ 60	298	9	1.031 (0.846-1.257)	0.760
Gender
Female	213	13	1.000
Male	232	8	1.235 (1.024-1.490)	0.027
Partner status
Married or living with partner	39	14	1.000
Single or divorced or widowed	406	9	1.123 (0.808-1.560)	0.491
Referral hospital
Tertiary hospital	214	10	1.000
Secondary general hospital	231	9	1.013 (0.840-1.222)	0.891
Primary diagnosis
Thoracic cancer	102	12	1.000
Gastrointestinal cancer	253	9	0.981 (0.738-1.304)	0.894
Other cancer	90	9	1.125 (0.883-1.433)	1.125
Previous chemotherapy
First-line or second-line	349	10	1.000
More than third-line	96	9	0.918 (0.732-1.151)	0.458
Ambulation
Full	17	19	1.000
Reduced	63	17	1.491 (0.870-2.556)	0.146
Mainly sitting	133	11	2.001 (1.200-3.337)	0.008
Mainly supine	120	9	2.214 (1.324-3.700)	0.002
Totally bedridden	111	6	2.431 (1.453-4.067)	0.001
Intake
Full/normal	23	19	1.000
Reduced	137	14	1.721 (1.099-2.695)	0.018
Minimal to sips	173	10	2.063 (1.326-3.209)	0.001
Mouth care only	110	6	2.811 (1.780-4.439)	< 0.001
Consciousness
Full	311	12	1.000
Confusion	56	7	1.561 (1.171-2.079)	0.002
Drowsy-coma	77	5	1.685 (1.311-2.166)	< 0.001
Total WBC (×10³/μL)
< 11,000	222	12	1.000
≥ 11,000	218	8	1.471 (1.205-1.796)	< 0.001
Lymphocyte percentage (%)
≥ 12	119	15	1.000
< 12	321	8	1.574 (1.258-1.970)	< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
≥ 10	221	10	1.000
< 10	224	9	1.015 (0.843-1.223)	0.872
Platelet (×10³/μL)
≥ 100	347	11	1.000
< 100	95	8	1.400 (1.100-1.782)	0.006
Albumin (g/dL)
≥ 3.0	182	12	1.000
< 3.0	263	9	1.183 (0.941-1.375)	0.183
Creatinine (mg/dL)
< 1.5	379	10	1.000
≥ 1.5	66	6	1.563 (1.181-2.069)	0.02
Sodium (mmol/L)
135-145	185	12	1.000
< 135	245	9	1.182 (0.965-1.448)	0.165
> 145	10	9	1.612 (0.821-3.167)	0.929
Potassium (mmol/L)
3.5-5.5	349	10	1.000
< 3.5	56	11	0.987 (0.735-1.324)	0.929
> 5.5	35	6	1.730 (1.193-2.511)	0.004
AST (U/L)
< 100	358	12	1.000
≥ 100	87	6	2.146 (1.660-2.775)	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)
< 100	401	11	1.000
≥ 100	44	4	2.332 (1.659-3.277)	< 0.001
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
< 1.0	227	12	1.000
≥ 1.0	213	8	1.541 (1.258-1.888)	< 0.001
LDH (U/L)
< 480	157	14	1.000
≥ 480	288	8	1.420 (1.167-1.729)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)
< 5.0	40	13	1.000
≥ 5.0	402	10	1.221 (0.848-1.758)	0.283

CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 4.

Factors associated with length of survival in hospice by multivariate analysis

	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Gender
Female	1.000	-	-
Male	1.084	0.840-1.398	0.536
Intake
Full/normal	1.000	-	-
Reduced	1.525	0.924-2.517	0.099
Minimal to sips	2.096	1.277-3.440	0.003
Mouth care only	2.732	1.625-4.593	< 0.001
Consciousness
Full	1.000	-	-
Confusion	1.231	0.844-1.793	0.280
Drowsy-coma	1.237	0.852-1.797	0.263
Total WBC (×10³/μL)
≤ 11,000	1.000	-	-
> 11,000	1.683	1.343-2.110	< 0.001
Lymphocyte (%)
≥ 12	1.000	-	-
< 12	1.316	0.944-1.743	0.056
Platelet (x10³/μL)
≥ 100	1.000	-	-
< 100	1.432	1.072-1.913	0.015
Creatinine (mg/dL)
≤ 1.5	1.000	-	-
> 1.5	1.531	1.122-2.090	0.007
AST (U/L)
≤ 100	1.000	-	-
> 100	1.425	1.034-1.964	0.030
ALT (U/L)
≤ 100	1.000	-	-
> 100	1.806	1.171-2.787	0.008
Potassium (mmol/L)
3.5-5.5	1.000	-	-
> 5.5	1.191	0.803-1.766	0.385
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
≤ 1.0	1.000	-	-
> 1.0	1.190	0.948-1.494	0.134
LDH (U/L)
< 480	1.000	-	-
≥ 480	1.422	1.109-1.823	0.006

CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.

REFERENCES

1. Chow E, Harth T, Hruby G, Finkelstein J, Wu J, Danjoux C. How accurate are physicians' clinical predictions of survival and the available prognostic tools in estimating survival times in terminally ill cancer patients? A systematic review. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2001;13:209–18. Article PubMed
2. Christakis NA, Lamont EB. Extent and determinants of error in doctors' prognoses in terminally ill patients: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2000;320:469–72. Article PubMed PMC
3. Lamont EB, Christakis NA. Physician factors in the timing of cancer patient referral to hospice palliative care. Cancer. 2002;94:2733–7. Article PubMed
4. Christakis NA, Iwashyna TJ. Impact of individual and market factors on the timing of initiation of hospice terminal care. Med Care. 2000;38:528–41. Article PubMed
5. Somova MJ, Somov PG, Lawrence JC, Frantz TT. Factors associated with length of stay in a mid-sized, urban hospice. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2000;17:99–105. Article PubMed
6. Tang VL, French CJ, Cipher DJ, Rastogi P. Trends in hospice referral and length of stay at a veterans hospital over the past decade. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2013;30:432–6. Article PubMed
7. Rickerson E, Harrold J, Kapo J, Carroll JT, Casarett D. Timing of hospice referral and families' perceptions of services: are earlier hospice referrals better? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:819–23. Article PubMed
8. Kapo J, Harrold J, Carroll JT, Rickerson E, Casarett D. Are we referring patients to hospice too late? Patients' and families' opinions. J Palliat Med. 2005;8:521–7. Article PubMed
9. Younis T, Milch R, Abul-Khoudoud N, Lawrence D, Mirand A, Levine E. Length of survival in hospice for cancer patients referred from a comprehensive cancer center. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2009;26:281–7. Article PubMed
10. Younis T, Milch R, Abul-Khoudoud N, Lawrence D, Mirand A, Levine EG. Length of survival of patients with cancer in hospice: a retrospective analysis of patients treated at a major cancer center versus other practice settings. J Palliat Med. 2007;10:381–9. Article PubMed
11. Lau F, Downing M, Lesperance M, Karlson N, Kuziemsky C, Yang J. Using the Palliative Performance Scale to provide meaningful survival estimates. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;38:134–44. Article PubMed
12. Head B, Ritchie CS, Smoot TM. Prognostication in hospice care: can the palliative performance scale help? J Palliat Med. 2005;8:492–502. Article PubMed
13. McCarthy EP, Burns RB, Davis RB, Phillips RS. Barriers to hospice care among older patients dying with lung and colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:728–35. Article PubMed
14. Morita T, Akechi T, Ikenaga M, Kizawa Y, Kohara H, Mukaiyama T, et al. Late referrals to specialized palliative care service in Japan. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:2637–44. Article PubMed
15. Lau F, Downing GM, Lesperance M, Shaw J, Kuziemsky C. Use of Palliative Performance Scale in end-of-life prognostication. J Palliat Med. 2006;9:1066–75. Article PubMed
16. Harrold J, Rickerson E, Carroll JT, McGrath J, Morales K, Kapo J, et al. Is the palliative performance scale a useful predictor of mortality in a heterogeneous hospice population? J Palliat Med. 2005;8:503–9. Article PubMed
17. Virik K, Glare P. Validation of the palliative performance scale for inpatients admitted to a palliative care unit in Sydney, Australia. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2002;23:455–7. Article PubMed
18. Pirovano M, Maltoni M, Nanni O, Marinari M, Indelli M, Zaninetta G, et al. A new palliative prognostic score: a first step for the staging of terminally ill cancer patients. Italian Multicenter and Study Group on Palliative Care. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1999;17:231–9. Article PubMed
19. Rosenthal MA, Gebski VJ, Kefford RF, Stuart-Harris RC. Prediction of life-expectancy in hospice patients: identification of novel prognostic factors. Palliat Med. 1993;7:199–204. Article PubMed
20. Teno JM, Shu JE, Casarett D, Spence C, Rhodes R, Connor S. Timing of referral to hospice and quality of care: length of stay and bereaved family members' perceptions of the timing of hospice referral. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2007;34:120–5. Article PubMed
21. Teno JM, Casarett D, Spence C, Connor S. It is "too late" or is it? Bereaved family member perceptions of hospice referral when their family member was on hospice for seven days or less. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012;43:732–8. Article PubMed
22. Earle CC, Park ER, Lai B, Weeks JC, Ayanian JZ, Block S. Identifying potential indicators of the quality of end-of-life cancer care from administrative data. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:1133–8. Article PubMed

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Changes in the palliative performance scale may be as important as the initial palliative performance scale for predicting survival in terminal cancer patients
Guk Jin Lee, Ji Hyun Gwak, Myoung Sim Kim, Mi Yeong Lee, Seo Ree Kim, Sang Hoon Chun, Jong Youl Jin
Palliative and Supportive Care.2021; 19(5): 547. CrossRef
Safety, Efficacy, and Patient Satisfaction with Initial Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters Compared with Usual Intravenous Access in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Randomized Phase II Study
Eun Ju Park, Kwonoh Park, Jae-Joon Kim, Sang-Bo Oh, Ki Sun Jung, So Yeon Oh, Yun Jeong Hong, Jin Hyeok Kim, Joo Yeon Jang, Ung-Bae Jeon
Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(3): 881. CrossRef
Hypernatremia at admission predicts poor survival in patients with terminal cancer: a retrospective cohort study
Min-Seok Seo, In Cheol Hwang, Jaehun Jung, Hwanhee Lee, Jae Hee Choi, Jae-Yong Shim
BMC Palliative Care.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
The Impact of Combined Use of Opioids, Antipsychotics, and Anxiolytics on Survival in the Hospice Setting
Marin Golčić, Renata Dobrila-Dintinjana, Goran Golčić, Aleksandar Čubranić
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.2018; 55(1): 22. CrossRef
Cancer-related hypercalcemia in oral cancer
T.-C. Lin, K.-L. Liang, L.-C. Lee, C.-Y. Hsu, T.-T. Yen
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2018; 47(6): 685. CrossRef
Physical Exercise: An Evaluation of a New Clinical Biomarker of Survival in Hospice Patients
Marin Golčić, Renata Dobrila-Dintinjana, Goran Golčić, Lidija Gović-Golčić, Aleksandar Čubranić
American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine®.2018; 35(11): 1377. CrossRef
Effects of a new medical insurance payment system for hospice patients in palliative care programs in Korea
Youngin Lee, Seung Hun Lee, Yun Jin Kim, Sang Yeoup Lee, Jeong Gyu Lee, Dong Wook Jeong, Yu Hyeon Yi, Young Jin Tak, Hye Rim Hwang, Mieun Gwon
BMC Palliative Care.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Prediction of Patient Discharge Status Based on Indicators on Admission
Sung-In Chung, Seung Hun Lee, Yun-Jin Kim, Sang-Yeoup Lee, Jeong-Gyu Lee, Yu-Hyeon Yi, Young-Hye Cho, Young-Jin Tak, Hye-Rim Hwang, Eun-Ju Park, Kyung-Mi Kim
The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2018; 21(3): 75. CrossRef
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Survival Score (ALS-SS): A simple scoring system for early prediction of patient survival
Christian Lunetta, Andrea Lizio, Mario Giovanni Melazzini, Eleonora Maestri, Valeria A. Sansone
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Degeneration.2016; 17(1-2): 93. CrossRef
Safety, efficacy, and patient-perceived satisfaction of peripherally inserted central catheters in terminally ill cancer patients: a prospective multicenter observational study
Kwonoh Park, Hyun Jung Jun, So Yeon Oh
Supportive Care in Cancer.2016; 24(12): 4987. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Patient’s Factors at Entering Hospice Affecting Length of Survival in a Hospice Center

Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(1):1-8. Published online August 28, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.148

XML Download

Patient’s Factors at Entering Hospice Affecting Length of Survival in a Hospice Center

Characteristic	No. (%)
Age (yr)
< 60	147 (33)
≥ 60	299 (67)
Gender
Female	214 (48.0)
Male	232 (52.0)
Partner status
Married or living with partner	39 (8.7)
Single, divorced or widowed	407 (91.3)
Referral hospital
Tertiary referral hospital	214 (47.8)
Secondary hospital	232 (51.8)
Primary diagnosis
Gastrointestinal cancer^a)	254 (56.7)
Thoracic cancer^b)	102 (22.8)
Other cancers	232 (51.8)
History of chemotherapy
First-line or second-line	350 (78.5)
More than third-line	96 (21.5)
Ambulation
Full	17 (3.8)
Reduced	63 (14.2)
Mainly sitting	133 (29.9)
Mainly supine	120 (27.0)
Totally bedridden	112 (25.2)
Intake
Full	23 (5.2)
Reduced	137 (30.9)
Minimal to sips	173 (39.0)
Mouth care only	110 (24.8)
Consciousness
Full	311 (69.9)
Confusion	56 (12.6)
Drowsy-coma	78 (17.5)
Total white blood cell count (×10³/μL)
< 11,000	222 (50.5)
≥ 11,000	218 (49.5)
Lymphocyte (%)
< 12	321 (73.0)
≥ 12	119 (27.0)
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
< 10	224 (50.2)
≥ 10	222 (49.8)
Platelet (×10³/μL)
≥ 100	347 (78.5)
< 100	95 (21.5)
Albumin (g/dL)
< 3.0	263 (59.0)
≥ 3.0	183 (41.0)
Creatinine (mg/dL)
≥ 1.5	66 (14.8)
< 1.5	379 (85.2)
Sodium (mmol/L)
< 135	245 (55.6)
135-145	185 (42.1)
Potassium (mmol/L)
< 3.5	56 (12.7)
3.5-5.5	349 (79.4)
> 5.5	35 (7.9)
AST (U/L)
< 100	358 (80.5)
≥ 100	87 (19.5)
ALT (U/L)
< 100	401 (90.3)
> 100	44 (9.7)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
< 1.0	227 (51.5)
≥ 1.0	213 (48.5)
LDH (U/L)
< 480 (upper limit of normal)	157 (35.2)
≥ 480 (upper limit of normal)	289 (64.8)
CRP (mg/L)
< 5.0	40 (9.0)
≥ 5.0	402 (91.0)

	Median days (range)
Referral time to hospice from diagnosis^a)	248 (1-4,405)
Referral time to hospice from last anticancer treatment^b)	75 (3-1,310)
Length of survival in hospice	9.5 (1-186)

	No. of patients	Median survival (day)	Hazard ratio (95% CI)	p-value
Age (yr)
< 60	147	10	1.000
≥ 60	298	9	1.031 (0.846-1.257)	0.760
Gender
Female	213	13	1.000
Male	232	8	1.235 (1.024-1.490)	0.027
Partner status
Married or living with partner	39	14	1.000
Single or divorced or widowed	406	9	1.123 (0.808-1.560)	0.491
Referral hospital
Tertiary hospital	214	10	1.000
Secondary general hospital	231	9	1.013 (0.840-1.222)	0.891
Primary diagnosis
Thoracic cancer	102	12	1.000
Gastrointestinal cancer	253	9	0.981 (0.738-1.304)	0.894
Other cancer	90	9	1.125 (0.883-1.433)	1.125
Previous chemotherapy
First-line or second-line	349	10	1.000
More than third-line	96	9	0.918 (0.732-1.151)	0.458
Ambulation
Full	17	19	1.000
Reduced	63	17	1.491 (0.870-2.556)	0.146
Mainly sitting	133	11	2.001 (1.200-3.337)	0.008
Mainly supine	120	9	2.214 (1.324-3.700)	0.002
Totally bedridden	111	6	2.431 (1.453-4.067)	0.001
Intake
Full/normal	23	19	1.000
Reduced	137	14	1.721 (1.099-2.695)	0.018
Minimal to sips	173	10	2.063 (1.326-3.209)	0.001
Mouth care only	110	6	2.811 (1.780-4.439)	< 0.001
Consciousness
Full	311	12	1.000
Confusion	56	7	1.561 (1.171-2.079)	0.002
Drowsy-coma	77	5	1.685 (1.311-2.166)	< 0.001
Total WBC (×10³/μL)
< 11,000	222	12	1.000
≥ 11,000	218	8	1.471 (1.205-1.796)	< 0.001
Lymphocyte percentage (%)
≥ 12	119	15	1.000
< 12	321	8	1.574 (1.258-1.970)	< 0.001
Hemoglobin (g/dL)
≥ 10	221	10	1.000
< 10	224	9	1.015 (0.843-1.223)	0.872
Platelet (×10³/μL)
≥ 100	347	11	1.000
< 100	95	8	1.400 (1.100-1.782)	0.006
Albumin (g/dL)
≥ 3.0	182	12	1.000
< 3.0	263	9	1.183 (0.941-1.375)	0.183
Creatinine (mg/dL)
< 1.5	379	10	1.000
≥ 1.5	66	6	1.563 (1.181-2.069)	0.02
Sodium (mmol/L)
135-145	185	12	1.000
< 135	245	9	1.182 (0.965-1.448)	0.165
> 145	10	9	1.612 (0.821-3.167)	0.929
Potassium (mmol/L)
3.5-5.5	349	10	1.000
< 3.5	56	11	0.987 (0.735-1.324)	0.929
> 5.5	35	6	1.730 (1.193-2.511)	0.004
AST (U/L)
< 100	358	12	1.000
≥ 100	87	6	2.146 (1.660-2.775)	< 0.001
ALT (U/L)
< 100	401	11	1.000
≥ 100	44	4	2.332 (1.659-3.277)	< 0.001
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
< 1.0	227	12	1.000
≥ 1.0	213	8	1.541 (1.258-1.888)	< 0.001
LDH (U/L)
< 480	157	14	1.000
≥ 480	288	8	1.420 (1.167-1.729)	< 0.001
CRP (mg/L)
< 5.0	40	13	1.000
≥ 5.0	402	10	1.221 (0.848-1.758)	0.283

	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Gender
Female	1.000	-	-
Male	1.084	0.840-1.398	0.536
Intake
Full/normal	1.000	-	-
Reduced	1.525	0.924-2.517	0.099
Minimal to sips	2.096	1.277-3.440	0.003
Mouth care only	2.732	1.625-4.593	< 0.001
Consciousness
Full	1.000	-	-
Confusion	1.231	0.844-1.793	0.280
Drowsy-coma	1.237	0.852-1.797	0.263
Total WBC (×10³/μL)
≤ 11,000	1.000	-	-
> 11,000	1.683	1.343-2.110	< 0.001
Lymphocyte (%)
≥ 12	1.000	-	-
< 12	1.316	0.944-1.743	0.056
Platelet (x10³/μL)
≥ 100	1.000	-	-
< 100	1.432	1.072-1.913	0.015
Creatinine (mg/dL)
≤ 1.5	1.000	-	-
> 1.5	1.531	1.122-2.090	0.007
AST (U/L)
≤ 100	1.000	-	-
> 100	1.425	1.034-1.964	0.030
ALT (U/L)
≤ 100	1.000	-	-
> 100	1.806	1.171-2.787	0.008
Potassium (mmol/L)
3.5-5.5	1.000	-	-
> 5.5	1.191	0.803-1.766	0.385
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
≤ 1.0	1.000	-	-
> 1.0	1.190	0.948-1.494	0.134
LDH (U/L)
< 480	1.000	-	-
≥ 480	1.422	1.109-1.823	0.006

Table 1. Baseline patient characteristics (n=446)

AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, hepatobiliary cancer, pancreatic cancer,

Cancer arising in the thorax (lung cancer, esophageal cancer).

Table 2. Referral time to hospice and length of survival in hospice

Time interval between diagnosis of stage IV or recurrent cancer and referral to hospice,

Time interval between last anticancer treatment, including chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and referral to hospice.

Table 3. Factors associated with length of survival in hospice by univariate analysis

CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein.

Table 4. Factors associated with length of survival in hospice by multivariate analysis

CI, confidence interval; WBC, white blood cell; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.