Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Article

Gastrointestinal cancer

Molecular Mosaics: Unveiling Heterogeneity in Synchronous Colorectal Cancers: Hyun Gu Lee, Yeseul Kim, Mi-Ju Kim, Yeon Wook Kim, Sun-Young Jun, Deokhoon Kim, In Ja Park, Seung-Mo Hong; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):264-274. Published online February 18, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.947

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Molecular characteristics of synchronous colorectal cancers (SCRCs) remain incompletely elucidated, despite their importance in targeted therapy selection. We compared the molecular characteristics and somatic mutations between SCRCs.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective study (2012-2014) included 98 consecutive patients with surgically resected SCRCs. Molecular characteristics, including microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), were analyzed for all cancer lesions. The intertumoral heterogeneity of SCRCs was evaluated using whole-exome sequencing (WES) for 18 cancers from nine patients with at least one MSI-high (MSI-H) tumor.
Results
Twelve patients had at least one MSI-H tumor; five showed discordant MSI status. Mucinous adenocarcinoma frequency and TIL density were higher in patients with at least one MSI-H tumor than in those with only microsatellite-stable tumors. WES revealed that, except one patient (6.5%), most synchronous cancers shared few variants in each patient (0.09%-0.36%). The concordance rates for BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, and PIK3CA, in synchronous cancers from each patient were 66.7%, 66.7%, 66.7%, and 55.6%, respectively.
Conclusion
Although synchronous cancers shared a mutated gene, the mutation subtypes differed. SCRCs exhibited 5.1% MSI status discordance rate and a high discordance rate in somatic mutational variants. As intertumoral heterogeneity may affect the targeted therapy response, molecular analysis of all tumors is recommended for patients with SCRCs.

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Case Report

Five Cases Report of Solid Tumor Synchronously with Hematologic Malignancy: Yuehong Cui, Tianshu Liu, Yuhong Zhou, Yuan Ji, Yingyong Hou, Wen Jin, Yi Feng; Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(1):63-68. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.1.63

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The reported incidence of synchronous multiple primary cancer (SMPC) is rare, and it is even less common to observe synchronous solid tumor with a hematological malignancy. We report five cases of solid tumor presented synchronously with hematological malignancy, all observed within a 2 year period at the oncology department of a university hospital in Shanghai, China. These individual cases included lung adenocarcinoma with chronic myelogenous leukemia, colon cancer with solitary plasmocytoma, gastric adenocarcinoma with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung adenocarcinoma with multiple myeloma, and colon cancer with diffuse large B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It is challenging to therapeutically control the biological behavior of concurrent multiple primary tumors, and there is no standard treatment for such rare conditions. In this paper we discuss these five cases of SMPC and their treatments.

Citations

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Synchronous multiple myeloma and lung adenocarcinoma: A clinical series
Fang Ye, Huan Wang, Ningning Li, Aijun Liu, Wenming Chen
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Original Articles

Clinical Characteristics of Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancers: Joo Won Yoon, Seung Hyun Lee, Byung Kwon Ahn, Sung Uhn Baek; Cancer Res Treat. 2008;40(2):71-74. Published online June 30, 2008; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2008.40.2.71

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Although multiple primary colorectal cancer has been recognized as a significant clinical entity, its clinical and pathological features and its prognosis are still controversial. The purpose of this study was to clarify clinical and pathological features of multiple primary colorectal cancer.

Materials and Methods

Among 1669 patients who underwent surgery for primary colorectal cancer from January 1997 to June 2005, 26 patients (1.6%) with multiple primary colorectal cancer were identified. We reviewed clinical characteristics including diagnostic interval, lesions, operating methods, and TNM stage, and we defined the index lesion as the most advanced lesion among the synchronous lesions. For the purposes of the study, the colon and rectum were classified into three segments. The right-side colon included the appendix, cecum, ascending colon, hepatic flexure, and transverse colon, and the left-side colon included the splenic flexure, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.

Results

Of the 26 patients with multiple primary colorectal cancers, nineteen patients were male and seven patients were female, with a mean age of 61.5 years. Nineteen patients had synchronous colorectal cancers and seven patients had metachronous colorectal cancers. In the metachronous cases, the mean diagnostic interval was 36.8 months. The site of the first lesion in metachronous colorectal cancers was the right colon in five cases (71.4%) and the left colon in two cases (28.6%), and the site of the second lesion was the rectum in six cases (55.5%), the right colon in three cases (33.3%), and the left colon in one case. The TNM stage of the second lesions in the metachronous colorectal cancers was stage II in four cases (57.1%), stage III in one case (14.3%), and stage IV in one case (14.3%). For the synchronous colorectal cancers, the operation methods were single-segment resection combined with endoscopic mucosal resection in five cases (26.3%), single-segment resection alone in six cases, two-segment resection in six cases, and total colectomy in two cases.

Conclusion

In metachronous colorectal cancers, the secondary lesions were later-stage cancer. Therefore, careful postoperative follow-up is necessary for patients who have undergone surgery for colorectal cancers. Further study of therapeutic modalities is important for synchronous colorectal cancers.

Citations

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Characteristics of Synchronous Cancers in Gastric Cancer Patients: Ja Seong Bae, Jun Ho Lee, Keun Won Ryu, Young Woo Kim, Jae Moon Bae; Cancer Res Treat. 2006;38(1):25-29. Published online February 28, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2006.38.1.25

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

The primary objective of the current study was to investigate the characteristics of synchronous cancers in gastric cancer patients.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed the 2,237 patients who were diagnosed between December 2000 and December 2003 with gastric cancer and synchronous cancers of organs other than the stomach.

Results

73 (3.3%) of a total of 2,237 gastric cancer patients had synchronous primary cancers. Among these 73 patients, 71 had one synchronous cancer, and two patients had double synchronous cancers. Colorectal cancer (26 patients, 34.7%) was the most frequently encountered synchronous cancer, followed by cancer of the lung (16 patients, 21.3%), esophagus (13 patients, 17.2%), and liver (8 patients, 10.7%). Synchronous cancers were detected with increased frequency in the elderly, in the patients with multiple gastric cancers, in the patients with differentiated gastric cancer, and in the patients with early gastric cancer, as determined on univariate analysis, but the differentiation of gastric cancers was the only risk factor for synchronous cancers on the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

The differentiation of gastric cancer cells may be a risk factor for synchronous cancers in gastric cancer patients. Careful surveillance by the physician for synchronous cancer is warranted for the patients suffering from gastric cancer.

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Case Report

Three Cases of Synchronous Solid Tumor and Multiple Myeloma: Sang Hoon Ji, Joon Oh Park, Jeeyun Lee, Mi Jung Oh, Do Hyoung Lim, Byeong-Bae Park, Keun Woo Park, Se-Hoon Lee, Kihyun Kim, Won Seog Kim, Chul Won Jung, Young Suk Park, Young-Hyuck Im, Won Ki Kang, Mark H Lee, Keunchil Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(5):338-340. Published online October 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.5.338

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The association between a multiple myeloma and a secondary solid tumor is not well established. Some reports showed an increased risk of secondary solid neoplasms in multiple myeloma patients, but others have not. Three cases of the synchronous occurrence of multiple myelomas and solid tumors, namely, a small cell carcinoma of the lung, an adenocarcinoma of the colon and a squamous carcinoma of the pyriform sinus were experienced at our hospital. Therefore, herein is reported the clinical courses and treatment results. The stage of multiple myeloma was Durie-Salmon stage I in all of three cases; therefore, the solid tumors were treated as a primary target because the prognosis of early stage multiple myeloma is generally better than that of advanced solid tumor, while a smoldering or stage I myeloma do not need primary therapy until progression of the multiple myeloma. Two patients died of their solid tumors, but one patient is alive.

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Original Articles

Clinicopathologic Features of Multiple Synchronous Gastric Cancer: Jin Bok Kim, Min Kyu Choi, Joo Ho Lee, Seung Ik Ahn, Soo Jin Kim, Hang Jong Yu, Han Kwang Yang; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(4):652-659.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
With recent advances of diagnostic methods and precise histopathologic examination, the incidence of synchronous multiple gastric cancer has increased. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathologic features of patients with synchronous multiple gastric cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We reviewed the clinicopathologic features of 189 patients with synchronous multiple gastric cancer out of 8,101 patients who underwent gastric resections for gastric cancers during 20 years from January 1977 to December 1996 at the Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, and compared them with single gastric cancer patients. The clinicopathologic features evaluated were age, sex, diagnostic method and accuracy, location of lesions, tumor size, histologic differentiation, Lauren classification, macroscopic classification, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and type of operation and prognosis.
RESULTS
The overall incidence of multiple synchronous gastric cancer was 2.33%. The mean age was 57.2 years old (27~84) and peak incidence was sixth decade. Male was predominant, that the sex ratio was 3.9: 1. Multiple gastric cancer was more frequent in old age, male and early gastric cancer patients. The number of lesions ranged from 2 to 5. In most cases, the lesions were located in lower two-thirds of the stomach. However, in 13 cases, lesions were located in both upper one-third and lower one-third. Only 33.3% of multiple cancer was diagnosed preoperatively, with the diagnostic accuracy of GFS was 30.0% and that of UGIS 26.1%. The most frequently missed lesions at preoperative examination were located in upper third of stomach, posterior wall of middle third and anterior wall of lower third of stomach. The most common macroscopic type was Borrmann type III (54.5%) in advanced lesions and type IIc (47.0%) in early lesions. Regarding the histologic differentiation, 58.7% of the cases were of the same differentiation and the cases composed of well differentiated adenocarcinomas were most common. According to the Laurens classification, 66.7% of lesions were intestinal type. As to the progression of the lesions, all lesions were early cancers in 75 cases, advanced cancers in 39 cases and advanced cancers were coexist with early cancers in 75 cases. Lymph node metastasis was less frequent than in single gastric cancer. Total gastrectomy was performed more frequently in multiple cancer patients than in single gastric cancer patients. The 5-year survival rate of patients with multiple gastric cancer was 70.2%, which was not significantly different from that of patients with single gastric cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
Surgeons must keep in mind the possibility of multiple gastric lesions. More careful preoperative and intraoperative examination is mandatory to detect the possible accessory lesions, and postoperative periodic follow-up is necessary to detect any missed lesions, especially in the old age, male and early gastric cancer patients.

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Multiple Primary Cancers in the Stomach and Different Organs: Byung Moo Jeon, Nam Il Kim, Jung Soo Kim, Hae Myung Jeon, Seung Jin Yoo, Jae Sung Kim, Sung Hoon Kim, Eun Jung Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(2):394-404.

Abstract PDF: Multiple primary malingnant tumors are not rare recently with the development of the diagnostic methods. Billroth first documented the occurence of more than one independent cancer developing in the same patient a century ago and stated that each tumor must have an independent histologic appearences and must arise in different localities. Some studies have been reported on the possible relationship between multiple primary malignancies and excessive exposure to sunlight, occupational exposure, ionizing radiation, role of oncogenic viruses, tabacco usage, heavy alcohol consumption, and/or familial tendency, genetic factors. Many studies indicate that the prognosis of synchronous primary tumors is poorer than that of single tumor. The first case is the gastric cancer combined with chondrosarcoma of rib. Neoplasms of the ribes are rare and synchronous primary tumors are more rare. Most primary bony chest wall neoplasms are malignant, and chondrosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor in this location. The etiology of chondrosarcoma is unknown. Definitive diagnosis of chondrosarcoma can be made pathologically. The characteristic natural history of chest wall chondrosarcoma is slow growth and high local recurrence. Most tumors of the sternum require wide resection and reconstruction procedures, with potentially serious postoperative problems. The second case is the early gastric cancer combined synchronous cholangiocarcinoma that rarely associated with hepatolithiasis. It was nearly impossible to detect the malignant lesions preoperatively. And then patients with a long history of recurrent cholangitis due to hepatolithiasis should be admitted to a hospital, and precise examinations, including abdominal sonography, CT, cholangiography, aspiration cytology, choledochoscopy, frozen section biopsy pre-and intraoperatively, should be performed in order to rule out a coexisting cholangiocarcinoma especially in the operative findings of suspected malignant lesion. We experienced a 66 year-old man who was diagnosed stomach cancer with chondrosarcoma of ribs and a 63 year-old man who had early gastric cancer combined synchronous cholangiocarcinoma associated with hepatolithiasis. The patients underwent wide resection of tumor mass with Billroth-II suntotal gastrectomy. The patients had uneventful postoperative courses and discharged with adjuvant chemotheraphy.

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