Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Dose-response Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Kidney Cancer Risk Differs According to Glycemic Status: A Nationwide Cohort Study of 9.4 Million Individuals: Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han, Jay J. Shen, Se Hoon Park; Received October 15, 2024 Accepted January 30, 2025 Published online January 31, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.996 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Previous studies suggested an association between alcohol consumption and reduced kidney cancer risk. Given a potential interaction between alcohol's insulin-sensitizing effect and hyperglycemia-related insulin resistance, we aimed to assess whether the dose-response association between alcohol intake and kidney cancer risk varies based on glycemic status.
Materials and Methods
This nationwide cohort study analyzed data from 9,492,331 adults who underwent a national health screening program in 2009 and were followed until 2018. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were applied to estimate the hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Results
Over a median follow-up period of 8.3 years, 12,381 participants were diagnosed with kidney cancer. A U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and kidney cancer risk was observed among individuals with normoglycemia (light-to-moderate; HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.99 and heavy; HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.91–1.09, respectively). In prediabetic individuals, alcohol consumption was not significantly associated with kidney cancer risk. In individuals with diabetes, a dose-dependent increase in kidney cancer risk was noted with higher alcohol consumption (light-to-moderate consumption: HR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.03–1.22; heavy consumption: HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09–1.42; P for trend <0.01).
Conclusion
A modest U-shaped dose-response association between alcohol consumption and kidney cancer risk was observed exclusively in individuals with normoglycemia. Individuals with diabetes demonstrated a dose-dependent increased risk of kidney cancer with higher alcohol consumption. Tailored patient education and personalized risk assessments regarding alcohol consumption and kidney cancer risk should be emphasized over a generalized 'one-size-fits-all' approach.

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Survival of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with Risk Group–Based Protocol Changes: A Single-Center Experience with 460 Patients over a 20-Year Period: Na Hee Lee, Hee Young Ju, Eun Sang Yi, Young Bae Choi, Keon Hee Yoo, Hong Hoe Koo; Received February 6, 2024 Accepted September 21, 2024 Published online September 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.127 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Recent treatments for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are founded on risk stratification. We examined the survival rates and prognostic factors of patients over a 20-year period at a single institution.
Materials and Methods
This study analyzed patients diagnosed with ALL and treated at the Pediatric Department of Samsung Medical Center (SMC). Patients were categorized into standard-risk (SR), high-risk (HR), and very high-risk (VHR) groups. The SMC protocol for the HR group underwent two changes during the study period: a modified Children’s Cancer Group (CCG)-1882 protocol was used from 2000 to 2005, the Korean multicenter HR ALL-0601 protocol from 2006 to 2014, and the Korean multicenter HR ALL-1501 protocol from 2015 to 2019.
Results
Of the 460 patients, complete remission was achieved in 436 patients (94.8%). The 10-year overall survival rate (OS) was 83.8±1.9% for all patients. OS according to the SMC risk group was as follows: 95.9%±1.4% in the SR group, 83.8%±3.6% in the HR group, and 66.2%±6.9% in the VHR group. The 5-year OS within the HR group varied according to the treatment protocol: 73.9%±7.5%, in the modified CCG-1882 protocol, 83.0%±3.9%, in the 0601 protocol, and 96.2%±2.6%, in the 1501 protocol. For those aged 15 years and older, the OS was only 56.5%±13.1%. Relapse occurred in 71 patients (15.4%), and the OS after relapse was 37.7%±6.0%.
Conclusion
The treatment outcomes of patients with ALL improved markedly. However, there is a need to further characterize adolescents and young adult patients, as well as those who have experienced relapses.

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Association between Metabolically Healthy Status and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancer: Haozhe Cui, Fei Tian, Yongliang Chen, Xiangming Ma; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(1):238-246. Published online August 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.539

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Although obesity is associated with numerous diseases, the risks of disease may depend on metabolically healthy status. Nevertheless, it is unclear to whether metabolically healthy status affects risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancer in general Chinese population.
Materials and Methods
A total of 114,995 participants who met the criteria were included from the Kailuan Study. The study participants were divided into four groups according to body mass index (BMI)/waist circumference (WC) and metabolic status. Incident of GI cancer (esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, liver cancer, biliary cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer) during 2006-2020 were confirmed by review of medical records. The Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to assess the association metabolically healthy status with the risk of GI cancer by calculating the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results
During a mean 13.76 years of follow-up, we documented 2,311 GI cancers. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that compared with the metabolically healthy normal-weight group, metabolically healthy obese (MHO) participants demonstrated an increased risk of developing GI cancer (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11 to 2.13) by BMI categories. However, such associations were not found for WC category. These associations were moderated by age, sex, and anatomical site of the tumor. Individuals with metabolic unhealthy normal-weight or metabolic unhealthy obesity phenotype also have an increased risk of GI cancer.
Conclusion
MHO phenotype was associated with increased risk of GI cancer. Moreover, individuals who complicated by metabolic unhealthy status have an increased risk of developing GI cancer. Hence, clinicians should consider the risk of incident GI cancer in people with abnormal metabolically healthy status and counsel them about metabolic fitness and weight control.

Citations

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Metabolic Phenotype and Risk of Obesity-Related Cancers in the Women’s Health Initiative
Prasoona Karra, Sheetal Hardikar, Maci Winn, Garnet L. Anderson, Benjamin Haaland, Aladdin H. Shadyab, Marian L. Neuhouser, Rebecca A. Seguin-Fowler, Cynthia A. Thomson, Mace Coday, Jean Wactawski-Wende, Marcia L. Stefanick, Xiaochen Zhang, Ting-Yuan Davi
Cancer Prevention Research.2025; 18(2): 63. CrossRef
Associations of Social Vulnerability and Race‐Ethnicity With Gastrointestinal Cancers in the United States
David J. Fei‐Zhang, David J. Bentrem, Jeffrey D. Wayne, Lifang Hou, Peiwen Fei, Timothy M. Pawlik
Cancer Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between transitions in metabolic health and colorectal cancer across categories of body size phenotype: a prospective cohort study
Qian Liu, Fei Si, Yuntao Wu, Jing Yu
Obesity.2024; 32(10): 1948. CrossRef
Gastric Cancer - Epidemiology, Modifiable and Non-modifiable Risk Factors, Challenges and Opportunities: An Updated Review
Tajul Islam Mamun, Sabrina Younus, Md. Hashibur Rahman
Cancer Treatment and Research Communications.2024; : 100845. CrossRef
Research Progress of Scutellaria baicalensis in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Cancer
Lankang Wang, Baoyi Ni, Jia Wang, Jilai Zhou, Junyi Wang, Jiakang Jiang, Yutong Sui, Yaoyao Tian, Feng Gao, Yufeng Lyu
Integrative Cancer Therapies.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Risk Factors for Distant Metastasis in Extrahepatic Bile Duct Cancer after Curative Resection (KROG 1814): Younghee Park, Tae Hyun Kim, Kyubo Kim, Jeong Il Yu, Wonguen Jung, Jinsil Seong, Woo Chul Kim, Jin Hwa Choi, Ah Ram Chang, Bae Kwon Jeong, Byoung Hyuck Kim, Tae Gyu Kim, Jin Hee Kim, Hae Jin Park, Hyun Soo Shin, Jung Ho Im, Eui Kyu Chie; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(1):272-279. Published online July 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.616

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Purpose
Risk factors predicting distant metastasis (DM) in extrahepatic bile duct cancer (EHBDC) patients treated with curative resection were investigated.
Materials and Methods
Medical records of 1,418 EHBDC patients undergoing curative resection between Jan 2000 and Dec 2015 from 14 institutions were reviewed. After resection, 924 patients (67.6%) were surveilled without adjuvant therapy, 297 (21.7%) were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and 148 (10.8%) with CCRT followed by chemotherapy. To exclude the treatment effect from innate confounders, patients not treated with adjuvant therapy were evaluated.
Results
After a median follow-up of 36.7 months (range, 2.7 to 213.2 months), the 5-year distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rate was 57.7%. On multivariate analysis, perihilar or diffuse tumor (hazard ratio [HR], 1.391; p=0.004), poorly differentiated histology (HR, 2.014; p < 0.001), presence of perineural invasion (HR, 1.768; p < 0.001), positive nodal metastasis (HR, 2.670; p < 0.001) and preoperative carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 ≥ 37 U/mL (HR, 1.353; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with inferior DMFS. The DMFS rates significantly differed according to the number of these risk factors. For validation, patients who underwent adjuvant therapy were evaluated. In patients with ≥ 3 factors, additional chemotherapy after CCRT resulted in a superior DMFS compared with CCRT alone (5-year rate, 47.6% vs. 27.7%; p=0.001), but the benefit of additional chemotherapy was not observed in patients with 0-2 risk factors.
Conclusion
Tumor location, histologic differentiation, perineural invasion, lymph node metastasis, and preoperative CA 19-9 level predicted DM risk in resected EHBDC. These risk factors might help identifying a subset of patients who could benefit from additional chemotherapy after resection.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors of Germline Pathogenic Variants in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Kum Hei Ryu, Sunhwa Park, Jung Won Chun, Eunhae Cho, Jongmun Choi, Dong-Eun Lee, Hyoeun Shim, Yun-Hee Kim, Sung-Sik Han, Sang-Jae Park, Sang Myung Woo, Sun-Young Kong; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1303-1312. Published online April 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.291

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The genetic attribution for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has been reported as 5%-10%. However, the incidence of germline pathogenic variants (PVs) in Korean PDAC patients has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, we studied to identify the risk factors and prevalence of PV for future treatment strategies in PDAC.
Materials and Methods
Total of 300 (155 male) patients with a median age of 65 years (range, 33 to 90 years) were enrolled in National Cancer Center in Korea. Cancer predisposition genes, clinicopathologic characteristics, and family history of cancer were analyzed.
Results
PVs were detected in 20 patients (6.7%, median age 65) in ATM (n=7, 31.8%), BRCA1 (n=3, 13.6%), BRCA2 (n=3), and RAD51D (n=3). Each one patient showed TP53, PALB2, PMS2, RAD50, MSH3, and SPINK1 PV. Among them, two likely PVs were in ATM and RAD51D, respectively. Family history of various types of cancer including pancreatic cancer (n=4) were found in 12 patients. Three patients with ATM PVs and a patient with three germline PVs (BRCA2, MSH3, and RAD51D) had first-degree relatives with pancreatic cancer. Familial pancreatic cancer history and PVs detection had a significant association (4/20, 20% vs. 16/264, 5.7%; p=0.035).
Conclusion
Our study demonstrated that germline PVs in ATM, BRCA1, BRCA2, and RAD51D are most frequent in Korean PDAC patients and it is comparable to those of different ethnic groups. Although this study did not show guidelines for germline predisposition gene testing in patients with PDAC in Korea, it would be emphasized the need for germline testing for all PDAC patients.

Citations

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FOXM1 promotes malignant biological behavior and metabolic reprogramming by targeting SPINK1 in hepatocellular carcinoma and affecting the p53 pathway
Xu Ding, Jinjun Shi, Zhengqing Lei, Guoqing Wang, Chenchun Fu, Xiangyu Su, Guangyu Zhu
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease.2025; 1871(3): 167673. CrossRef
Mutant KRAS and GATA6 Stratify Survival in Patients Treated with Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Prospective Cohort Study
Jung Won Chun, Dong-eun Lee, Nayoung Han, SooBeen Heo, Hyeji Kim, Mi Rim Lee, Hyeong Min Park, Sung-Sik Han, Sang-Jae Park, Tae Hyun Kim, Woo Jin Lee, Yun-Hee Kim, Sun-Young Kong, Sang Myung Woo
Cancers.2025; 17(5): 896. CrossRef
MLH1 Inhibits Metastatic Potential of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma via Downregulation of GPRC5C
Wen-Jing Liu, Jun Lu, Wei-Xun Zhou, Jian-Zhou Liu, Li Zhou
Laboratory Investigation.2024; 104(9): 102107. CrossRef
Clinical Significance of PALB2 Pathogenic Germline Variant
Min-Chae Kang, R.N., Jong Eun Park, Mi-Ae Jang, Dongju Won, Boyoung Park, Seeyoun Lee, Dong Ock Lee, Kum Hei Ryu, Yoon-Jung Chang, Sun-Young Kong
Laboratory Medicine Online.2024; 14(4): 311. CrossRef
Prevalence Estimation of the PALB2 Germline Variant in East Asians and Koreans through Population Database Analysis
Jong Eun Park, Min-Chae Kang, Taeheon Lee, Eun Hye Cho, Mi-Ae Jang, Dongju Won, Boyoung Park, Chang-Seok Ki, Sun-Young Kong
Cancers.2024; 16(19): 3318. CrossRef
Understanding the Genetic Landscape of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma to Support Personalized Medicine: A Systematic Review
Antonino Pantaleo, Giovanna Forte, Candida Fasano, Martina Lepore Signorile, Paola Sanese, Katia De Marco, Elisabetta Di Nicola, Marialaura Latrofa, Valentina Grossi, Vittoria Disciglio, Cristiano Simone
Cancers.2023; 16(1): 56. CrossRef

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Breast cancer

Epidemiology of Second Non-breast Primary Cancers among Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Korean Population–Based Study by the SMARTSHIP Group: Haeyoung Kim, Su SSan Kim, Ji Sung Lee, Jae Sun Yoon, Hyun Jo Youn, Hyukjai Shin, Jeong Eon Lee, Se Kyung Lee, Il Yong Chung, So-Youn Jung, Young Jin Choi, Jihyoung Cho, Sang Uk Woo, Korean Breast Cancer Society; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(2):580-591. Published online December 27, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.410

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Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the incidence and prognosis of second non-breast primary cancer (SNBPC) among Korean survivors of breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
Data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service were searched to identify women who received curative surgery for initial breast cancer (IBC) between 2003 and 2008 (n=64,340). Among them, patients with the following characteristics were excluded: other cancer diagnosis before IBC (n=10,866), radiotherapy before IBC (n=349), absence of data on sex or age (n=371), or male (n=248). Accordingly, data of 52,506 women until December 2017 were analyzed. SNBPC was defined as a newly diagnosed SNBPC that occurred 5 years or more after IBC diagnosis.
Results
The median follow-up time of all patients was 12.13 years. SNBPC was developed in 3,084 (5.87%) women after a median of 7.61 years following IBC diagnosis. The 10-year incidence of SNBPC was 5.78% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.56 to 6.00). Higher SNBPC incidence was found in survivors with the following factors: old age at IBC diagnosis, low household income, and receiving combined chemotherapy with endocrine therapy, whereas receiving radiotherapy was related to a lower incidence of SNBPC (hazard ratio, 0.89; p < 0.01). Among the patients with SNBPC, the 5-year survival rate was 62.28% (95% CI, 65.53 to 69.02).
Conclusion
Approximately 5% of breast cancer survivors developed SNBPC within 10 years after IBC diagnosis. The risk of SNBPC was associated with patient’s age at IBC diagnosis, income level, and a receipt of systemic treatments.

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Risk of second primary cancer in young breast cancer survivors: an important yet overlooked issue
Xinyi Liang, Yiwei Qin, Pengwei Li, You Mo, Dawei Chen
Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Association of radiotherapy for stage I–III breast cancer survivors and second primary malignant cancers: a population-based study
Jin Shi, Jian Liu, Guo Tian, Daojuan Li, Di Liang, Jun Wang, Yutong He
European Journal of Cancer Prevention.2024; 33(2): 115. CrossRef

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Lung and Thoracic cancer

The Value of the Illness-Death Model for Predicting Outcomes in Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Kum Ju Chae, Hyemi Choi, Won Gi Jeong, Jinheum Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):996-1004. Published online November 19, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.902

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The illness-death model (IDM) is a comprehensive approach to evaluate the relationship between relapse and death. This study aimed to illustrate the value of the IDM for identifying risk factors and evaluating predictive probabilities for relapse and death in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in comparison with the disease-free survival (DFS) model.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 612 NSCLC patients who underwent a curative operation. Using the IDM, the risk factors and predictive probabilities for relapse, death without relapse, and death after relapse were simultaneously evaluated and compared to those obtained from a DFS model.
Results
The IDM provided more detailed risk factors according to the patient’s disease course, including relapse, death without relapse, and death after relapse, in patients with resected lung cancer. In the IDM, history of malignancy (other than lung cancer) was related to relapse and smoking history was associated with death without relapse; both were indistinguishable in the DFS model. In addition, the IDM was able to evaluate the predictive probability and risk factors for death after relapse; this information could not be obtained from the DFS model.
Conclusion
Compared to the DFS model, we found that the IDM provides more comprehensive information on transitions between states and disease stages and provides deeper insights with respect to understanding the disease process among lung cancer patients.

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Population-based epidemiological projections of rheumatoid arthritis in Germany until 2040
J Wang, S Vordenbäumen, M Schneider, R Brinks
Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology.2024; 53(3): 161. CrossRef
A population-based projection of psoriatic arthritis in Germany until 2050: analysis of national statutory health insurance data of 65 million German population
Jiancong Wang, Sabrina Tulka, Stephanie Knippschild, Matthias Schneider, Jörg H. W. Distler, Xenofon Baraliakos, Ralph Brinks, Philipp Sewerin
Rheumatology International.2023; 43(11): 2037. CrossRef
Difference of serum tumor markers in different clinical stages of elderly patients with non-small cell lung cancer and evaluation of diagnostic value
Wen Qin, Ping Wang, CuiMin Ding, Fei Peng
Journal of Medical Biochemistry.2023; 42(4): 607. CrossRef
Lung cancer mortality and associated predictors: systematic review using 32 scientific research findings
Lijalem Melie Tesfaw, Zelalem G. Dessie, Haile Mekonnen Fenta
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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Hematologic malignancy

Association between Kidney Function, Proteinuria and the Risk of Multiple Myeloma: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in South Korea: Taewoong Choi, Wooin Ahn, Dong Wook Shin, Kyungdo Han, Dahye Kim, Sohyun Chun; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(3):926-936. Published online September 27, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.951

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
While renal impairment is one of the first clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma (MM), declined renal function may conversely be a risk factor for cancers including MM. In this study, we investigated the relationship between chronic kidney disease and MM at a population level.
Materials and Methods
A total of 9,809,376 adults who participated in a nationwide health screening program and had no MM, cancer or end-stage renal disease at baseline were investigated for incidence of MM. The impact of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and random urine dipstick proteinuria, and interactive associations of the two factors on the MM incidence were evaluated.
Results
The general incidence of MM was 4.8 per 100,000 person-years (mean follow-up of 8.3 years). Participants with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (5.8% of participants) had higher MM incidence than those with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m² (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.43). When eGFR was graded into five levels, there was a significant inverse dose-response relationship between eGFR level and MM incidence at the lower eGFR levels (reference: eGFR 60-89 mL/min/1.73 m²). A dose-response relationship was also found with degree of dipstick proteinuria and incidence of MM.
Conclusion
Adults with decreased renal function indicated either by decreased eGFR or presence of proteinuria are at a higher risk of developing MM compared to those without, and there is a dose-response relationship between the severity of renal impairment and MM incidence.

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Quantitative risk factor analysis of prior disease condition and socioeconomic status with the multiple myeloma development: nationwide cohort study
Suein Choi, Eunjin Kim, Jinhee Jung, Sung-Soo Park, Chang-Ki Min, Seunghoon Han
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Population Attributable Fraction of Established Modifiable Risk Factors on Colorectal Cancer in Korea: Sooyoung Cho, Aesun Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(2):480-486. Published online October 6, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.742

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of established risk factors for colorectal cancer, to provide evidence for prioritizing cancer prevention policy.
Materials and Methods
The exposure prevalence was calculated by using data from the 2005 Korean National Health Examination Survey for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and meat intake. Risk estimates (relative risks) were selected from the published meta-analyses. Cancer incidence data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry were used to estimate the preventable number of colorectal cancer cases in 2015.
Results
The PAFs of the tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and consumption of red and processed meat were as follows: 9.2%, 11.1%, 9.1%, 18.9%, and 10.1% for colon cancer and 21.8%, 12.3%, 3.5%, 5.3%, and 9.2% for rectal cancer among men; 1.0%, 1.3%, 2.7%, 12.3% and 9.2% for colon cancer and 1.7%, 2.3%, 0.8%, 7.2%, and 8.3% for rectal cancer among women. The PAFs of selected risk factors were 46.2% for colon and 42.4% for rectum among men, while 24.3% for colon and 18.9% for rectum among women. The attributable numbers of colon and rectal cancer to selected risk factors were 4,028 and 3,049 cases among men, respectively, while 1,644 and 778 cases among women in the year of 2015.
Conclusion
Changes in modifiable risk factors could prevent half of the colorectal cancer in the Korean population.

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Federica Turati, Gianfranco Alicandro, Giulia Collatuzzo, Claudio Pelucchi, Matteo Malvezzi, Fabio Parazzini, Eva Negri, Paolo Boffetta, Carlo La Vecchia, Matteo Di Maso
International Journal of Cancer.2025; 156(6): 1181. CrossRef
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Hye Kyung Hyun, Ji Soo Park, Jihye Park, Soo Jung Park, Jae Jun Park, Jae Hee Cheon, Tae Il Kim
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025; 40(2): 433. CrossRef
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Mi Ah Han, Seo‐Hee Kim, Eu Chang Hwang, Jae Hung Jung, Sun Mi Park
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Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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Rachel Dankner, Angela Chetrit, Sivan Ben Avraham, Nirit Agay, Ofra Kalter‐Leibovici, Uri Goldbourt, Walid Saliba, Lital Keinan‐Boker, Danit Shahar, Laurence S. Freedman
International Journal of Cancer.2024; 155(11): 2009. CrossRef
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Pedram Paragomi, Zhongjie Zhang, Sarah Krull Abe, Md. Rashedul Islam, Md. Shafiur Rahman, Eiko Saito, Xiao-Ou Shu, Bashir Dabo, Yen Thi-Hai Pham, Yu Chen, Yu-Tang Gao, Woon-Puay Koh, Norie Sawada, Reza Malekzadeh, Ritsu Sakata, Atsushi Hozawa, Jeongseon K
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Risk and survival in colorectal cancer with increasing body mass index: A nationwide population‐based cohort study
Usman Saeed, Tor Å. Myklebust, Trude E. Robsahm, Marlene F. Kielland, Bjørn Møller, Bjørn S. Skålhegg, Tom Mala, Sheraz Yaqub
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Hong Hu, Xiaoyuan Gong, Kai Xu, Shenzheng Luo, Wei Gao, Baiwen Li, Dadao Jing
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Associations between Physical Activity and Incidence of Cancer among Overweight Adults in Korea: Results from the Health Examinees-G Study
Jaesung Choi, JooYong Park, Ji-Eun Kim, Miyoung Lee, Daehee Kang, Aesun Shin, Ji-Yeob Choi
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Fatemeh Safizadeh, Marko Mandic, Dianne Pulte, Tobias Niedermaier, Michael Hoffmeister, Hermann Brenner
British Journal of Cancer.2023; 129(5): 829. CrossRef
Modifiable lifestyle factors have a larger contribution to colorectal neoplasms than family history
Shuyuan Wang, Zhen Yuan, Yuqi Wang, Xuanzhu Zhao, Weifeng Gao, Hongzhou Li, Yuanshun Zhao, Zili Zhang, Shuiqing Liang, Zhaoce Liu, Qinghuai Zhang, Hong Ma, Xipeng Zhang, Wei Cui, Chunze Zhang
BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Head/neck cancer

Nomogram for Predicting Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Two Clinical Centers: Zheyu Yang, Yu Heng, Jianwei Lin, Chenghao Lu, Dingye Yu, Lei Tao, Wei Cai; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(4):1010-1018. Published online June 9, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.254

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Central lymph node metastasis (CNM) are highly prevalent but hard to detect preoperatively in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) patients, while the significance of prophylactic compartment central lymph node dissection (CLND) remains controversial as a treatment option. We aim to establish a nomogram assessing risks of CNM in PTC patients, and explore whether prophylactic CLND should be recommended.
Materials and Methods
One thousand four hundred thirty-eight patients from two clinical centers that underwent thyroidectomy with CLND for PTC within the period 2016–2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to examine risk factors associated with CNM. A nomogram for predicting CNM was established, thereafter internally and externally validated.
Results
Seven variables were found to be significantly associated with CNM and were used to construct the model. These were as follows: thyroid capsular invasion, multifocality, creatinine > 70 μmol/L, age < 40, tumor size > 1 cm, body mass index < 22, and carcinoembryonic antigen > 1 ng/mL. The nomogram had good discrimination with a concordance index of 0.854 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.843 to 0.867), supported by an external validation point estimate of 0.825 (95% CI, 0.793 to 0.857). A decision curve analysis was made to evaluate nomogram and ultrasonography for predicting CNM.
Conclusion
A validated nomogram utilizing readily available preoperative variables was developed to predict the probability of central lymph node metastases in patients presenting with PTC. This nomogram may help surgeons make appropriate surgical decisions in the management of PTC, especially in terms of whether prophylactic CLND is warranted.

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Risk nomogram for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma with central lymph node metastasis and postoperative thyroid function follow-up
Yuting Huang, Pengwei Lou, Hui Li, Yinhui Li, Li Ma, Kai Wang
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Ultrasonic Feature Prediction of Large-Number Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Clinically Node-Negative Solitary Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Luchen Chang, Yanqiu Zhang, Jialin Zhu, Linfei Hu, Xiaoqing Wang, Haozhi Zhang, Qing Gu, Xiaoyu Chen, Sheng Zhang, Ming Gao, Xi Wei
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Zheyu Yang, Yu Heng, Jian Zhou, Lei Tao, Wei Cai
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Development and validation of nomograms for predicting the risk of central lymph node metastasis of solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma of the isthmus
Yonghao Li, Xuefei Gao, Tiantian Guo, Jing Liu
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Development and validation of an individualized nomogram for predicting the high-volume (> 5) central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma
X. Wei, Y. Min, Y. Feng, D. He, X. Zeng, Y. Huang, S. Fan, H. Chen, J. Chen, K. Xiang, H. Luo, G. Yin, D. Hu
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Preoperative Prediction of Central Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Fine-Needle Aspiration Reporting Suspicious Papillary Thyroid Cancer or Papillary Thyroid Cancer Without Lateral Neck Metastasis
Kai Zhang, Lang Qian, Jieying Chen, Qian Zhu, Cai Chang
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Relationship between subgroups of central and lateral lymph node metastasis in clinically node-negative papillary thyroid carcinoma
Jing Zhou, Da-Xue Li, Han Gao, Xin-Liang Su
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Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis Is Associated With Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Classical Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Analysis from a High-Volume Single-Center Experience
Bin Zeng, Yu Min, Yang Feng, Ke Xiang, Hang Chen, Zijing Lin
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Qungang Chang, Jieming Zhang, Yaqian Wang, Hongqiang Li, Xin Du, Daohong Zuo, Detao Yin
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Ultrasound-based radiomics nomogram combined with clinical features for the prediction of central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
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Lateral Involvement in Different Sized Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas Patients with Central Lymph Node Metastasis: A Multi-Center Analysis
Yu Heng, Zheyu Yang, Pengyu Cao, Xi Cheng, Lei Tao
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Risk factors and prediction models of lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma based on clinical and imaging characteristics
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Y. Feng, Y. Min, H. Chen, K. Xiang, X. Wang, G. Yin
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Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Central Lymph Node Metastasis in T1-T2, Non-invasive, and Clinically Node Negative Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Computed Tomography-Based Radiomics Model to Predict Central Cervical Lymph Node Metastases in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: A Multicenter Study
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Nomogram Including Elastography for Prediction of Contralateral Central Lymph Node Metastasis in Solitary Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Preoperatively

Ning Li, Ju-hua He, Chao Song, Li-chun Yang, Hong-jiang Zhang, Zhi-hai Li
Cancer Management and Research.2020; Volume 12: 10789. CrossRef

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Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment in High-Grade Glioma Patients Treated with Postoperative Radiochemotherapy: Qiang Wang, Fengxia Xiao, Fei Qi, Xiaopeng Song, Yonghua Yu; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):586-593. Published online December 12, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.242

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Fractionated radiotherapy as well as concomitant and adjuvant chemotherapy such as temozolomide for postoperative high-grade glioma (HGG) patients improves progression-free survival and overall survival. Multiple factors such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, tumor grade, residual tumor volume, and genetic modifications might play a role in the formation of cognitive impairment. The risk factors of cognitive impairment in postoperative patients with HGG receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy remains a concern in this population. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for cognitive impairment in patients of postoperative HGG.
Materials and Methods
A total of 229 patients with HGG who underwent surgery were analyzed. Cognitive impairment was defined as a decrease of Cognitive Assessment Montreal (MoCA)’s score in at least two cognitive domains or any MoCA’s score of less than 26 points at the time of study compared with baseline level. Multiple potential risk factors including methylated status of the O⁶-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter, glioma World Health Organization (WHO) grade, residual tumor volume, education, and sex were analyzed. Cox univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to detect the significant risk factors for cognitive impairment.
Results
At the end of follow-up among the 229 patients, 147 patients (67%) developed cognitive impairment. 82 patients (36%) remained in normal cognitive condition. In multivariate analysis, unmethylated MGMT promoter (hazard ratio [HR], 1.679; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.212 to 2.326; p=0.002), glioblastoma (HR, 1.550; 95% CI, 1.117 to 2.149; p=0.009), and residual tumor volume > 5.58 cm³ (HR, 1.454; 95% CI, 1.047 to 2.020; p=0.026) were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment.
Conclusion
Methylated status of the MGMT promoter, glioma WHO grade, and residual tumor volume might be risk factors for the cognitive impairment in postoperative patients with HGG.

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Yinglian Xiao, Jing Tan, Guo Cheng, Yanhong Deng, Ryota Tamura
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BTK Expression Level Prediction and the High-Grade Glioma Prognosis Using Radiomic Machine Learning Models
Chenggang Jiang, Chen Sun, Xi Wang, Shunchang Ma, Wang Jia, Dainan Zhang
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Epigenome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation and Optimism in Women and Men
Cuicui Wang, Dawn L. DeMeo, Eric S. Kim, Andres Cardenas, Kelvin C. Fong, Lewina O. Lee, Avron Spiro, Eric A. Whitsel, Steve Horvath, Lifang Hou, Andrea A. Baccarelli, Yun Li, James D. Stewart, JoAnn E. Manson, Francine Grodstein, Laura D. Kubzansky, Joel
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Cognitive functioning in a cohort of high-grade glioma patients
Andreja Cirila Skufca Smrdel, Anja Podlesek, Marija Skoblar Vidmar, Jana Markovic, Jana Jereb, Manja Kuzma Okorn, Uros Smrdel
Radiology and Oncology.2023; 57(2): 201. CrossRef
Cognitive outcomes after multimodal treatment in adult glioma patients: A meta-analysis
Laurien De Roeck, Céline R Gillebert, Robbie C M van Aert, Amber Vanmeenen, Martin Klein, Martin J B Taphoorn, Karin Gehring, Maarten Lambrecht, Charlotte Sleurs
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Factors Associated With Neurocognitive Impairment Following Chemoradiotherapy in Patients With High-Grade Glioma: Results of a Prospective Trial
Prashasti Sharma, Partha Pratim Medhi, Apurba Kumar Kalita, Mouchumee Bhattacharyya, Jyotiman Nath, Gautam Sarma, Yanpothung Yanthan
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Knockdown of TRIM32 inhibits tumor growth and increases the therapeutic sensitivity to temozolomide in glioma in a p53-dependent and -independent manner
Yu Cai, Wei Ting Gu, Kang Cheng, Pei Feng Jia, Feng Li, Ming Wang, Wei Feng Zhang, Ji Ting Qiu, Zhe Bao Wu, Wei Guo Zhao
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2021; 550: 134. CrossRef
Sensitivity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in screening for cognitive impairment in patients with newly diagnosed high-grade glioma
Monica Ribeiro, Thomas Durand, Martine Roussel, Loïc Feuvret, Julian Jacob, Dimitri Psimaras, Georges Noel, Audrey Keller, Flavie Bompaire, Khê Hoang-Xuan, Marie-Odile Bernier, Olivier Godefroy, Damien Ricard
Journal of Neuro-Oncology.2020; 148(2): 335. CrossRef

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Risk Assessment of Secondary Primary Malignancies in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Big-Data Intelligence Platform-Based Analysis of 6,377 Long-term Survivors from an Endemic Area Treated with Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy during 2003-2013: Lu-Lu Zhang, Guo-Hong Li, Yi-Yang Li, Zhen-Yu Qi, Ai-Hua Lin, Ying Sun; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):982-991. Published online October 11, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.298

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The incidence, risk factors and survival impact of secondary primary malignancies (SPMs) among survivors of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treated with definitive intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with or without chemotherapy are poorly characterized.
Methods
and Materials Consecutive patients (n=6,377) from the big-data intelligence platform at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, China (in a high-incidence area) with newly diagnosed non-metastatic pathologically proven non-keratinizing undifferentiated NPC treated with IMRT±chemotherapy between January 2003 and June 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Cumulative incidence of SPMs was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify potential risk factors for SPMs and assess whether SPMs affect overall survival.
Results
Of the 6,377 patients, 189 (3.0%) suffered SPMs (median follow-up, 62 months). One-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-cumulative risks of SPMs were 0.4%, 0.9%, 1.6%, 2.2%, and 2.6%, respectively. Latency from start of IMRT to SPMs diagnosis was 37 months (range, 6 to 102 months). In patients with SPMs, 14.3% suffered SPMs within 1 year post-IMRT: 1-3 years, 38.1%; 3-5 years, 33.9%; and >5 years, 13.7%. Lung cancer was the most common SPM (50/6,377, 0.78%). Multivariate analysis demonstrated sex (male, 64% increase), age (≥50 years, 68% increase), and smoking history (41% increase) were significant risk factors for SPMs, and SPMs were associated with poorer overall survival.
Conclusion
This large cohort study confirms SPMs a dreadful complication for long-term survivors of NPC treated with IMRT. SPMs negatively impact overall survival in NPC. Close follow-up is recommended for older male survivors with a smoking history.

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Age-specific characteristics of head and neck second primary malignancies in patients treated for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a retrospective study
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International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.2024; 53(1): 11. CrossRef
The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with dysphagia after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Peter K. M. Ku, Alexander C. Vlantis, Thomas S. C. Hui, Zenon W. C. Yeung, Ryan H. W. Cho, Marc H. K. Wong, Alex K. F. Lee, David C. M. Yeung, Simon Y. P. Chan, Becky Y. T. Chan, Wai‐tsz Chang, Florence Mok, Kam‐hung Wong, Jeffrey K. T. Wong, Victor Abdul
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Y Fang, L Wang, X Chen, C Cao
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Detection and staging of recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the era of FDG PET/MR
Yongfeng Piao, Caineng Cao, Yuanfan Xu, Shuang Huang, Feng Jiang, Ting Jin, Qifeng Jin, Yonghong Hua, Qiaoying Hu, Xiaozhong Chen
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2022; 279(1): 353. CrossRef
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Fen Xue, Xiaoshuang Niu, Chaosu Hu, Xiayun He
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Racial and ethnic disparities in nasopharyngeal cancer with an emphasis among Asian Americans
Qian Wang, Hui Xie, Yannan Li, Nicholas Theodoropoulos, Yaning Zhang, Changchuan Jiang, Chi Wen, Laura S. Rozek, Paolo Boffetta
International Journal of Cancer.2022; 151(8): 1291. CrossRef
Factors associated with the development of second primary tumours in head and neck cancer patients
Inmaculada Salcedo‐Bellido, Pilar Requena, Rocío Mateos, Carmen Ortega‐Rico, Rocío Olmedo‐Requena, Macarena Lozano‐Lorca, Juan Pedro Arrebola, Rocío Barrios‐Rodríguez
European Journal of Cancer Care.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: an evolving paradigm
Kenneth C. W. Wong, Edwin P. Hui, Kwok-Wai Lo, Wai Kei Jacky Lam, David Johnson, Lili Li, Qian Tao, Kwan Chee Allen Chan, Ka-Fai To, Ann D. King, Brigette B. Y. Ma, Anthony T. C. Chan
Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology.2021; 18(11): 679. CrossRef
The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ling‐Long Tang, Yu‐Pei Chen, Chuan‐Ben Chen, Ming‐Yuan Chen, Nian‐Yong Chen, Xiao‐Zhong Chen, Xiao‐Jing Du, Wen‐Feng Fang, Mei Feng, Jin Gao, Fei Han, Xia He, Chao‐Su Hu, De‐sheng Hu, Guang‐Yuan Hu, Hao Jiang, Wei Jiang, Feng Jin, Jin‐Yi Lang, Jin‐Gao Li,
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Oral Oncology.2020; 111: 105012. CrossRef

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Risk Factor Analysis for Secondary Malignancy in Dexrazoxane-Treated Pediatric Cancer Patients: Hyery Kim, Hyoung Jin Kang, Kyung Duk Park, Kyung-Nam Koh, Ho Joon Im, Jong Jin Seo, Jae Wook Lee, Nack-Gyun Chung, Bin Cho, Hack Ki Kim, Jae Min Lee, Jeong Ok Hah, Jun Ah Lee, Young Ho Lee, Sang Kyu Park, Hee Jo Baek, Hoon Kook, Ji Yoon Kim, Heung Sik Kim, Hwang Min Kim, Hee Won Chueh, Meerim Park, Hoi Soo Yoon, Mee Jeong Lee, Hyoung Soo Choi, Hyo Seop Ahn, Yoshifumi Kawano, Ji Won Park, Seokyung Hahn, Hee Young Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):357-367. Published online May 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.457

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Dexrazoxane has been used as an effective cardioprotector against anthracycline cardiotoxicity. This study intended to analyze cardioprotective efficacy and secondary malignancy development, and elucidate risk factors for secondary malignancies in dexrazoxane-treated pediatric patients.
Materials and Methods
Data was collected from 15 hospitals in Korea. Patients who received any anthracyclines, and completed treatment without stem cell transplantation were included. For efficacy evaluation, the incidence of cardiac events and cardiac event-free survival rates were compared. Data about risk factors of secondary malignancies were collected.
Results
Data of total 1,453 cases were analyzed; dexrazoxane with every anthracyclines group (D group, 1,035 patients) and no dexrazoxane group (non-D group, 418 patients). Incidence of the reported cardiac events was not statistically different between two groups; however, the cardiac event-free survival rate of patients with more than 400 mg/m² of anthracyclines was significantly higher in D group (91.2% vs. 80.1%, p=0.04). The 6-year cumulative incidence of secondary malignancy was not different between both groups after considering follow-up duration difference (non-D, 0.52%±0.37%; D, 0.60%±0.28%; p=0.55). The most influential risk factor for secondary malignancy was the duration of anthracycline administration according to multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
Dexrazoxane had an efficacy in lowering cardiac event-free survival rates in patients with higher cumulative anthracyclines. As a result of multivariate analysis for assessing risk factors of secondary malignancy, the occurrence of secondary malignancy was not related to dexrazoxane administration.

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Veronika Keresteš, Jan Kubeš, Lenka Applová, Petra Kollárová, Olga Lenčová-Popelová, Iuliia Melnikova, Galina Karabanovich, Mushtaq M Khazeem, Hana Bavlovič-Piskáčková, Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková, Caroline A Austin, Jaroslav Roh, Martin Štěrba, Tomáš Šimůn
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Pediatric Cardio-Oncology: Screening, Risk Stratification, and Prevention of Cardiotoxicity Associated with Anthracyclines
Xiaomeng Liu, Shuping Ge, Aijun Zhang
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Parya Rahimi, Behsheed Barootkoob, Ahmed ElHashash, Arun Nair
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Inducing a Proinflammatory Response with Bioengineered Yeast Vacuoles with TLR2-Binding Peptides (VacT2BP) as a Drug Carrier for Daunorubicin Delivery
Wooil Choi, Woo-Ri Shin, Yang-Hoon Kim, Jiho Min
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2023; 15(35): 41258. CrossRef
Circulating Biomarkers for Monitoring Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Children
Luigia Meo, Maria Savarese, Carmen Munno, Peppino Mirabelli, Pia Ragno, Ornella Leone, Mariaevelina Alfieri
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Hyperhomocysteinemia as a Link of Chemotherapy-Related Endothelium Impairment
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Late health outcomes after dexrazoxane treatment: A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Eric J. Chow, Richard Aplenc, Lynda M. Vrooman, David R. Doody, Yuan‐Shung V. Huang, Sanjeev Aggarwal, Saro H. Armenian, K. Scott Baker, Smita Bhatia, Louis S. Constine, David R. Freyer, Lisa M. Kopp, Wendy M. Leisenring, Barbara L. Asselin, Cindy L. Schw
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Primary cardioprotection with dexrazoxane in patients with childhood cancer who are expected to receive anthracyclines: recommendations from the International Late Effects of Childhood Cancer Guideline Harmonization Group
Esmée C de Baat, Elvira C van Dalen, Renée L Mulder, Melissa M Hudson, Matthew J Ehrhardt, Frederike K Engels, Elizabeth A M Feijen, Heynric B Grotenhuis, Jan M Leerink, Livia Kapusta, Gertjan J L Kaspers, Remy Merkx, Luc Mertens, Roderick Skinner, Wim J
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Varen Zhi Zheng Tan, Nicole Min Chan, Wai Lin Ang, Soe Nwe Mya, Mei Yoke Chan, Ching Kit Chen
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Adriana Linares Ballesteros, Roy Sanguino Lobo, Juan Camilo Villada Valencia, Oscar Arévalo Leal, Diana Constanza Plazas Hernández, Nelson Aponte Barrios, Iván Perdomo Ramírez
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Valentina K. Todorova, Eric R. Siegel, Yihong Kaufmann, Asangi Kumarapeli, Aaron Owen, Jeanne Y. Wei, Issam Makhoul, V. Suzanne Klimberg
Translational Oncology.2020; 13(2): 471. CrossRef
Investigation of Structure-Activity Relationships of Dexrazoxane Analogs Reveals Topoisomerase IIβ Interaction as a Prerequisite for Effective Protection against Anthracycline Cardiotoxicity
Petra Kollárová-Brázdová, Anna Jirkovská, Galina Karabanovich, Zuzana Pokorná, Hana Bavlovič Piskáčková, Eduard Jirkovský, Jan Kubeš, Olga Lenčová-Popelová, Yvona Mazurová, Michaela Adamcová, Veronika Skalická, Petra Štěrbová-Kovaříková, Jaroslav Roh, Tom
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Projection of Breast Cancer Burden due to Reproductive/Lifestyle Changes in Korean Women (2013-2030) Using an Age-Period-Cohort Model: Joo Eun Lee, Sang Ah Lee, Tae Hyun Kim, Sohee Park, Yoon Soo Choy, Yeong Jun Ju, Eun-Cheol Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1388-1395. Published online January 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.162

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The aim of this study was to estimate the burden of breast cancer that can be attributed to rapid lifestyle changes in South Korea in 2013-2030.
Materials and Methods
An age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the incidence and mortality. The Global Burden of Disease Study Group methodwas used to calculate the years of life lost and years lived with disability in breast cancer patients using a nationwide cancer registry. The population attributable riskswere calculated using meta-analyzed relative risk ratios and by assessing the prevalence of risk factors.
Results
Women’s reproductive/lifestyle changes, including advanced maternal age at first childbirth (from 37 to 85 disability-adjusted life years [DALYs] per 100,000 person-years), total period of breastfeeding (from 22 to 46 DALYs per 100,000 person-years), obesity (from 37 to 61 DALYs per 100,000 person-years), alcohol consumption (from 19 to 39 DALYs per 100,000 person-years), oral contraceptive use (from 18 to 27 DALYs per 100,000 person-years), and hormone replacement therapy use (from 2 to 3 DALYs per 100,000 person-years) were identified as factors likely to increase the burden of breast cancer from 2013 to 2030. Approximately, 34.2% to 44.3% of the burden of breast cancer could be avoidable in 2030 with reduction in reproductive/lifestyle risk factors.
Conclusion
The rapid changes of age structure and lifestyle in South Korea during the last decade are expected to strongly increase the breast cancer burden over time unless the risk factors can be effectively modified.

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Risk Factors of Female Breast Cancer in Vietnam: A Case-Control Study: Phuong Dung (Yun) Trieu, Claudia Mello-Thoms, Jennifer K. Peat, Thuan Doan Do, Patrick C. Brennan; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):990-1000. Published online February 20, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.488

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Rates of women with breast cancer have increased rapidly in recent years in Vietnam, with over 10,000 new patients contracting the disease every year. This study was conducted to identify demographic, reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer in Vietnam.
Materials and Methods
Breast density, demographic, reproductive and lifestyle data of 269 women with breast cancer and 519 age-matched controls were collected in the two largest oncology hospitals in Vietnam (one in the north and one in the south). Baseline differences between cases and controls in all women, premenopausal and postmenopausal women were assessed using chi-squared tests and independent t tests. Conditional logistic regressionwas used to derive odds ratios (OR) for factors that had statistically significant associations with breast cancer.
Results
Vietnamesewomenwith breast cancerwere significantly more likely to have a breast density > 75% (OR, 1.7), be younger than 14 years at first menstrual period (OR, 2.2), be postmenopausal (OR, 2.0), have less than three pregnancies (OR, 2.1), and have less than two babies (OR, 1.7). High breast density (OR, 1.6), early age at first menstrual period (OR, 2.6), low number of pregnancies (OR, 2.3), hormone use (OR, 1.8), and no physical activities (OR, 2.2) were significantly associated with breast cancer among premenopausal women, while breast density (OR, 2.0), age at first menstrual period (OR, 1.8), number of pregnancies (OR, 2.3), and number of live births (OR, 2.4) were the risk factors for postmenopausal women.
Conclusion
Breast density, age at first menarche, menopause status, number of pregnancies, number of babies born, hormone use and physical activitieswere significantly associatedwith breast cancer in Vietnamese women.

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Incorporating Risk Factors to Identify the Indication of Post-mastectomy Radiotherapy in N1 Breast Cancer Treated with Optimal Systemic Therapy: A Multicenter Analysis in Korea (KROG 14-23): Hae Jin Park, Kyung Hwan Shin, Jin Ho Kim, Seung Do Ahn, Ja Young Kim, Won Park, Yong Bae Kim, Yeon-joo Kim, Jin Hee Kim, Kyubo Kim, Kyung Ran Park, Hyun Soo Shin, Bae Kwon Jeong, Sun Young Lee, Suzy Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(3):739-747. Published online October 19, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.405

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
In a recent meta-analysis, post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) reduced any first recurrence (AFR) and improved survival in N1 and N2 patients. We investigated risk factors for AFR in N1 after optimal systemic therapy without PMRT, to define a subgroup of patients who may benefit from PMRT.
Materials and Methods
One thousand three hundred eighty-two pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy without PMRT between 2005 and 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Only 0.6% had no systemic therapy.
Results
After a median follow-up of 5.9 years, there were 173 AFR (53 loco-regional recurrence [LRR] without distant metastases [DM], 38 LRR with DM, and 82 DM without LRR). The 5-year LRR and AFR rates were 6.1% and 12.0%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that close resection margin (p=0.001) was the only independent risk factor for LRR. Multivariate analysis for AFR revealed that age < 35 years (p=0.025), T2 stage (p=0.004), high tumor grade (p=0.032), close resection margin (p=0.035), and triple-negative biological subtype (p=0.031) were independent risk factors. Two or three positive lymph nodes (p=0.078) were considered a marginally significant factor. When stratified by these six factors, the 5-year LRR rates were 3.6% with 0-1 (n=606), 7.5% with 2-3 (n=655), and 12.7% with 4-6 (n=93) risk factors. The 5-year AFR rates were 7.1% with 0-1, 15.0% with 2-3, and 24.5% with 4-6 risk factors.
Conclusion
Patients with pT1-2N1M0 breast cancer who underwent mastectomy and optimal systemic therapy showed excellent loco-regional control and disease control. The patients with four or more risk factors may benefit from PMRT, and those with two or three risk factors merit consideration of PMRT.

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Risk Factors for Thyroid Cancer: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study in Korean Adults: Seung-Kwon Myung, Chan Wha Lee, Jeonghee Lee, Jeongseon Kim, Hyeon Suk Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):70-78. Published online June 23, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.310

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Although the incidence of thyroid cancer in Korea has rapidly increased over the past decade, few studies have investigated its risk factors. This study examined the risk factors for thyroid cancer in Korean adults.
Materials and Methods
The study design was a hospital-based case-control study. Between August 2002 and December 2011, a total of 802 thyroid cancer cases out of 34,211 patients screened from the Cancer Screenee. Cohort of the National Cancer Center in South Korea were included in the analysis. A total of 802 control cases were selected from the same cohort, and matched individually (1:1) by age (±2 years) and area of residence for control group 1 and additionally by sex for control group 2.
Results
Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis using the control group 1 showed that females and those with a family history of thyroid cancer had an increased risk of thyroid cancer, whereas ever-smokers and those with a higher monthly household income had a decreased risk of thyroid cancer. On the other hand, the analysis using control group 2 showed that a family history of cancer and alcohol consumption were associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer, whereas higher body mass index (BMI) and family history of thyroid cancer were associated with an increased risk of thyroid cancer.
Conclusion
These findings suggest that females, those with a family history of thyroid cancer, those with a higher BMI, non-smokers, non-drinkers, and those with a lower monthly household income have an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer.

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Identification of Prognostic Risk Factors for Transient and Persistent Lymphedema after Multimodal Treatment for Breast Cancer: Myungsoo Kim, Kyung Hwan Shin, So-Youn Jung, Seeyoun Lee, Han-Sung Kang, Eun Sook Lee, Seung Hyun Chung, Yeon-Joo Kim, Tae Hyun Kim, Kwan Ho Cho; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(4):1330-1337. Published online February 3, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.463

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for transient lymphedema (TLE) and persistent lymphedema (PLE) following treatment for breast cancer. Materials and Methods A total of 1,073 patients who underwent curative breast surgery were analyzed. TLE was defined as one episode of arm swelling that had resolved spontaneously by the next followup; arm swelling that persisted over two consecutive examinations was considered PLE.
Results
At a median follow-up period of 5.1 years, 370 cases of lymphedema were reported, including 120 TLE (11.2%) and 250 PLE (23.3%). Initial grade 1 swelling was observed in 351 patients, of which 120 were limited to TLE (34%), while the other 231 progressed to PLE (66%). All initial swelling observed in TLE patients was classified as grade 1. In multivariate analysis, chemotherapy with taxane and supraclavicular radiation therapy (SCRT) were associated with development of TLE, whereas SCRT, stage III cancer and chemotherapy with taxane were identified as risk factors for PLE (p < 0.05). The estimated incidence of TLE among initial grade 1 patients was calculated using up to three treatment-related risk factors (number of dissected axillary lymph nodes, SCRT, and taxane chemotherapy). The approximate ratios of TLE and PLE based on the number of risk factors were 7:1 (no factor), 1:1 (one factor), 1:2 (two factors), and 1:3 (three factors). Conclusion One-third of initial swelling events were transient, whereas the other two-thirds of patients experienced PLE. Estimation of TLE and PLE based on known treatment factors could facilitate prediction of this life-long complication.

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Cross-sectional Study of Patients with Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Assessing the Effect of Host Status, Tumor Burden, and Inflammatory Activity on Venous Thromboembolism: Sung Hee Lim, Sook-young Woo, Seonwoo Kim, Young Hyeh Ko, Won Seog Kim, Seok Jin Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):312-321. Published online March 2, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.266

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are not clear although thrombosis can be associated with host status, tumor burden, and inflammatory activity. We assessed the effect of those factors on VTE in a cross-sectional study of patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study. Materials and Methods We analyzed the occurrence of VTE in 322 patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL who received rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) between 2008 and 2011. Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured from serum samples archived at diagnosis.
Results
With a median follow-up duration of 41.9 months, VTE was documented in 34 patients (10.6%). A comparison of baseline characteristics indicated the group with VTE had higher percentage of old age, stage III/IV and extranodal involvements than the group without VTE (p < 0.05). Thus, the International Prognostic Index was significantly associated with VTE, but the Khorana score was not. A univariate competing risk factor analysis for VTE revealed that increased levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were also associated with VTE (p < 0.05) in addition to host and tumor burden. However, a multivariate analysis showed that two host factors including age (≥ 60 years) and poor performance were independent risk factors for VTE. Conclusion Among potential risk factors for VTE including tumor burden and inflammatory activity, age and performance status had a strong impact on the occurrence of VTE in patients with DLBCL who received R-CHOP.

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Long-Term Outcome of Definitive Radiotherapy for Early Glottic Cancer: Prognostic Factors and Patterns of Local Failure: Yu Jin Lim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Tack-Kyun Kwon, J. Hun Hah, Myung-Whun Sung, Kwang Hyun Kim, Charn Il Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):862-870. Published online February 13, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.203

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study evaluates the long-term results of definitive radiotherapy (RT) for early glottic cancer. Clinical and treatment factors related to local control and patterns of failure are analyzed. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 222 patients with T1-2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with definitive RT from 1981 to 2010. None of the patients received elective nodal RT or combined chemotherapy. The median total RT dose was 66 Gy. The daily fraction size was < 2.5 Gy in 69% and 2.5 Gy in 31% of patients. The RT field extended from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage.
Results
The median age was 60 years, and 155 patients (70%) had T1 disease. The 5-year rates of local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and ultimate LRFS with voice preservation were 87.8% and 90.3%, respectively. T2 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 4.94) and anterior commissural involvement (HR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.62 to 7.02) were significant prognostic factors for LRFS. In 34 patients with local recurrence, tumors recurred in the ipsilateral vocal cord in 28 patients. There were no contralateral vocal cord recurrences. Most acute complications included grade 1-2 dysphagia and/or hoarseness. There was no grade 3 or greater chronic toxicity.
Conclusion
Definitive RT achieved a high cure rate, voice preservation, and tolerable toxicity in early glottic cancer. T2 stage and anterior commissural involvement were prognostic factors for local control. Further optimization of the RT method is needed to reduce the risk of ipsilateral tumor recurrence.

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Breast Cancer–Related Lymphedema after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Myungsoo Kim, In Hae Park, Keun Seok Lee, Jungsil Ro, So-Youn Jung, Seeyoun Lee, Han-Sung Kang, Eun Sook Lee, Tae Hyun Kim, Kwan Ho Cho, Kyung Hwan Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(3):416-423. Published online November 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.079

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The risk for lymphedema (LE) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) in breast cancer patients has not been fully understood thus far. This study is conducted to investigate the incidence and time course of LE after NCT. Materials and Methods A total of 313 patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer who underwent NCT followed by surgery with axillary lymph node (ALN) dissection from 2004 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received breast and supraclavicular radiation therapy (SCRT). The determination of LE was based on both objective and subjective methods, as part of a prospective database. Results At a median follow-up of 5.6 years, 132 patients had developed LE: 88 (28%) were grade 1; 42 (13%) were grade 2; and two (1%) were grade 3. The overall 5-year cumulative incidence of LE was 42%. LE first occurred within 6 months after surgery in 62%; 1 year in 77%; 2 years in 91%; and 3 years in 96%. In a multivariate analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.66; p < 0.01) and the number of dissected ALNs (HR, 1.68; p < 0.01) were independent risk factors for LE. Patients with both of these risk factors showed a significantly higher 5-year cumulative incidence of LE compared with patients with no or one risk factor (61% and 37%, respectively; p < 0.001). The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy did not significantly correlate with LE. Conclusion LE after NCT, surgery, and SCRT developed early after treatment, and with a high incidence rate. More frequent surveillance of arm swelling may be necessary in patients after NCT, especially during the first few years of follow-up.

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Reproductive and Hormonal Factors Associated with Fatty or Dense Breast Patterns among Korean Women: Jei-Hun Jeon, Jung-Hyun Kang, Yeonju Kim, Hoo-Yeon Lee, Kui Son Choi, Jae Kwan Jun, Dong-Kwan Oh, Chang Yoon Lee, Kyungran Ko, Eun-Cheol Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):42-48. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.42

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Dense breasts have been suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer, but controversy still remains. This study evaluates the association of reproductive and hormonal factors with dense breasts among Korean women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using a cross-sectional design, 516 women were recruited and classified for breast density patterns as being either fatty or dense, using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) of the American College of Radiology. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
In univariate logistic regression, older age, higher body mass index, older age at menarche, and oral contraceptive use were associated with more fatty breasts. On the contrary, longer duration of education, alcohol consumption, lower parity, menopause and use of hormone replacement therapy were associated with dense breasts. After adjustment, age and body mass index were inversely associated with breast density (p-value for trend <0.01, respectively), whereas nulliparous and premenopausal status were positively associated. Compared to women who had > or =2 children, nulliparous women had an 11.8-fold increase of dense breasts (p-value for trend <0.01). Compared to postmenopausal women, premenopausal women had 2.4-fold increase of dense breasts (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.36 to 4.32).
CONCLUSION
Young age, lower body mass index, lower parity, and premenopausal status were significantly associated with dense breasts in Korea.

Citations

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Parity and breastfeeding are contributing factors for geographical differences in breast cancer risk
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Associations of Oral Contraceptives with Mammographic Breast Density in Premenopausal Women
Lusine Yaghjyan, Carmen Smotherman, John Heine, Graham A. Colditz, Bernard Rosner, Rulla M. Tamimi
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An Analysis of the Risk Factors and Management of Lymphocele after Pelvic Lymphadenectomy in Patients with Gynecologic Malignancies: Hee Yeon Kim, Jae Wook Kim, Sung Hoon Kim, Young Tae Kim, Jae Hoon Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(6):377-383. Published online December 31, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.6.377

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Objectives

The incidence and risk factors of lymphocele development after pelvic lymphadenectomy were evaluated and its management investigated.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective study was carried out on 264 patients who received a pelvic lymphadenectomy, between March 1999 and February 2003, due to gynecologic cancer. The patients were classified into two groups; the lymphocele (n=50) and non-lymphocele groups (n=214), as confirmed by ultrasonography, CT scan and MRI. Each group was compared by cancer type and stage, BMI, preoperative Hb, use of pre/postoperative chemotherapy or radiotherapy, number of resected pelvic lymph nodes and the volume of postoperative drainage from a Hemovac® pelvic drain.

Results

Of the 264 patients tested, 15 of 105 cervical cancer (14%), 22 of 115 ovarian cancer (19%) and 11 of 40 endometrial cancer patients (27%), a total of 50 patients (18%), developed lymphoceles. In the lymphocele group (n=50), 13 patients were diagnosed with complicated lymphocele. The BMI and number of resected pelvic lymph nodes were found to be higher in the lymphocele than in the non-lymphocele group (23.94±3.38 vs. 22.52±3.00, p=0.00 and 26.80±14.82 vs. 22.96±10.18, p=0.03, respectively), and showed statistical significance. The occurrence of lymphoceles was lower without postoperative radiotherapy (p=0.01).

Conclusion

Among the 264 patients, a total of 50 patients (18%) developed lymphoceles. The BMI and number of resected lymph nodes were higher in the lymphocele group, and the use of postoperative radiotherapy was associated with a higher risk of lymphoceles. Thirteen of the 50 patients that developed lymphoceles (n=50) required treatment for lymphocele-related complications.

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Review Article

Molecular Epidemiology of Colon Cancer: Dong-Hyun Kim, Yoon-Ok Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(2):93-99. Published online April 30, 2004; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.2.93

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Colorectal cancer appears to have rapidly increased over the past two decades in Korea. Environmental factors, characterized by a western life style, seem to be closely related to the increased risk of colorectal cancer. Higher intakes of meat, a lower vegetable intake, a lack of physical activity, obesity, and alcohol drinking have been suggested to be risk factors for colorectal cancer in the numerous epidemiologic studies. Several specific associations have also been observed between genetic polymorphisms and colorectal cancer. Moreover, it has been postulated that environmental factors and a genetic predisposition work in concert in colorectal cancer development. A stronger association between red meat intake and colorectal cancer among those with rapid acetylators at either the NAT1 or NAT2 locus was reported, particularly for colorectal cancer associated with K-ras mutations. The protective effect of the homozygous variant TT form of the MTHFR genotype on the risk of colon cancer seems to be modified by the level of methyl diets, i.e., by folate, which has a protective effect, or conversely by alcohol. The insulin-related pathway, which possibly explains at a mechanistic level the effect of physical activity and obesity on colon cancer, appears to be a common denominator in colon cancer and in other metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia. Hyperinsulinemia has been proposed as an explanation for the association between a Western lifestyle and colon cancer risk. Further studies, that incorporate both genetic and environmental factors, are needed to fully explain and identify the underlying pathway of colorectal carcinogenesis.

Citations

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Original Articles

Risk Factors in Anticancer Chemotherapy Induced Thrombocytopenia Requiring Platelet Transfusion: Jong Hwa Lee, Jee Sook Hahn, Queh Park, Yun Woong Ko; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(6):1093-1099.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Severe thrombocytopenia is a rare but life threatening side effect of anticancer chemotherapy. This study is for delineating risk factors for anticancer chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusion in cancer patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ninety seven cases of cancers (stomach cancer 37, lung cancer 31 and breast cancer 29) were included in this study design. Complete blood cell counts were done at day 1 and then twice a week to find lowerest thrombocyte count in each cycle. Discriminant analysis of risk factors for chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusion were performed.
RESULTS
Anticancer chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia less than 150,000/ microliter developed in 18 cases (20.0%) at day 20.6 8.0 and mean platelet count was 111,060 35,360/ microliter. Thrombocytopenia less than 100,000/ microliter developed in 10 cases (10.3%) at day 20.2 6.9 and mean platelet count was 56,200 30,460/ microliter. Among them platelet transfusions were needed in 6 cases (6.2%). Using discrininant analysis, day 1 platelet count less than 150,000/ microliter with total lymphocyte count less than 900/ microliter were identified as risk factors for anticancer chemotherapy induced thrombocytopenia requiring platelet transfusion.
CONCLUSION
Thrombocytopenia less than 150,000 microliter with total lymphocyte count less than 900/ microliter before administrating anticancer drugs are high risk factors for platelet transfusion, and needed proper managements.

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Establishment of a Screenig Test System for Early Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in High-Risk Patients and the Evaluation of Its Effectiveness: Kwang Hyub Han, Sang Hoon Ahn, Dong Ki Kim, Ki Joon Song, Jung Il Jeong, Kwan Sik Lee, Jae Bock Chung, Chae Yoon Chon, Young Myoung Moon, Il Suh, Jung Mo Nam; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(6):1084-1092.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To evaluate the effectiveness of clinic-based screening program for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to assess the risk factors of HCC in Korea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The data of 14,259 patients who had ultrasonography (US) due to chronic liver diseases were collected into a data base program from 1990 to 1998.
RESULTS
A total of 4,339 patients were enrolled who had repeated US. 237 patients were diagnosed as HCC during follow-up (mean 33 months). The tumor size detected by screening within a 6-months interval was significantly smaller than that of a longer interval (2.7 cm vs 3.9 cm, P<0.01). The smaller the tumor was at detection, the longer the survival time was. Only 29.9% of HCC patients had an elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (alphaFP) level above 400 ng/ml. Multivariate analysis showed liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis B or C and old age over 40 years to be significantly associated with an increased risk of HCC.
CONCLUSION
The US screening within a 6-months interval is beneficial to high-risk patients over 40 years old through the early detection of HCC and prolonged survival. According to the risk factors, the necessity for screening test and proper interval should be reconsidered.

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High Risk Group for Female Breast Cancer in Korea: Keun Young Yoo, Sue Kyung Park, Joohun Sung, Daehee Kang, Young Cheol Kim, Han Sung Kang, Jun Suk Suh, Jee Soo Kim, Ik Jin Yun, Sehwan Han, Dong Young Noh, Kyk Jin Choe; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(3):435-449.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
A hospital-based case-control study was conducted to find out risk factors for developing breast cancer in Korea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Histologically confirmed incident cases of breast cancer(n=280) were selected from inpatients at the Department of General Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital during 1994 to 1997. Women with free of self-reporting past history of any malignancies were regarded as controls who were selected from the inpatients at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the same hospital during 1992 to 1994(n=930). Information on life-styles including reproductive factors were obtained by direct interview using questionnaire. Age- and education-adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval were estimated by unconditional linear logistic regression.
RESULTS
Based on the risk factors identified by both this study and other epidemiologic studies previously performed in Korea, high risk group for female breast cancer in Korea was established as follows. (1) women with age over 50, (2) women who have a family history of breast cancer, (3) women with age at menarche before 14-year old, (4) women with age at menopause after 50-year old, (5) women who were not experienced a full term pregnancy, (5) nulliparous women (6) women with age at her first fullterm pregnancy after 35-year old (7) women who were not experienced breast feeding, (8) women with body mass index more than 25 kg/m2 or with body weight more than 64 kg.
CONCLUSION
Life-time risk of breast cancer, as an indicator of absolute risk, according to the risk factors should be pursued in further prospective studies with community population.

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Analysis of High Risk Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis in Early Gastric Cancer: Sung Hoon Noh, Wan Soo Kim, Ki Hyeok Lah, Yong Il Kim, Seung Ho Choi, Coong Bai Kim, Jin Sik Min, Kyung Shik Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(1):27-35.

Abstract PDF: The prognosis of early gastric cancer (EGC) is generally excellent, and the proportion of EGC cases to advanced gastric cancer cases is steadily increasing nowadays. The presence or absence of lymph node metastasis in EGC is important prognostic factor, in other words, the survival rate or recurrence rate of node negative EGC is known to be much better than that of node positive ones. Retrospective analysis was performed for 682 EGC cases which underwent more than D2 resection in Yonsei medical center between 1986 Jan. to 1993 Dec, in order to investigate the clinicopathological factors to predict the possibility of lymph node metastasis. In this study, several factors such as age, sex, tumor location, tumor size, multiplicity, depth of invasion, macroscopic and histologic type were evaluated to determine the significance. In the analysis of these eight factors, sex, tumor size, depth of invasion and macroscopic type were statistically correlated with lymph node metastasis. We consider these factors to be possible high risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer.

3,713 View
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