Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Endocrine cancer

Expression of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Korea: Hwa Young Ahn, Ra-Yeong Song, Hye Shin Ahn, Hee Sung Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):1204-1212. Published online February 10, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.1201

Purpose
The aim of this study was to examine the rate of expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and β1 (ERβ1), progesterone receptor (PR), and rate of overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in a relatively large cohort of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We also aimed to examine whether each receptor influenced clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of PTC.
Materials and Methods
We made a microarray of paraffin-embedded PTC surgical tissues from 436 patients. We compared the results of the immunohistochemical staining for each hormone receptor with clinicopathological characteristics.
Results
The positive expression rate of hormonal receptors was 40.4% for ERα, 83.7% for ERβ1, and 71.3% for PR in patients with PTC. Overexpression of EGFR was shown in 19.3% of patients with PTC. The age was lower (44.6±12.1 years vs. 47.1±12.5 years, p=0.040) and tumor smaller (0.96±0.69 cm vs. 1.13±0.82 cm, p=0.020) in the ERα positive group, which also showed higher PR positivity (80.7% vs. 65.0%, p < 0.001) and overexpression of EGFR (27.3% vs. 13.8%, p < 0.001). However, neither the positivity of hormone receptors nor overexpression of EGFR affected the recurrence of PTC.
Conclusion
In conclusion, most (94.6%) patients with PTC were found to exhibit positive expression for ERs or PR. We also found that neither the positive expression of hormone receptors nor overexpression of EGFR were associated with the recurrence of PTC.

Citations

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The epidemiology of female thyroid cancer and its life-stage trends: A global study of regional disparities
Pei-Pei Li, Fen-Fen Li, Bing-Yu Liang, Yan-Xun Han, Yu-Chen Liu, Ye-Hai Liu, Mao-Yu Jiang
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Jiewen Xie, Jie Wang, Xuejiao Cui
Autoimmunity Reviews.2025; 24(6): 103803. CrossRef
Multi-disease transcriptomic analysis of sex hormone genes reveals a novel prognostic model for thyroid cancer with breast cancer correlations
Lixue Qiao, Hao Li, Keyu Yin, Runsheng Ma, Yifei Zhang, Yue Guo, Detao Yin
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Estrogen Receptors as Key Factors in Carcinogenesis
Oliwia Gruszka, Magdalena Jurzak, Ilona Anna Bednarek
Biomedicines.2025; 13(11): 2620. CrossRef
Expression Pattern of Oestrogen Receptor in Follicular Thyroid Cancers: A 23 Years Retrospective Multicentre Study in Jos Metropolis, North-Central, Nigeria
Samuel Kelechi Richard, Barka Vandi Kwaghe, Nwadiokwu John Ifeanyi, Abdulrazaq Ajanaku Jimoh
Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal.2025; 32(4): 315. CrossRef
Struma Ovarii during Pregnancy
Gabriela Dumachița-Șargu, Răzvan Socolov, Teodora Ana Balan, Dumitru Gafițanu, Mona Akad, Raluca Anca Balan
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Serum sex hormones correlate with pathological features of papillary thyroid cancer
Fa-Zhan Xu, Lu-Lu Zheng, Ke-Hao Chen, Ru Wang, Dan-Dan Yi, Chao-Yu Jiang, Zhi-Jian Liu, Xian-Biao SHI, Jian-Feng Sang
Endocrine.2023; 84(1): 148. CrossRef
Diagnostic and Prognostic Impact of Progesterone Receptor Immunohistochemistry: A Study Evaluating More Than 16,000 Tumors
Florian Viehweger, Lisa-Marie Tinger, David Dum, Natalia Gorbokon, Anne Menz, Ria Uhlig, Franziska Büscheck, Andreas M. Luebke, Claudia Hube-Magg, Andrea Hinsch, Doris Höflmayer, Christoph Fraune, Patrick Lebok, Sören Weidemann, Maximilian Lennartz, Frank
Analytical Cellular Pathology.2022; 2022: 1. CrossRef
Case report: Lymph node metastases of breast cancer and thyroid cancer encountered in axilla
Rihan Li, Qingfu Zhang, Dongdong Feng, Feng Jin, Siyuan Han, Xinmiao Yu
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Genetic Alterations and Their Clinical Implications in High-Recurrence Risk Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Min-Young Lee, Bo Mi Ku, Hae Su Kim, Ji Yun Lee, Sung Hee Lim, Jong-Mu Sun, Se-Hoon Lee, Keunchil Park, Young Lyun Oh, Mineui Hong, Han-Sin Jeong, Young-Ik Son, Chung-Hwan Baek, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):906-914. Published online December 26, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.424

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) frequently involve genetic alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate genetic alterations and further explore the relationships between these genetic alterations and clinicopathological characteristics in a high-recurrence risk (node positive, N1) PTC group.
Materials and Methods
Tumor tissue blocks were obtained from 240 surgically resected patients with histologically confirmed stage III/IV (pT3/4 or N1) PTCs. We screened gene fusions using NanoString’s nCountertechnology and mutational analysiswas performed by directDNA sequencing.Data describing the clinicopathological characteristics and clinical courses were retrospectively collected.
Results
Of the 240 PTC patients, 207 (86.3%) had at least one genetic alteration, including BRAF mutation in 190 patients (79.2%), PIK3CA mutation in 25 patients (10.4%), NTRK1/3 fusion in six patients (2.5%), and RET fusion in 24 patients (10.0%). Concomitant presence of more than two genetic alterations was seen in 36 patients (15%). PTCs harboring BRAF mutation were associated with RET wild-type expression (p=0.001). RET fusion genes have been found to occur with significantly higher frequency in N1b stage patients (p=0.003) or groups of patients aged 45 years or older (p=0.031); however, no significant correlation was found between other genetic alterations. There was no trend toward favorable recurrence-free survival or overall survival among patients lacking genetic alterations.
Conclusion
In the selected high-recurrence risk PTC group, most patients had more than one genetic alteration. However, these known alterations could not entirely account for clinicopathological features of high-recurrence risk PTC.

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Role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound with time-intensity curve analysis about thyroid nodule and parenchyma for differentiating BRAF V600E mutation status
Zhipeng Hu, Rong Xue, Zhixi Liu, Liang Liu, Zheli Gong
PeerJ.2025; 13: e19006. CrossRef
miR-7-5p and Importin-7 Regulate the p53 Dynamics and Stability in Malignant and Benign Thyroid Cells
Abeer Al-Abdallah, Iman Jahanbani, Bashayer Al-Shammari
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(12): 5813. CrossRef
BRAF V600E mutation co-existing with oncogenic mutations is associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Nobuyuki Bandoh, Takashi Goto, Yasutaka Kato, Akinobu Kubota, Shota Sakaue, Ryuhei Takeda, Shuto Hayashi, Misaki Hayashi, Shogo Baba, Tomomi Yamaguchi-Isochi, Hiroshi Nishihara, Hajime Kamada
Asian Journal of Surgery.2024; 47(1): 413. CrossRef
FHL1: A novel diagnostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma
Yeting Zeng, Dehua Zeng, Xingfeng Qi, Hanxi Wang, Xuzhou Wang, Xiaodong Dai, Lijuan Qu
Pathology International.2024; 74(9): 520. CrossRef
Rearranged During Transfection Rearrangement Detection by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Compared With Other Techniques in NSCLC
Anne Mc Leer, Julie Mondet, Nelly Magnat, Mailys Mersch, Diane Giovannini, Camille Emprou, Anne-Claire Toffart, Nathalie Sturm, Sylvie Lantuéjoul, David Benito
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Barbara Kiesewetter, Ladislaia Wolff, Markus Raderer
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A new paradigm for epidermal growth factor receptor expression exists in PTC and NIFTP regulated by microRNAs
Abeer Al-Abdallah, Iman Jahanbani, Rola H. Ali, Nabeel Al-Brahim, Jeena Prasanth, Bashayer Al-Shammary, Maie Al-Bader
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Elisabetta Macerola, Anello Marcello Poma, Fulvio Basolo
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Alice W. Lee, Roy A. Mendoza, Shehla Aman, Robert Hsu, Lihua Liu
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Analytical Accuracy of RET Fusion Detection by Break-Apart Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Jessica A. Baker, Anthony N. Sireci, Narasimha Marella, Holly Kay Cannon, Tyler J. Marquart, Timothy R. Holzer, Leslie O'Neill Reising, Joel D. Cook, Sameera R. Wijayawardana, Juraj Bodo, Eric D. Hsi, Andrew E. Schade, Gerard J. Oakley
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Intratumoral Genetic Heterogeneity in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Occurrence and Clinical Significance
Laura Fugazzola, Marina Muzza, Gabriele Pogliaghi, Mario Vitale
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The stress-activated protein kinase pathway and the expression of stanniocalcin-1 are regulated by miR-146b-5p in papillary thyroid carcinogenesis
Abeer Al-Abdallah, Iman Jahanbani, Heba Mehdawi, Rola H Ali, Nabeel Al-Brahim, Olusegun Mojiminiyi
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Risk Stratification Using a Novel Genetic Classifier Including PLEKHS1 Promoter Mutations for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer with Distant Metastasis
Chan Kwon Jung, Seung-Hyun Jung, Sora Jeon, Young Mun Jeong, Yourha Kim, Sohee Lee, Ja-Seong Bae, Yeun-Jun Chung
Thyroid®.2020; 30(11): 1589. CrossRef
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Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical significance of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A2 in papillary thyroid cancer
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Niclosamide induces apoptosis through mitochondrial intrinsic pathway and inhibits migration and invasion in human thyroid cancer in vitro
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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2017; 92: 403. CrossRef

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The Prognostic Values of Preoperative Tumor Volume and Tumor Diameter in T1N0 Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Seung Taek Lim, Ye Won Jeon, Young Jin Suh; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):890-897. Published online December 13, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.325

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The current TNM staging system for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), which is based on tumor diameter, may not precisely reflect the true tumor burden. Therefore, we investigated whether preoperative tumor volume might more accurately reflect tumor burden and predict prognosis in patients with T1N0 PTC than preoperative tumor diameter.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed data from 1,659 patients with T1N0 PTC, and after exclusion, a total of 1,081 patients were ultimately included. Tumor volume (V) was calculated for all patients using preoperative ultrasonography, and patientswere grouped according to tumor diameter (T1a vs. T1b) and tumor volume (V1a vs. V1b). The recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates were then compared for these groups.
Results
The mean follow-up time was 66.12±28.75 months, and 97.2% of the cohort experienced RFS. The optimal volume cut-off was defined as 0.545 cm³. There were no differences in RFS rates between T1a/T1b groups (all ages) and V1a/V1b groups (< 45 years of age). However, ≥ 45-year-old patients in the V1b group had a significantly poorer RFS rate than those in the V1a group. These results were confirmed by multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
Our results indicate that preoperative tumor volume may be more useful for predicting prognosis than tumor diameter in ≥ 45-year-old patients with T1N0 PTC.

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Environmental mineral density and thyroid malignancy: A multicenter cross-sectional study
John Bukasa-Kakamba, Ayrton I Bangolo, Shruti Wadhwani, Pascal Bayauli, Nikita Wadhwani, Vignesh K Nagesh, Maria J Mou, Princejeet S Chahal, Branly Mbunga, Sindhuja Chindam, Taieba Mushfiq, Abhishek Thapa, Nidhi L Rao, Isis Kapinga Kalambayi, Rahul Y Raje
World Journal of Experimental Medicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Tumor Diameter and Tumor Volume in Terms of Aggressive Tumor Behavior and Prognosis in Papillary Thyroid Cancer
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Total thyroidectomy with and without prophylactic central compartment neck dissection in early papillary thyroid cancer: A comparative study
Hisham Omran, Ehab Mohammed Ali Fadl, Ahmed Abd El Aal Sultan
International Journal of Surgery Open.2021; 37: 100411. CrossRef
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Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Periostin silencing suppresses the aggressive phenotype of thyroid carcinoma cells by suppressing the Akt/thyroid stimulating hormone receptor axis
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Ayaka J. Iwata, Arti Bhan, Sharon Lahiri, Amy M. Williams, Andrew R. Taylor, Steven S. Chang, Michael C. Singer
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Ki-Tae Hwang, Wonshik Han, Sang Mok Lee, Jaewoo Choi, Jongjin Kim, Jiyoung Rhu, Young A Kim, Dong-Young Noh
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Measurement of tumor volume is not superior to diameter for prediction of lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer with minute submucosal invasion
Jeung Hui Pyo, Sun-Ju Byeon, Hyuk Lee, Yang Won Min, Byung-Hoon Min, Jun Haeng Lee, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Hyeon Seon Ahn, Kyunga Kim, Yoon-Ho Choi, Jae J. Kim
Oncotarget.2017; 8(69): 113758. CrossRef

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Locoregional Recurrence in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Koon Taek Han; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(4):811-820.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The author performed this study to find factors influencing the locoregional recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with reference to the adequacy of initial treatment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Records of 13 patients who had received a surgical therapy for locoregional recurrence of PTC at Pusan National University Hospital between January 1993 and December 1996 were analyzed retrospectively.
RESULTS
Twelve patients received the surgery after initial recurrence, while one patient after the 2nd recurrence. At the time of initial surgical therapy, mean age of patients was 51.4 years; 10 patients (76.9%) were female; PTC was documented preor intraoperatively in 3 patients (23.1%); 1 patient (7.7%) had a combined preoperative ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) of the neck; mode of operation was lobectomy in 9 patients (69.2%), total thyroidectomy in 2 patients (15.4%) and total thyroidectomy with neck dissection in 2 patients (15.4%). At the time of second surgical therapy, pattem of recurrence was regional in 7 patients (53.8%), combined locoregional in 4 patients 30.8%) and local in 2 patient (15.4%); mode of operation was complete thyroidectomy with neck dissection in 9 patients (69.2%), neck dissection in 2 patients (15.4%), and local excision in 2 patients (15.4%). Final outcome of patients (mean follow-up period, 2.8 years) was successful in 6 patients (46.2.%).
CONCLUSION
The data suggest that many cases of locoregional recurrence in PTC occur as a consequence of poor initial therapy. A combined thyroid ultrasonography and neck CT is recommended as a routine preoperative check during initial therapy. The author believes that a total thyroidectomy is the surgical procedure of choice, which facilitates postoperative I therapy.

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The Patterns of Lateral Neck Node Involvement in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Woung Youn Chung, Jin Hak Seo, Cheong Soo Park; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(3):466-472.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We performed this study to identify the patterns of lateral neck node involvement and to define the appropriate method of neck node dissection in papillary thyroid carcinoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred seventy one patients who had undergone radical neck dissection for lateral cervical lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer from January 1986 to December 1995 were analyzed retrospectively. Total operations were 178 cases and total radical neck dissections were 206 cases (bilateral in 28 cases, unilateral in 150 cases). Of these 206 cases, group I (170 cases, 82.5%) who had undergone comprehensive radical neck dissection or modified radical neck dissection and group II (36 cases, 17.5%) who had undergone jugular neck dissection were studied.
RESULTS
In group I, the most prevalent site of lymph node metastases was level III, followed by level II, IV, V and I. The 158 cases of group I in which nodes in the posterior triangle of the neck were not palpable preoperatively, were divided into five groups, 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 or more, according to the number of clinically positive internal jugular nodes. The incidence of microscopically positive nodes in level V was significantly lower in the groups of one or less palpable internal jugular nodes (p=0.0007). In the 60 of 158 cases with the evaluable CT scans of the neck, the incidence of microscopically positive nodes in level V was significantly lower in the groups of two or less positive nodes on CT scan (p=0.0001). And, there were no significant differences in the incidence of recurrence, sites of recurrence, distant metastases, mortality between Group I and Group II.
CONCLUSION
The modified radical neck dissection might be justified in most papillary thyroid cancer patients with clinically positive lateral neck nodes. However, in patients with only one or less palpable node and two or less positive nodes on CT scan along the jugular lymphatic chains but negative in level V, it appears to be beneficial to perform a jugular neck dissection in reducing cosmetic disfigurement and preserving function.

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An Immunohistochemical Study of Tumor Angiogenesity and EMA Reactivity in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Cheong Soo Park, Woong Youn Chung, Jin Hak Suh, Ho Geun Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(3):454-465.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was carried out to investigate the correlation among tumor angiogenetic activity, epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) reactivity and various clinicopathologic parameters. We also evaluated the validity of both as an independent prognostic factor in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. MATERIALS & METHODS: We studied 120 patients out of 727 patients with papillary thyroid casrcinoma who underwent thyroidectomy at our institute from January 1986 to December 1994. The age of the patients ranged from 14 to 80 years with a mean of 48.2 years. There were 24 males and 96 females (M:F=1:4). The paraffin embedded tissues of these patients were stained with the monoclonal antibodies against factor VIII related antigen, antigen CD34 to highlight microvessels and against EMA to show immunoreactivity. We measured microvessel density (MVD) in the area of highest vascular density at 200 times of magnification (0.785 mm2 per field). The positive cells for EMA were counted as percentages of the whole cell population and the degree of reaction was rated on a five-point scale.
RESULTS
Mean MVDs and EMA reactivities by location of tissue per field were 64.8+/-18.9, 1.97+/-0.74, in the center of the tumor; 41.3+/-15.3, 1.55+/-0.68 in the periphery of tumor; and 22.1+/-14.4, 1.09+/-0.75 in normal thyroid tissue, respectively. In relation to TNM stage, only the MVDs of patients with stage IV disease were higher than those of other disease stages with statistical significance (p<.05). In relation to DeGroot stage, the MVDs of patients with stage IV disease was also higher than others with statistical significance (p<.005). There were no significant differences in MVD and EMA reactivity between the two groups of low risk (n=77) and high risk (n=43) by AMES scale. The MVDs and EMA reactivities of patients with local recurrence (n=23) and death (n=7) during the follow-up period had no statistical significance against those patients without recurrence and living patients.
CONCLUSION
Tumor angiogenic activity and EMA reactivity in papillary thyroid carcinoma did not correlate with TNM stage, DeGroot stage, AMES score, local recurrence, and patient death. However, MVD was significantly higher in patients with distant metastasis and may be useful in predicting the distant metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

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