Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Extrahepatic Spread Predict Response and Survival in Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Dong Yun Kim, Heechul Nam, Jun Yong Park, Sang Hoon Ahn, Sung Won Lee, Do Young Kim; Received May 8, 2026 Accepted July 3, 2026 Published online July 7, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2026.0498 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Identifying nonresponders to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab (AB) remains challenging in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC). We aimed to develop and externally validate a simple risk scoring system using baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and extrahepatic spread (EHS) to predict treatment outcomes.
Materials and Methods
We included 304 patients with uHCC receiving first-line AB from multiple Korean centers (discovery, n = 220; validation, n = 84). Study outcomes included objective response rate (ORR) assessed by modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). Multivariable analysis identified high NLR (>4.575) and EHS as independent predictors of nonresponse. The NLR-EHS score assigned 2 points for high NLR and 1 point for EHS (range, 0–3).
Results
In the discovery cohort, the score predicted nonresponse with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.749 (95% CI, 0.688–0.810); ORR fell across low- (0), moderate- (1–2), and high-risk (3) groups (67.3%, 47.7%, and 8.2%; p < 0.001). Validation confirmed comparable discrimination (AUC, 0.705; 95% CI, 0.603–0.806) and a consistent ORR gradient (77.8%, 54.2%, and 22.2%; p < 0.001). The score was prognostic for OS in discovery (HR, 1.28; p = 0.003) and validation cohorts (HR, 1.45; p = 0.007), remaining significant after adjustment (adjusted HR, 1.25 and 1.61, respectively). High-risk patients had inferior median OS (6.9 vs. 17.1 months in validation).
Conclusion
The NLR-EHS score is a practical tool for stratifying nonresponse risk and survival in uHCC patients receiving AB, facilitating early identification of high-risk patients who may benefit from alternative strategies.

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Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy with or without Induction Chemoimmunotherapy in Unresectable Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Real-World Study: Biqi Chen, Peiying Cen, Qi Cheng, Tiejun Wang, Zimeng Li, Chen Yi, Xingyuan Cheng, Dongmei Chi, Shiliang Liu, Yujia Zhu, Hao Zhang, Mian Xi, Baoqing Chen, Yujin Xu, Qiaoqiao Li; Received November 7, 2025 Accepted April 27, 2026 Published online April 28, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.1224 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with or without induction chemoimmunotherapy (CI) in unresectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).
Materials and Methods
The study included patients with unresectable ESCC who received CCRT with or without induction CI at three cancer centers. Patients receiving concurrent immunotherapy were excluded. Propensity score matching (PSM) balanced baseline characteristics between groups.
Results
A total of 519 patients were included. After PSM, 183 patients per group were selected. Induction CI significantly improved OS and PFS compared to CCRT alone, consistently. The median OS for CCRT and induction CI groups were 29.9 months (95% CI: 18.8-41.0) and not reached (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.42-0.77, p < 0.001). The median PFS was 17.6 months (IQR: 13.7-21.4) versus 30.6 months (IQR: 17.3-43.8) (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.51-0.86, p = 0.002). Responders to the induction CI had significantly better OS (HR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.14-0.36, p < 0.001) than nonresponders. Subgroup analysis showed radiation dose escalation or consolidation immunotherapy did not further improve survival in the induction CI group.
Conclusion
The addition of induction chemoimmunotherapy to CCRT was associated with improved survival in patients with locally advanced unresectable ESCC, particularly in responders to induction chemoimmunotherapy, with acceptable toxicity. These findings warrant confirmation in prospective randomized trials.

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Salidroside-Loaded, TMTP1-Modified CSC-Exosomes Reprogram the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis to Overcome PD-1 Resistance in Breast Cancer: Faxiang Yin, Xin Jin, Ligong Zhang, Qiang Xie, Jun Qian; Received August 8, 2025 Accepted January 11, 2026 Published online January 14, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.849 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
To elucidate how Salidroside-loaded, oligopeptide-modified tumor exosomes (Salidroside@T-exo) rewire the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis to remodel the immune microenvironment (IME) and reverse acquired PD-1 resistance in breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
CSC-exosomes were surface-engineered with TMTP1 peptide and electroporated with Salidroside. PD-1-resistant MA782/5s-8101-R cells and an orthotopic mouse model were used. Multi-omics, flow cytometry, ELISA, immunofluorescence, in vivo imaging, and molecular assays examined immune and signaling outcomes.
Results
Salidroside@T-exo restored T-cell IFN-γ and GZMB secretion, suppressed CD8+ T-cell apoptosis, and inhibited p-PI3K/p-AKT/p-mTOR in T cells. CSC migration, invasion, and stemness (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2) were markedly reduced. Tumor growth, Ki-67 index, and CSC frequency dropped while TUNEL-positive cells rose.
Conclusion
Salidroside@T-exo reverses PD-1 blockade resistance by simultaneously inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in T cells and eradicating breast CSCs, offering a clinically translatable strategy for refractory breast cancer immunotherapy.

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Real-World Efficacy and Safety of First-Line Chemo-immunotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer and Its Association with Molecular Subtype: Miran Han, Sehhoon Park, Se-Hoon Lee, Junkyu Kim, Jin-yong Kim, Jong-Mu Sun, Jin Seok Ahn, Myung-Ju Ahn; Received September 3, 2025 Accepted November 4, 2025 Published online November 5, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.971 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive malignancy with poor outcomes. IMpower133 and CASPIAN established platinum–etoposide plus anti–programmed cell death-ligand 1 antibody as standard first-line therapy for extensive-stage SCLC (ESSCLC). Real-world data in Korean patients are scarce. We evaluated the effectiveness and safety of first-line chemo-immunotherapy in ES-SCLC and compared outcomes with pivotal trials.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with ES-SCLC between 2018 and 2021. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and time to next treatment (TTNT) were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Multivariate Cox regression identified prognostic factors. Objective response rate (ORR) was assessed by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors ver. 1.1, and histological subtypes evaluated.
Results
Among 177 patients, median age was 66 years (range, 42 to 91 years), with 63.8% aged ≥ 65 years; most were male (92.7%) and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-1 (91.5%). Smoking history was present in 80.8%. Baseline brain and liver metastases occurred in 27.7% and 26%. Median follow-up was 27.2 months (range, 3.9 to 43.2 months). ORR was 74.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67.1 to 81.1). Median OS, PFS, and TTNT were 12.4 (95% CI, 11.6 to 14.9), 5.3 (95% CI, 5.1 to 5.87), and 5.7 months (95% CI, 5.27 to 6.23). In 49 patients with brain metastases, ORR was 63.2%, with no difference in efficacy. Local therapy for brain metastases improved OS (hazard ratio, 0.42; p=0.012), while PFS was not different. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 90%, primarily grade ≥ 2 cytopenias; the most common immune-related event was grade 1 rash.
Conclusion
In this real-world Korean cohort, first-line chemo-immunotherapy achieved outcomes comparable to pivotal trials, supporting its role as standard care for ES-SCLC in clinical practice.

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Phase 1 Study of IMC-002, a Next-Generation Anti-CD47 Antibody, in Advanced Solid Tumors: Jin Seok Ahn, Jung Yong Hong, Joon Oh Park, Sung Young Lee, SuYeon Kim, Hwi-yeol Yun, Chan-Young Ock, Woochan Hwang, Sung Ho Kim, Heung Tae Kim, Ho Yeong Lim; Received August 4, 2025 Accepted November 3, 2025 Published online November 4, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.820 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
IMC-002 is a fully human cluster of differentiation 47-targeted immunoglobulin G4 monoclonal antibody, designed to minimize off-target effects. This study (NCT05276310) assessed its safety/tolerability and preliminary anti-tumor activity in patients with advanced solid tumors who were not eligible for or had progressed on standard treatment.
Materials and Methods
We report results from the initial 3+3 design dose-escalation part of a two-part phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation/expansion study. IMC-002 was administered intravenously every 2 weeks at four doses (5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg). The primary objective was to assess safety/tolerability, including maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). Secondary objectives included pharmacokinetics and clinical activity, including best overall response (BOR), disease control rate (DCR), and clinical benefit rate (CBR).
Results
Twelve patients were included in total, with three per dose level. Most patients (11/12) had stage IV disease; 7/12 had received three prior systemic therapies. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed and MTD was not reached. The most common treatment-related adverse events were rash (9/12), vitreous floaters (8/12), and (hemolytic) anemia (5/12). There was no treatment-related thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or infection. IMC-002 had dose-proportional pharmacokinetics, achieving steady state levels from cycle 2. BOR was stable disease in six patients (DCR 50.0%). CBR was 33% (four patients maintaining disease control for ≥ 6 months).
Conclusion
IMC-002 demonstrated favorable safety/tolerability at doses of 5-30 mg/kg every 2 weeks. RP2D was defined as 20 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Preliminary anti-tumor activity was observed, with a CBR of 33%.

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Analysis of T-Cell Subsets Using Multiplex Immunohistochemistry and Clinical Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients: Tae-Yong Kim, Jeesun Yoon, Dae-Won Lee, Yoonjin Kwak, Hye Seung Lee, Do-Youn Oh; Received April 28, 2025 Accepted September 7, 2025 Published online September 9, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.458 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
As immunotherapy has become essential in the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), there has been growing interest in T-cells, which play a key role in immunotherapy. In this study, we evaluated the impact of T-cell subsets on immune responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in GC using multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC).
Materials and Methods
Eighty-four GC patients treated with ICIs were enrolled, and we repeated the staining-scanning-stripping procedure nine times to assess different kinds of T-cells or cell-surface immune checkpoints in a single tissue section.
Results
The proportions of patients with microsatellite instability (MSI)–high, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and non-MSI/non-EBV were 8.3%, 3.6%, and 88.1%. A high cytotoxic T-cell (T_cyto) density was related to longer overall survival (OS). GC with a high ratio of T_cyto/total T-cells (T_total) and a low ratio of regulatory T-cells (T_reg)/T_total showed better OS. A high density of programmed death-1 (PD-1)– or TIM-3–expressing T_cyto were also associated with longer OS than a low density of those. Among memory T-cells (T_mem) subsets, GC with a high ratio of memory T_cyto/T_mem and a low ratio of memory T_reg/T_mem showed prolonged OS. Better tumor responses were observed in GC with a high ratio of T_cyto/T_total and memory T_cyto/T_mem.
Conclusion
T-cell subsets within the tumor microenvironment were associated with the clinical efficacy of ICIs in GC. PD-1– or TIM-3–expressing T-cells were also associated with response to ICIs, while T_mem subsets were associated with survival. mIHC is a feasible method for evaluating T-cell subsets in archival gastric tumor tissue.

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Review Article

Understanding Immune Cell Adaptation to Tumor Hypoxia for Maximized Therapeutic Efficacy of Immunotherapy: Biology and Non-invasive Imaging Application: Taerim Oh, Minwoo Kim, Gi-Sue Kang, Sung-Joon Ye, Changhoon Choi, Won Park, Michael Hay, Hiroshi Hirata, G-One Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):26-47. Published online April 29, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.200

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

It is extensively documented that tumor hypoxia contributes to the failure of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia is also closely involved in the resistance to immunotherapy. In this review, we highlight how immune cells that are essential for the maximized immunotherapy efficacy, including cytotoxic T cells, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells, can adapt to tumor hypoxia. We then outline previous attempts targeting tumor hypoxia (for example, modulators of tumor cell oxygen consumption, perfusion modulators, hypoxia-activated prodrugs, hypoxia-inducible factor inhibitors, and hypoxia-responsive chimeric antigen receptor T cells) discussing how these approaches have resulted in an improvement of the antitumor response to immunotherapy in preclinical or clinical settings. Lastly, we review various non-invasive techniques to detect the tumor hypoxia and immune responses. We believe that an integration of the biological knowledge of immune cell adaptation to tumor hypoxia with the cutting edge non-invasive imaging technologies may ultimately allow us not only to select for patients who would benefit the most from the immunotherapy but also to monitor their responses in a real-time manner so that we can offer them an optimal personalized medicine in the clinic.

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Fucoidans as multifunctional marine polysaccharide platforms: From nutritional supplements to advanced drug delivery for cancer therapy
Yuning Liu, Lin Long, Jianhua Zang, Chuanlong Guo, Jun Xiao, Gaoyang Lin
International Journal of Pharmaceutics: X.2026; 11: 100546. CrossRef
Heterogeneity, Measurement, and Clinical Implications of Oxygenation, Cell Signaling, and Redox Biology in Glioblastoma and Adult Diffuse Gliomas, with Context from Other Brain Tumors
Arabinda Das, Julian E. Bailes, Ann Barlow, Daniil P. Aksenov
Antioxidants.2026; 15(4): 505. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Genitourinary cancer

Neoadjuvant Sintilimab Combined with Gemcitabine and Cisplatin for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients Followed by Selective Bladder Sparing Surgery: A Phase 2 Trial: Zhou Tong, Guanghou Fu, Feng Zhou, Xiaoyan Liu, Xing Xue, Hangyu Zhang, Yimin Wang, Xudong Zhu, Yang Gao, Lulu Liu, Xuanwen Bao, Yi Zheng, Weijia Fang, Peng Zhao, Baiye Jin; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(2):581-590. Published online April 28, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.214

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin (GP) regimen in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor sintilimab as neoadjuvant therapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) patients and the feasibility of the following selective bladder sparing surgery.
Materials and Methods
Patients with histopathologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma without distant metastases (T2-4a, N ≤ 1, M0, American Joint Committee of Cancer 8th) and with adequate organ function will be enrolled. The therapeutic regimen was sintilimab 200 mg once on day 8, gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m² and cisplatin 35 mg/m² once on days 1 and 8, every 21 days for four cycles. The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR, pT0N0) rate. The secondary end points were ypT < 2 rate, R0 resection rate, event-free survival, and safety.
Results
From May 4, 2020, to May 20, 2023, 55 patients were enrolled. Forty-six patients were evaluated for efficacy. Among the 42 patients who underwent surgery, 16 patients (38.0%) achieved pCR. Thirty-three patients (78.6%) achieved pT < 2. With a median follow-up of 15.7 months, the 1-year event-free survival was 91.3%. Notwithstanding the poor pathological baseline characteristic of a high T3-T4a proportion (39.1%), a promising bladder preservation (including 22 patients transurethral resection of bladder tumor, 5 patients partial cystectomy, and 4 surveillances) rate was achieved (67.4%). The most common grade ≥ 3 treatment-related adverse events was neutropenia (n=15, 27.3%), which was related to chemotherapy. There were no grade 3 immune-related adverse events.
Conclusion
Neoadjuvant GP plus sintilimab is a promising regimen for MIBC patients, with relatively high pT < 2 rate and triggering the emerging roles for the multi-disciplinary team decision-making for bladder sparing surgery.

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Hematologic malignancy

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Daratumumab Monotherapy and Subsequent Therapies in Heavily Treated Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Feasible Methodology using a Korean Nationwide Population Cohort: Sung-Soo Park, Suein Choi, Seungpil Jung, Seunghoon Han, Chaehyeon Lee, Jinseon Han, Soyoung Kim, Kihyun Kim, Chang-Ki Min; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):300-310. Published online April 15, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.046

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
High-cost novel therapies for multiple myeloma (MM) require evaluation of efficacy and cost-effectiveness.
Materials and Methods
This study developed a methodology to assess cost-effectiveness using nationwide data from 11,450 newly diagnosed MM patients. A novel algorithm was applied to identify lines of therapy (LoT).
Results
The number of newly diagnosed MM patients increased significantly, from 873 in 2010 to 1,464 in 2019 (p < 0.001). Advancing LoT was associated with shorter time to next treatment (TTNT) and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.001), while all-cause medical costs increased with each LoT (p < 0.001). Bortezomib-melphalan-prednisolone was the most common frontline regimen for transplant-ineligible patients (29.2%), while bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone was most used for transplant-eligible patients (11.3%). Daratumumab monotherapy demonstrated superior second TTNT (7.8 vs. 5.2 months) and OS (8.5 vs. 5.3 months) compared to standard care in heavily treated MM patients, with statistical significance maintained after cost adjustment. For subsequent therapies following daratumumab, a methodology was developed to estimate required medical costs using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER): Expected cost ($)=ICER×(Expected life expectancy–0.567)+35,601.
Conclusion
This study provides a novel cost-effectiveness framework linking treatment efficacy and real-world costs, supporting predictions of societal costs for future MM therapies.

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Temporal Trends and Outcomes of Amyloidosis in Korea: A 14-Year Nationwide Cohort Study
Mi-Hyang Jung, Hae Ok Jung, So-Young Lee, Jong-Chan Youn, Yeo Reum Kim, Hoseob Kim, Woo-Baek Chung
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 15(1): 313. CrossRef

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Lung and Thoracic cancer

Lipid Metabolism Related Gene ACSL3 as a Biomarker for Predicting Immunotherapy Outcomes in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Taiping He, Jinhan Hu, Haoyue Guo, Meng Diao, Yuanyuan Wang, Yuhan Wu, Lei Cheng, Chao Zhao, Xuefei Li, Caicun Zhou; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):1000-1018. Published online January 20, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1119

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Investigate the role of lipid metabolism in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and identify vital lipid metabolism-related genes (LMRGs) that contribute to immunotherapy outcomes.
Materials and Methods
One thousand one hundred thirty LUAD patients were acquired utilizing public databases. Multiple algorithms were used to analyze the contribution of lipid metabolism in TIME. Importantly, cell lines, clinical samples (52 patients in surgery cohort and 36 in immunotherapy cohort), animal models, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), experiments in protein and mRNA levels were conducted for identifying and validating key biomarker in LUAD immunotherapy.
Results
A prognostic signature comprising 33 LMRGs was developed and validated as an effective predictor of prognosis and TIME, with a C-index of 0.766 (95% confidence interval, 0.729 to 0.804). Additionally, we identified acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 3 (ACSL3) as a potential biomarker for immunotherapy prognosis. The expression of ACSL3 was verified in 88 clinical tissues from LUAD patients, which indicated that elevated ACSL3 expression was correlated with worse progression-free survival (p < 0.001) and overall survival (p=0.008). Subsequent experiments revealed that knockdown of ACSL3 in vivo enhanced the efficacy of immunotherapy, potentially through increasing interferon-α secretion, as indicated by bulk RNA-seq and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis, thereby promoting the infiltration of antitumor immune cells.
Conclusion
The study established a model that accurately predicts immunotherapy response, prognosis, and TIME dynamics in LUAD patients. Notably, the pivotal role of ACSL3 in driving tumor progression and immune evasion was uncovered, offering novel insights into the optimization of immunotherapy strategies for LUAD.

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The multifaceted roles of the ACSL family in cancer: Metabolic reprogramming, ferroptosis regulation and tumour immune microenvironment remodelling
Haocai Li, Weijian Wang, Juncheng Zhan, Yuxiang Xiao, Xiaoping Chen, Chen Su, Peng Zhu
Clinical and Translational Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Multiomic and functional validation of ACSL3, a regulator of fatty acid metabolism, as a lymph node metastasis-associated gene in lung adenocarcinoma
Yicheng Liang, Linchuan Liang, Minjun Du, Yangyang Lei, Yushun Gao, Shanqing Li
Respiratory Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Vitamin D Mitigates Klebsiella pneumoniae‐Induced Pneumonia by Regulating Macrophage Polarization Through miR‐223/ACSL3 Axis‐Mediated Lipid Metabolism Reprogramming
Jiajia Hu, Yushen Lin, Wanrong Guo, Jingcong Zhang, Benquan Wu, Yanhong Wang
The Journal of Gene Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Lipid Metabolism Reprogramming in Cancer: Insights into Tumor Cells and Immune Cells Within the Tumor Microenvironment
Rundong Liu, Chendong Wang, Zhen Tao, Guangyuan Hu
Biomedicines.2025; 13(8): 1895. CrossRef
Independent validation of lung adenocarcinoma prognostic risk scores incorporating cholesterol and estrogen metabolism related transcriptional biomarkers
Qian Zhu, Yuemei Zhang, Jian Ma, Yongjia Li, Hongya Liu, Zhongwen Gong, Ming Du, Xuemei Lian
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetases: biological functions, diseases and therapeutic targets
Xiaoliang Deng, Yanqun Luo, Ying Gao, Tao Wu
Molecular Biomedicine.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Hematologic malignancy

Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Intravenous Daratumumab in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Multicenter, Observational Study from Korea: Youngil Koh, Sung-Soo Yoon, Kihyun Kim, Je-Jung Lee, Sung-Hoon Jung, Sang Eun Yoon, Sung-Soo Park, YoungJu Park, Soomin Yoon, Chang-Ki Min; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):883-890. Published online December 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.781

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Daratumumab is a novel, first-in-class monoclonal antibody approved for use as monotherapy and in combination with other treatments for patients with multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of daratumumab in real-world clinical practice.
Materials and Methods
This observational multicenter study collected data from patients with MM treated in Korea between June 1, 2018, and February 28, 2022.
Results
A total of 125 patients with a diagnosis of MM were included and followed until discontinuation or completion of 52 weeks’ follow-up. The median age was 67 years, and 97.6% of patients received more than three prior lines of therapy. The overall response rate was 52.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43.2 to 61.8), and a very good partial response was observed in 19.5% of patients (95% CI, 12.8 to 27.8). Of the patients who achieved a partial or higher response (52.5%), the median time to first response was 2.4 months (95% CI, 1.8 to 3.4), and the median time from start of daratumumab treatment until progressive disease was 4.1 months (95% CI, 2.9 to 5.1). Fever (24.0%) was the most frequently recorded adverse event (AE), while anemia (8.8%) and neutropenia (8.0%) were the most frequently observed grade 3-4 AEs. Overall, no unexpected safety signals were observed.
Conclusion
In a rapidly evolving treatment landscape, this analysis provides insight into the real-world outcomes for patients with MM receiving daratumumab in Korea and reveals that real-world outcomes were improved over results demonstrated in a clinical trial setting.

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Guidelines and consensus for minimal residual disease-adapted therapy in multiple myeloma from the Pan-Pacific multiple myeloma working group
Wenming Chen, Zhen Cai, Chor Sang Chim, Wee Joo Chng, Juan Du, Chengcheng Fu, Wen Gao, Ichiro Hanamura, Jian Hou, Jeffrey Shang-Yi Huang, Tadao Ishida, Chunrui Li, Aijun Liu, Vadim Ptushkin, Naoki Takezako, Raymond Siu Ming Wong, Dok Hyun Yoon
Clinical Hematology International.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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Head and Neck cancer

Clinical Impact of TP53 Mutations in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer Who Were Treated with Targeted Therapies or Immunotherapy: Eun Joo Kang, Shinwon Hwang, Yun-Gyoo Lee, Jong-Kwon Choi, Seong Hoon Shin, Yoon Hee Choi, Keun-Wook Lee, Hyun Woo Lee, Min Kyoung Kim, Seung Taek Lim, Hwan Jung Yun, Sang-Gon Park, Sangwoo Kim, Sung-Bae Kim, Hye Ryun Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(3):709-719. Published online December 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.836

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Tumor suppressor p53 (TP53) mutations are common in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). We evaluated their clinical impact in patients treated with targeted agents or immunotherapy in the KCSG HN15-16 TRIUMPH trial.
Materials and Methods
We analyzed clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with TP53 mutations in the TRIUMPH trial, a multicenter, biomarker-driven umbrella trial in Korea. Patients were assigned to treatment groups based on genomic profiles: group 1, alpelisib; group 2, poziotinib; group 3, nintedanib; and group 4, abemaciclib. If there was no identifiable target, the patients were allocated to group 5 (durvalumab±tremelimumab).
Results
TP53 mutations were detected in 116/179 patients (64.8%), more frequently in human papillomavirus–negative and non-oropharyngeal cancers. Patients with TP53 mutations exhibited shorter progression-free survival than TP53 wild-type in all the patients (1.7 vs. 3.8 months, p=0.002) and in those who received targeted treatments (2.5 vs. 7.3 months, p=0.009). Furthermore, TP53 mutations were strongly associated with poor overall survival than TP53 wild-type in all the patients (11.1 vs. 28.8 months, p=0.005) and in group 5 (8.1 vs. 33.0 months, p=0.001).
Conclusion
TP53 mutations were associated with aggressive clinical characteristics and poor survival, particularly in HNSCC patients treated with immunotherapy.

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Early-Onset Oral Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Absence of Traditional Risk Factors: A Case Report with Whole-Exome Sequencing Analysis
Evgeniy Aleksiev, Darina Lyudmilova Kachakova-Yordanova, Vanyo Mitev, Martin Marinov Georgiev, Zornitsa Mihaylova
Reports.2026; 9(2): 130. CrossRef
Targeting transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways in head and neck cancer
Prabhat Kumar, Archita Dey, Rishabh Lakhera, Jayant Maini, Bhudev C. Das, Shilpi Gupta
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer.2026; 1881(4): 189647. CrossRef

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Lung and Thoracic cancer

Impact of TTF-1 Expression on the Prognostic Prediction of Patients with Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with PD-L1 Expression Levels of 1% to 49%, Treated with Chemotherapy vs. Chemoimmunotherapy: A Multicenter, Retrospective Study: Naoya Nishioka, Tae Hata, Tadaaki Yamada, Yasuhiro Goto, Akihiko Amano, Yoshiki Negi, Satoshi Watanabe, Naoki Furuya, Tomohiro Oba, Tatsuki Ikoma, Akira Nakao, Keiko Tanimura, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Akihiro Yoshimura, Tomoya Fukui, Daiki Murata, Kyoichi Kaira, Shinsuke Shiotsu, Makoto Hibino, Asuka Okada, Yusuke Chihara, Hayato Kawachi, Takashi Kijima, Koichi Takayama; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):412-421. Published online October 25, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.748

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) expression is a useful predictor of treatment efficacy in advanced non-squamous non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to evaluate whether TTF-1 could predict the effectiveness of chemotherapy versus chemoimmunotherapy in patients with non-squamous NSCLC with programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression between 1% and 49%.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a retrospective study of patients with NSCLC who were treated with chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy between March 2016 and May 2023. The patients had histologically confirmed NSCLC, stage III-IV or postoperative recurrence, TTF-1 measurements, and PD-L1 expression levels between 1% and 49%. Clinical data were analyzed to evaluate the effect of TTF-1 expression on treatment efficacy.
Results
This study included 283 of 624 patients. TTF-1–positive patients showed longer progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) (PFS: 6.4 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 5.0 to 9.4] vs. 4.1 months [95% CI, 2.7 to 6.1], p=0.03; OS: 17.9 months [95% CI, 15.2 to 28.1] vs. 9.4 months [95% CI, 6.3 to 17.0], p < 0.01) in the chemotherapy cohorts (n=93). In the chemoimmunotherapy cohort (n=190), there was no significant difference in PFS and OS between TTF-1–positive and –negative groups (PFS: 7.6 months [95% CI, 6.4 to 11.0] vs. 6.0 months [95% CI, 3.6 to 12.6], p=0.59; OS: 25.0 months [95% CI, 18.0 to 49.2] vs. 21.3 months [95% CI, 9.8 to 28.8], p=0.09).
Conclusion
In patients with NSCLC with PD-L1 expression between 1% and 49%, TTF-1 expression was a predictor of chemotherapeutic, but not chemoimmunotherapeutic, efficacy.

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TTF-1 Expression in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Clinicopathologic, Genomic, and Immunophenotypic Correlates and Outcomes to Immunotherapy-Based Treatments and KRASG12C Inhibitors
Alessandro Di Federico, Lingzhi Hong, Arielle Elkrief, Rohit Thummalapalli, Alissa J. Cooper, Biagio Ricciuti, Subba Digumarthy, Joao V. Alessi, Pooja Gogia, Grace M. Hambelton, Federica Pecci, Maisam Makarem, Malini M. Gandhi, Edoardo Garbo, Andrea De Gi
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Survival outcomes in TTF-1 negative non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (H-LINK 001)
Minehiko Inomata, Yutaro Moriyasu, Takeshi Tsuda, Yukihiro Umeda, Taro Yoneda, Yutaka Takahara, Koki Nakashima, Tomomi Ichikawa, Yuichi Tambo, Hirokazu Taniguchi, Shin Ishizawa, Kenichi Hirabayashi, Seiji Yano
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Impact of Thyroid Transcription Factor‐1 Expression on Outcomes of Platinum‐Based Chemoimmunotherapy in Advanced or Recurrent Non‐Squamous Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Ryohei Kamada, Hiroshi Yokouchi, Shohei Mizobuchi, Ken Kuwahara, Yasushi Mizukami, Hidenori Mizugaki, Noriyuki Yamada, Hajime Asahina, Hirofumi Adachi, Yoshihiro Matsuno, Satoshi Oizumi
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TTF-1 Negativity Predicts Poor Outcomes in Advanced Non-Squamous NSCLC Also in the Immunotherapy Era: A Multicenter Cohort Study and Meta-Analysis
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The expression of PD-1 ligands in the immune microenvironment was altered in TTF-1-negative lung adenocarcinoma
Hiroyuki Yamada, Hiromu Yano, Eri Matsubara, Shukang Zhao, Yusuke Shinchi, Cheng Pan, Takamasa Koga, Kosuke Fujino, Yukio Fujiwara, Koei Ikeda, Yoshihiro Komohara, Makoto Suzuki
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TTF‑1 expression is associated with survival in patients with non‑squamous non‑small cell lung cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
Nozomu Murayama, Minehiko Inomata, Daisuke Furukawa, Moe Hashizume, Naoki Takata, Zenta Seto, Kotaro Tokui, Seisuke Okazawa, Shingo Imanishi, Toshiro Miwa, Ryuji Hayashi, Kohji Takagi, Kenichi Hirabayashi
Molecular and Clinical Oncology.2025; 24(2): 1. CrossRef

7,446 View
400 Download
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Gastrointestinal cancer

Efficacy of Lenvatinib Combined with Anti–PD-1 Antibodies Plus Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study: Xiangye Ou, Junyi Wu, Jiayi Wu, Yangkai Fu, Zhenxin Zeng, Shuqun Li, Yinan Li, Deyi Liu, Han Li, Bin Li, Jianyin Zhou, Shaowu Zhuang, Shuqun Cheng, Zhibo Zhang, Kai Wang, Shuang Qu, Maolin Yan; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1207-1218. Published online April 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1165

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) is extremely poor, and systemic therapy is currently the mainstream treatment. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of lenvatinib combined with anti–programmed cell death-1 antibodies and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (triple therapy) in patients with HCC and PVTT.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective multicenter study included patients with HCC and PVTT who received triple therapy, were aged between 18 and 75 years, classified as Child-Pugh class A or B, and had at least one measurable lesion. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rates, and disease control rates were analyzed to assess efficacy. Treatment-related adverse events were analyzed to assess safety profiles.
Results
During a median follow-up of 11.23 months (range, 3.07 to 34.37 months), the median OS was greater than 24 months, and median PFS was 12.53 months. The 2-year OS rate was 54.9%. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 69.8% (74/106) and 84.0% (89/106), respectively; 20.8% (22/106) of the patients experienced grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events and no treatment-related deaths occurred. The conversion rate to liver resection was 31.1% (33/106), with manageable postoperative complications. The median OS was not reached in the surgery group, but was 19.08 months in the non-surgery group. The median PFS in the surgery and non-surgery groups were 20.50 and 9.00 months, respectively.
Conclusion
Triple therapy showed promising survival benefits and high response rates in patients with HCC and PVTT, with manageable adverse effects.

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Real-world outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy plus sintilimab and bevacizumab for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus
Bin Zhou, Zihui Ma, Lei Wang, Yue Lu, Xi Cheng, Yabo Jiang, Xubiao Wei, Chongde Lu, Shuqun Cheng, Xingsheng Lu
The Oncologist.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumour Thrombosis: From Poor Prognosis to Curative-Intent Strategies
Luca Marzi, Rodolfo Sacco, Luisa Siciliani, Saveria Lory Crocè, Mauro Giuffrè, Cristina Stasi, Chiara Turri, Monica Zoeschg, Andrea Mega
Cancers.2026; 18(4): 627. CrossRef
Repurposed Acarbose Targets Nidogen-1 to Remodel the Tumor Stroma and Suppress Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Tao Han, Lujun Chen, Ning Liu, Ying chen Han, Zhi Zhu, Shuyi Wang, Haoran Song, Ziming Gao, Lin Su, Qilin Hu, Linda Hammerich, Timothy M. Pawlik, Yuhan Zhang, Masatoshi Kudo, Hao Li, Lei Ma, Giorgio Valabrega, Guang Wang, Zhengqiang Yang, Qiuhua Luo, Dona
Research.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Liver resection versus transarterial chemoembolization plus PD-1 inhibitors and lenvatinib for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumour thrombus
Bin Guo, Shaliheng Yerken, Chu Luo, Zhicheng Liu, Shenjie Xie, Yang Wu, Yongyi Zeng, Hui Zhang, Changzhen Shang, Guandou Yuan, Enyu Liu, Fan Zhang, Wanguang Zhang
BJS Open.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
The efficacy of sequential radiotherapy after the combination of TACE with lenvatinib and anti-PD-1 antibodies for unresectable HCC
Xiangye Ou, Jinhai Li, Rongjian Pan, Deyi Liu, Jiayi Wu, Dong Liang, Yinan Li, Zhenxin Zeng, Han Li, Yuxuan Zhang, Junyi Wu, Maolin Yan
The Oncologist.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus lenvatinib toward precision prognostication for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Yu-Han Yang
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A real-world study of the efficacy of second-line treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma with esophagogastric varices after progression on first-line lenvatinib combined with PD-1 inhibitor
Saifeng Li, Qin Wen, Wenwu Huang, Zeyu Qiu, Long Feng, Fengming Yi
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Personalized prognosis in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Development and validation of a model for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization plus lenvatinib
Jia-Hui Yu, Jun Yu, Jin-Xin Yu, Lin-Feng Yang, Duan Yan, Yi Liu, Ju-Rui Xian, Peng-Sheng Yi
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and efficacy of salvage surgery for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma after conversion with triple therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from Chinese patients
Qingqing Pang, Xingling Mo, Zhihong Tang, Meng Wei, Danxi Liu, Zenghua Zhou, Baishan Huang, Tao Bai, Xiaobo Wang, Feixiang Wu
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Locoregional therapy combined with targeted therapy and immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mengjie Jiang, Chao Chen, Yujie Hu, Gang Lin, Huafeng Li
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The effectiveness and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors in conversion or neoadjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis and systematic review
Lingbo Hu, Yongfu Xu, Yingli Qiao, Aidong Wang, Caidi He, Rongrong Wang
BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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Lung and Thoracic cancer

Contribution of Enhanced Locoregional Control to Improved Overall Survival with Consolidative Durvalumab after Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Insights from Real-World Data: Jeong Yun Jang, Si Yeol Song, Young Seob Shin, Ha Un Kim, Eun Kyung Choi, Sang-We Kim, Jae Cheol Lee, Dae Ho Lee, Chang-Min Choi, Shinkyo Yoon, Su Ssan Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):785-794. Published online January 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1014

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study aimed to assess the real-world clinical outcomes of consolidative durvalumab in patients with unresectable locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) and to explore the role of radiotherapy in the era of immunotherapy.
Materials and Methods
This retrospective study assessed 171 patients with unresectable LA-NSCLC who underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) with or without consolidative durvalumab at Asan Medical Center between May 2018 and May 2021. Primary outcomes included freedom from locoregional failure (FFLRF), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).
Results
Durvalumab following CCRT demonstrated a prolonged median PFS of 20.9 months (p=0.048) and a 3-year FFLRF rate of 57.3% (p=0.008), compared to 13.7 months and 38.8%, respectively, with CCRT alone. Furthermore, the incidence of in-field recurrence was significantly greater in the CCRT-alone group compared to the durvalumab group (26.8% vs. 12.4%, p=0.027). While median OS was not reached with durvalumab, it was 35.4 months in patients receiving CCRT alone (p=0.010). Patients positive for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression showed notably better outcomes, including FFLRF, DMFS, PFS, and OS. Adherence to PACIFIC trial eligibility criteria identified 100 patients (58.5%) as ineligible. The use of durvalumab demonstrated better survival regardless of eligibility criteria.
Conclusion
The use of durvalumab consolidation following CCRT significantly enhanced locoregional control and OS in patients with unresectable LA-NSCLC, especially in those with PD-L1–positive tumors, thereby validating the role of durvalumab in standard care.

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A Real-World, Single-Center, Observational Retrospective Experience of Durvalumab Treatment After Concomitant Chemoradiation for Unresectable Stage III Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Agnieszka Wojskowicz, Piotr Skalij, Dominika Hempel, Łukasz Zalewski, Monika Konopka-Filippow, Iwona Sidorkiewicz, Agnieszka Krzystyniak, Ewa Sierko
Cancers.2026; 18(6): 1044. CrossRef
Efficacy and adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: evidence from non-small cell lung cancer and gastric cancer in Korea and Japan
Mc Neil Valencia, Zeeshan Abbas, Seung Won Lee
Precision and Future Medicine.2025; 9(1): 15. CrossRef
Effect of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 levels on pathogenic bacteria types in patients with advanced lung cancer and pulmonary infection during chemotherapy
Xiaodan Zheng
American Journal of Translational Research.2025; 17(6): 4723. CrossRef
Therapeutic effect of induction therapy including nab-paclitaxel followed by surgical resection for the patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
Hidetaka Uramoto, Nozomu Motono, Shun Iwai
Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

8,004 View
193 Download
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4 Crossref

Head and Neck cancer

Phase II Trial of Combined Durvalumab Plus Tremelimumab with Proton Therapy for Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Hana Kim, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Se-Hoon Lee, Keunchil Park, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, Myung-Ju Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1104-1112. Published online May 17, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.502

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This phase II study investigated whether durvalumab/tremelimumab with proton therapy improves the objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) in heavily treated recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients.
Materials and Methods
Patients who previously received more than one chemotherapy, including at least one platinum-based regimen, and who had at least two measurable lesions were enrolled. Patients received 1,500 mg durvalumab intravenously combined with 75 mg tremelimumab intravenously every 4 weeks for four cycles followed by 1,500 mg durvalumab every 4 weeks. After one cycle of the durvalumab/tremelimumab treatment, proton therapy was given with a total dose of 25 Gy in 5 Gy daily fractions to one of the measurable lesions. We also assessed the ORR in the target lesion outside the radiation field to evaluate the abscopal effect.
Results
Thirty-one patients were enrolled between March 2018 and July 2020. With 8.6 months of follow-up, the ORR was 22.6% (7/31), including one complete response and six partial responses. The median OS was 8.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5 to 14.3) and the median PFS was 2.4 months (95% CI, 0.6 to 4.2). Among the 23 evaluable patients who completed proton therapy, the ORR was 30.4% (7/23). The median OS was 11.1 months (95% CI, 6.5 to 15.8), and the median PFS was 3.7 months (95% CI, 1.6 to 5.7). Grade 3 or higher adverse events were observed in six patients (19.4%) as follows: anemia (n=1), constipation (n=1), electrolyte imbalances (n=2), hyperglycemia (n=1), and pneumonia (n=1).
Conclusion
The combination of durvalumab/tremelimuab with proton therapy was tolerated well and had encouraging anti-tumor efficacy in non-irradiated tumor lesions of heavily treated HNSCC patients.

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Proton Therapy May Reduce the Risk of Cancer Progression During Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis of Intensity Modulated Proton Versus Photon Radiation Therapy
Cong Bo, Zhenhuan Lv, Hong Zhang, Xianmin Hou, Yinxin Wang, Jing Liu, Xue Meng
International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics.2026; 124(3): 733. CrossRef
Optimizing immunotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: recent advances and future directions
Xing-Chi Liu, Zi-Li Yu, Jun Jia
Annals of Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Unveiling oral cancer’s molecular blueprint: A novel classification to guide precision therapy
Manoj Pandey, Pooja Singh, Mridula Shukla, Monika Rajput, Ruhi Dixit
Mutation Research - Reviews in Mutation Research.2026; 797: 108580. CrossRef
A Rare Case of Complete Remission in Metastatic Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Potential Abscopal Effect of Combined Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy – A Case Report
Ingrid Zuniga Ott, Guacimara Ortega Sanchez
Case Reports in Oncology.2026; 19(1): 471. CrossRef
Abscopal Effects and Immunomodulation in Skin Cancer Therapy
William J. Nahm, Goranit Sakunchotpanit, Vinod E. Nambudiri
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology.2025; 26(4): 555. CrossRef
Abscopal effect in maxillary sinus cancer: Insights from two case reports and a literature review
Akihiro Sakai, Koji Ebisumoto, Hiroaki Iijima, Mayu Yamauchi, Daisuke Maki, Tsuyoshi Fukuzawa, Kenji Okami
Cancer Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Solid tumours showing oligoprogression to immune checkpoint inhibitors have the potential for abscopal effects
Makoto Ito, Souichiro Abe, Sou Adachi, Yukihiko Oshima, Arisa Takeuchi, Wataru Ohashi, Takashi Iwata, Tetsuya Ogawa, Akiko Ota, Yasuaki Kubota, Takahito Okuda, Kojiro Suzuki
Japanese Journal of Radiology.2024; 42(4): 424. CrossRef
Durvalumab with or without tremelimumab for patients with recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Xiao Han, Haidong Zhang, Kai Sun, Jing Li, Wanjuan Wu, Kai Liu, Zhenkun Yu
Frontiers in Immunology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Kaplan lecture 2023: lymphopenia in particle therapy
Marco Durante
International Journal of Radiation Biology.2024; 100(5): 669. CrossRef
Clinical application of high‐LET radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy in malignant tumors
Kexin Meng, Haijun Lu
Precision Radiation Oncology.2024; 8(1): 42. CrossRef
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Anchi Sun, Zhiwei Xing, Rongrong Lv, Pengyuan Niu, Bao Zhao, Shiyin Ma, Hui Li
Medical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A review and bibliometric analysis of global research on proton radiotherapy
Ge Song, Zhi Zheng, Yingming Zhu, Yaoting Wang, Song Xue
Medicine.2024; 103(19): e38089. CrossRef
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: An Updated Review
Rina Jiang, Mike Fritz, Syril Keena T. Que
Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1800. CrossRef
Radiotherapy and immunology
Liangliang Wang, Connor Lynch, Sean P. Pitroda, András Piffkó, Kaiting Yang, Amy K. Huser, Hua Laura Liang, Ralph R. Weichselbaum
Journal of Experimental Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Evolving Paradigm of Immunotherapy in Head-and-neck Squamous Cell Cancers
Riccardo Gili, Paolo Bossi
Journal of Head & Neck Physicians and Surgeons.2024; 12(1): 13. CrossRef
Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Head and Neck Cancers: A Paradigm Shift in Treatment Approach
Alessia Zotta, Maria Luisa Marciano, Francesco Sabbatino, Alessandro Ottaiano, Marco Cascella, Monica Pontone, Massimo Montano, Ester Calogero, Francesco Longo, Morena Fasano, Teresa Troiani, Fortunato Ciardiello, Fabiana Raffaella Rampetta, Giovanni Salz
Biomedicines.2024; 12(10): 2337. CrossRef
Emerging Radiotherapy Technologies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Challenges and Opportunities in the Era of Immunotherapy
Carmen Kut, Harry Quon, Xuguang Scott Chen
Cancers.2024; 16(24): 4150. CrossRef

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Gynecologic cancer

Genomic and Transcriptomic Characterization Revealed the High Sensitivity of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy in a Subset of Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma: Nan Kang, Yinli Zhang, Shichao Guo, Ran Chen, Fangzhou Kong, Shuchun Wang, Mingming Yuan, Rongrong Chen, Danhua Shen, Jianliu Wang; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):978-991. Published online February 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1647

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The unique chromosomal rearrangements of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) make it possible to distinguish high-grade ESS (HGESS) and low-grade ESS (LGESS) from the molecular perspective. Analysis of ESS at the genomic and transcriptomic levels can help us achieve accurate diagnosis of ESS and provide potential therapy options for ESS patients.
Materials and Methods
A total of 36 ESS patients who conducted DNA- and/or RNA-based next-generation sequencing were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The molecular characteristics of ESS at genomic and transcriptomic levels, including mutational spectrum, fusion profiles, gene expression and pathway enrichment analysis and features about immune microenvironment were comprehensively explored.
Results
TP53 and DNMT3A mutations were the most frequent mutations. The classical fusions frequently found in HGESS (ZC3H7B-BCOR and NUTM2B-YWHAE) and LGESS (JAZF1-SUZ12) were detected in our cohort. CCND1 was significantly up-regulated in HGESS, while the expression of GPER1 and PGR encoding estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) did not differ significantly between HGESS and LGESS. Actionable mutations enriched in homologous recombination repair, cell cycle, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were detected in 60% of HGESS patients. Genes with up-regulated expression in HGESS were significantly enriched in five immune-related pathways. Most HGESS patients (85.7%) had positive predictors of immunotherapy efficacy. Moreover, immune microenvironment analysis showed that HGESS had relatively high immune infiltration. The degree of immune infiltration in HGESS patients with ZC3H7B-BCOR fusion was relatively higher than that of those with NUTM2B-YWHAE fusion.
Conclusion
This study investigated the molecular characteristics of ESS patients at the genomic and transcriptomic levels and revealed the potentially high sensitivity of targeted therapy and immunotherapy in a subset of HGESS with specific molecular features, providing a basis for guiding decision-making of treatment and the design of future clinical trials on precision therapy.

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Beyond histology: Genomic profiling as a therapeutic compass in SMARCA4-deficient uterine sarcoma
Hardik Mahendrakumar Patel, Amrit Kaur Kaler, Sandeep Goyle, Amit Negi, Manali Ajagekar, Dushant Lakade, Riya Manoharan, Krisna Jariwala, Bijal Kulkarni, Anshumala Shukla, Yogesh Kulkarni
Journal of Diagnostic and Academic Pathology.2026; 3(1): 44. CrossRef
Integrated Transcriptomic Landscape and Deep Learning Based Survival Prediction in Uterine Sarcomas
Yaolin Song, Guangqi Li, Zhenqi Zhang, Yinbo Liu, Huiqing Jia, Chao Zhang, Jigang Wang, Yanjiao Hu, Fengyun Hao, Xianglan Liu, Yunxia Xie, Ding Ma, Ganghua Li, Zaixian Tai, Xiaoming Xing
Cancer Research and Treatment.2025; 57(1): 250. CrossRef
Molecular Insights in Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas: Exploring New Targets for Novel Therapeutic Approaches
Alice Costa, Annalisa Astolfi, Livia Gozzellino, Margherita Nannini, Gianandrea Pasquinelli, Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
Biomolecules.2025; 15(2): 265. CrossRef
Risk factors, survival analysis, and nomograms for high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma patients with distant metastasis: a population-based study (2010–2019)
Cheng Wang, Dongni Liang, Wei Kuang, Huanxin Sun, Yuling Kou, Wei Wang, Jing Zeng
Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma: An Update
Giulio Ricotta, Silvio Andrea Russo, Anna Fagotti, Alejandra Martinez, Elodie Gauroy, Mathilde Del, Valentin Thibaud, Bataillon Guillaume, Gwenaël Ferron
Cancers.2025; 17(11): 1893. CrossRef
Decoding the Molecular Landscape of 262 Uterine Sarcomas: RNA-Seq Clustering of Endometrial Stromal Sarcomas, Uterine Tumors Resembling Ovarian Sex Cord Tumors, and Undifferentiated Uterine Sarcomas With Prognostic Insights
Jan Hojný, Jiří Dvořák, Romana Vránková, Michaela Kendall Bártů, Nikola Hájková, Eva Krkavcová, Miroslava Flídrová, Ivana Stružinská, Kristýna Němejcová, Jiří Bouda, Květoslava Michalová, David Cibula, Renata Poncová, Janusz Rys, Mariusz Ksiazek, Marcin J
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Immunotherapy for high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: a narrative review bridging molecular insights to clinical translation
Liubiqi Zhao, Yunyi Su1, Xiaoling Li, Fang Wang, Li He, Limei Fan, Lushuang Zhang
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
NTRK-rearranged spindle cell neoplasm of the female genital tract: case report and literature review
Lulu Feng, Lei Li, Yanmei He, Wei Jiang
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Maria Marmara, Thomas Vrekoussis, Fanourios Makrygiannakis, Dragana Nikitovic, Aikaterini Berdiaki
Cancers.2025; 17(21): 3501. CrossRef
Genomics of uterine malignancies and the potential of precision medicine
Joseph Polidano, Andrew Jarratt, Clare L. Scott, Holly E. Barker
Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genomic and T cell repertoire biomarkers associated with malignant mesothelioma survival
Muwen Nie, Zhao Sun, Ningning Li, Liangrui Zhou, Shuchun Wang, Mingming Yuan, Rongrong Chen, Lin Zhao, Ji Li, Chunmei Bai
Thoracic Cancer.2024; 15(19): 1502. CrossRef
Single-cell RNA-seq reveals FGF12 as a prognostic biomarker in low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma
Yu Miao, Meng Dong, Qiyin Zhou, Julia Thiel, Na Li, Ying Cai, Dan Yuan, Haitao Wang, Su-Han Jin, Hua Yang, Jinjing Wang, Benjamin Frey, Udo S. Gaipl, Hu Ma, Jian-Guo Zhou
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Lushuang Zhang, Liubiqi Zhao
Clinical Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.2023; 6(3): 132. CrossRef

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Genitourinary cancer

Neoadjuvant Nivolumab Plus Gemcitabine/Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Hongsik Kim, Byong Chang Jeong, Joohyun Hong, Ghee Young Kwon, Chan Kyo Kim, Won Park, Hongryull Pyo, Wan Song, Hyun Hwan Sung, Jung Yong Hong, Se Hoon Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(2):636-642. Published online October 6, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.343

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The activity and safety of neoadjuvant nivolumab plus gemcitabine/cisplatin (N+GC) were tested in patients with muscle-invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma (MIBC).
Materials and Methods
In a prospective phase II trial, patients with cT2-T4a N0 MIBC who were eligible for cisplatin and medically appropriate to undergo radical cystectomy (RC) were enrolled. Treatment with nivolumab 3 mg/kg on days 1 and 15 plus GC (cisplatin 70 mg/m2 on day 1, and gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15) was repeated every 28 days up to 3 or 4 cycles, depending on the surgery schedules. The primary endpoint was pathologic complete response (pCR, ypT0). Secondary endpoints included pathologic downstaging (≤ ypT1), disease-free survival (DFS), and safety.
Results
Between September 2019 and October 2020, 51 patients were enrolled. Neoadjuvant N+GC was well tolerated. Among 49 patients who completed neoadjuvant N+GC, clinical complete response (cCR) was achieved in 59% of intent-to-treat (ITT) population. RC was performed in 34 (69%) patients. pCR was achieved in 24% (12/49) of ITT population and 35% (12/34) of RC patients. Median DFS was not reached. Over a median follow-up of 24 months, 12 patients experienced disease recurrence and were treated with palliative therapy or surgery. Although 12 patients declined surgery and were treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy, DFS was longer in patients with cCR after neoadjuvant therapy than those without. Preoperative programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) did not correlate with pCR or pathologic downstaging rates.
Conclusion
Neoadjuvant N+GC was feasible and provided meaningful pathologic responses in patients with MIBC, regardless of baseline PD-L1 expression (ONO-4538-X41; CRIS.nih.go.kr, KCT0003804).

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Advances in immunotherapy for bladder cancer and clinical practice of next-generation sequencing
Wei Ning, Pengkang Chang, Ji Zheng, Wei Chen
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Genomic Sequencing for Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications for Immunotherapy: Ryul Kim, Jung Yong Hong, Jeeyun Lee, Ghee Young Kwon, Byong Chang Jeong, Se Hoon Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(3):894-906. Published online November 17, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.854

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This study aimed to explore the genomic and transcriptomic landscape of bladder cancer (BC) and its implication for treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI).
Materials and Methods
We analyzed whole-exome and -transcriptome sequences of tumor samples from 64 BC patients who underwent surgical resection with either transurethral resection or radical cystectomy. For exploratory purposes, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was evaluated in a subset of patients (n=57) including those treated with ICI (n=8).
Results
We identified frequent molecular dysregulations in chromatin regulatory genes (KDM6A, ARID1A, MLL2, and STAG2) and recurrent copy number alterations. Thirty-five samples (54.7%) were PD-L1–positive (PD-L1 combined positive score ≥ 1) with a significantly higher exonic tumor mutational burden (TMB) compared to PD-L1–negative BC samples (p=0.010). We observed that various immune-responsive pathways, including the PD-L1 signaling pathway, were enriched significantly in PD-L1–positive BCs. Interestingly, genes in the CTLA4 pathway were enriched significantly in PD-L1–positive BC as well. Among eight patients who received ICI, progressive disease was confirmed in one patient, whose tumor had low exonic TMB, negative PD-L1 status, and a relatively colder microenvironment.
Conclusion
Gaining new insights into the molecular landscape of BC will improve treatment strategies. Our analysis suggests a rationale for studying dual checkpoint inhibition against BC.

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors in bladder cancer: from mechanistic insights to emerging combination frontlines
Mohammad Mahdi Ajalli, Yalda Sansebli, Davood Ekrami, Fatemeh Alaeenejad, Ainaz Abbasi, Pooya Eini, Farnaz Hassanzadeh, Nastaran Bahrami
Clinical and Experimental Medicine.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 Signaling Pathway for Cancer Therapy: Focus on Biomarkers
Areti Strati, Christos Adamopoulos, Ioannis Kotsantis, Amanda Psyrri, Evi Lianidou, Athanasios G. Papavassiliou
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(3): 1235. CrossRef
Development of a Technique for Diagnosis and Screening of Superficial Bladder Cancer by Cell-Pellet DNA From Urine Sample
Jaekwon Seok, Hee Jeong Kwak, Chan-Koo Kang, Ah Ram Kim, Woo Suk Choi, Hyoung Keun Park, Sung Hyun Paick, Hyeong Gon Kim, Yeonjoo Kwak, Tak-Il Jeon, Kyung Min Lim, Baeckseung Lee, Aram Kim, Ssang-Goo Cho
Laboratory Investigation.2025; 105(6): 104124. CrossRef
Sex-Specific Associations of Glycemic Status and Smoking with Bladder Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han, Jay J. Shen
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The role of lysine-specific demethylase 6A (KDM6A) in tumorigenesis and its therapeutic potentials in cancer therapy
Li-Juan Chen, Xin-Yang Xu, Xiao-Dan Zhong, Yan-Jun Liu, Ming-Hui Zhu, Fan Tao, Chang-Yun Li, Qiu-Sheng She, Guan-Jun Yang, Jiong Chen
Bioorganic Chemistry.2023; 133: 106409. CrossRef
A novel cuproptosis-related lncRNAs signature predicts prognostic and immune of bladder urothelial carcinoma
Zheng Zhou, Yusong Zhou, Wei Liu, Jing Dai
Frontiers in Genetics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Implication of KDM6A in Bladder Cancer
Marianne Matar, Gilles Prince, Ibrahim Hamati, Maria Baalbaky, Jonas Fares, Marc Aoude, Charbel Matar, Hampig Raphael Kourie
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Joohyun Hong, Hyun Hwan Sung, Byong Chang Jeong, Se Hoon Park
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Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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General

Engineering a High-Affinity PD-1 Peptide for Optimized Immune Cell-Mediated Tumor Therapy: Yilei Chen, Hongxing Huang, Yin Liu, Zhanghao Wang, Lili Wang, Quanxiao Wang, Yan Zhang, Hua Wang; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):362-374. Published online August 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.424

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to optimize a peptide (nABP284) that binds to programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) by a computer-based protocol in order to increase its affinity. Then, this study aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of this peptide on cancer immune escape by coculturing improving cytokine-induced killer (ICIK) cells with cancer cells.
Materials and Methods
nABP284 that binds to PD-1 was identified by phage display technology in our previous study. AutoDock and PyMOL were used to optimize the sequence of nABP284 to design a new peptide (nABPD1). Immunofluorescence was used to demonstrate that the peptides bound to PD-1. Surface plasmon resonance was used to measure the binding affinity of the peptides. The blocking effect of the peptides on PD-1 was evaluated by a neutralization experiment with human recombinant programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) protein. The inhibition of activated lymphocytes by cancer cells was simulated by coculturing of human acute T lymphocytic leukemia cells (Jurkat T cells) with human tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells (Cal27 cells). The anticancer activities were determined by coculturing ICIK cells with Cal27 cells in vitro.
Results
A high-affinity peptide (nABPD1, K_D=11.9 nM) for PD-1 was obtained by optimizing the nABP284 peptide (K_D=11.8 μM). nABPD1 showed better efficacy than nABP284 in terms of increasing the secretion of interkeulin-2 by Jurkat T cells and enhancing the in vitro antitumor activity of ICIK cells.
Conclusion
nABPD1 possesses higher affinity for PD-1 than nABP284, which significantly enhances its ability to block the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and to increase ICIK cell-mediated antitumor activity by armoring ICIK cells.

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Peptide‑based therapeutic strategies for glioma: Current state and prospects
Yajing Mi, Pengtao Jiang, Jing Luan, Lin Feng, Dian Zhang, Xingchun Gao
Peptides.2025; 185: 171354. CrossRef
Development of Novel Short Peptide Inhibitor Targeted to Immune Checkpoint PD-1 LBD
Xingyan Zhu, Yuping Wei, Man Zhang, Kun Liu, Ziyang Liu, Qiuhong Niu
International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Cholesterol-modified peptide nanomicelles as a promising platform for cancer therapy: A review
Kodzo Prosper Adzavon, Weijian Zhao, Sameena Noor Khattak, Wang Sheng
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 311: 143456. CrossRef
Engineering Bispecific Peptides for Precision Immunotherapy and Beyond
Xumeng Ding, Yi Li
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(20): 10082. CrossRef
A novel bispecific peptide targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 with combined antitumor activity of T-cells derived from the patients with TSCC
Lili Wang, Junheng Zheng, Zhihao Tan, Yan Zhang, Hua Wang
International Immunopharmacology.2024; 138: 112582. CrossRef
Peptide Blockers of PD-1-PD-L1 Interaction Reinvigorate PD-1-Suppressed T Cells and Curb Tumor Growth in Mice
Shanshan (Jenny) Zhong, Xiaoling Liu, Tomonori Kaneko, Yan Feng, Owen Hovey, Kyle Yang, Sally Ezra, Soon-Duck Ha, Sung Kim, John K. McCormick, Huadong Liu, Shawn Shun-Cheng Li
Cells.2024; 13(14): 1193. CrossRef
Melittin-incorporated nanomedicines for enhanced cancer immunotherapy
Xuefeng Duan, Haoyang Zou, Jiazhen Yang, Shixian Liu, Tianmin Xu, Jianxun Ding
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Peptides as multifunctional players in cancer therapy
Sri Murugan Poongkavithai Vadevoo, Smriti Gurung, Hyun-Su Lee, Gowri Rangaswamy Gunassekaran, Seok-Min Lee, Jae-Won Yoon, Yun-Ki Lee, Byungheon Lee
Experimental & Molecular Medicine.2023; 55(6): 1099. CrossRef
Progress of research on PD-1/PD-L1 in leukemia
Huizhen Cao, Tianyu Wu, Xue Zhou, Shuyang Xie, Hongfang Sun, Yunxiao Sun, Youjie Li
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of PD-1 blockade peptide-cell conjugates to enhance cellular therapies for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Quanxiao Wang, Hongxing Huang, Peisheng Liang, Lili Wang, Junheng Zheng, Yan Zhang, Hua Wang
Medical Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Intratumoral immunotherapy using a TLR2/3 agonist, L-pampo, induces robust antitumor immune responses and enhances immune checkpoint blockade
Won Suk Lee, Dong Sung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Yoonki Heo, Hannah Yang, Eun-Jin Go, Jin Hyoung Kim, Seung Joon Lee, Byung Cheol Ahn, Jung Sun Yum, Hong Jae Chon, Chan Kim
Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer.2022; 10(6): e004799. CrossRef

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Sarcoma

Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of Localized Liposarcoma: A Single-Center Experience over 25 Years and Evaluation of PD-L1 Expression: Heejung Chae, Jeong Eun Kim, Wanlim Kim, Jong-Seok Lee, Si Yeol Song, Min Hee Lee, Hye Won Chung, Kyung-Ja Cho, Joon Seon Song, Jin-Hee Ahn; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):579-589. Published online July 6, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.496

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
For liposarcoma (LPS), clinical course and proper treatment strategies have not been well-established. Recently, immune-checkpoint inhibitors have shown potential efficacy in LPS. We aimed to describe the clinical course of LPS and evaluate the clinical impact of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).
Materials and Methods
We reviewed all consecutive patients (n=332) who underwent curative-intent surgery for localized LPS at Asan Medical Center between 1989 and 2017. PD-L1 testing was performed in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPS.
Results
The median age was 56 years with males comprising 60.8%. Abdomen-pelvis (47.6%) and well-differentiated (37.7%) were the most frequent primary site and histologic subtype, respectively. During a median follow-up of 81.2 months, recurrence was observed in 135 (40.7%), and 86.7% (117/135) were loco-regional. Well-differentiated subtype (hazard ratio [HR], 0.38), abdomen-pelvis origin (HR, 2.43), tumor size larger than 5 cm (HR, 1.83), positive resection margin (HR, 2.58), and postoperative radiotherapy (HR, 0.36) were significantly related with recurrence-free survival as well as visceral involvement (HR, 1.84) and multifocality (HR, 3.79) in abdomen-pelvis LPS. PD-L1 was positive in 31.5% (23/73) and 51.3% (39/76) of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPS, respectively, but had no impact on survival outcomes.
Conclusion
Clinical course of LPS was heterogeneous according to histology and anatomic location. Clear resection margin was important to lower recurrence and postoperative radiotherapy might have additional benefit. A decent portion of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPS were positive for PD-L1, but its prognostic role was unclear. Further research is needed to determine clinical implications of PD-L1, especially for advanced-stage LPS with unmet needs for effective systemic treatment.

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Recurrent Intrathoracic Liposarcoma: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Literature Review of a Rare Clinical Entity
Vasileios Leivaditis , Manfred Dahm , Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Hans-Georg Keul, Lydia Kohl, Hans-Joachim Schäfers
Cureus.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinicopathological Features of Intrathoracic Liposarcoma—A Systematic Review with an Illustrative Case
Kajetan Kiełbowski, Nikola Ruszel, Seweryn Adam Skrzyniarz, Małgorzata Edyta Wojtyś, Rafał Becht, Konrad Ptaszyński, Darko Gajić, Janusz Wójcik
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(24): 7353. CrossRef

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General

Pan-cancer Analysis of Tumor Mutational Burden and Homologous Recombination DNA Damage Repair Using Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing: Hai-Yun Wang, Ling Deng, Ying-Qing Li, Xiao Zhang, Ya-Kang Long, Xu Zhang, Yan-Fen Feng, Yuan He, Tao Tang, Xin-Hua Yang, Fang Wang; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):973-982. Published online February 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.798

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Current variability in methods for tumor mutational burden (TMB) estimation and reporting demonstrates the urgent need for a homogeneous TMB assessment approach. Here, we compared TMB distributions in different cancer types using two customized targeted panels commonly used in clinical practice.
Materials and Methods
TMB spectra of 295- and 1021-gene panels in multiple cancer types were compared using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). The TMB distributions across a diverse cohort of 2,332 cancer cases were then investigated for their associations with clinical features. Treatment response data were collected for 222 patients who received immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and their homologous recombination DNA damage repair (HR-DDR) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression were additionally assessed and compared with the TMB and response rate.
Results
The median TMB between gene panels was similar despite a wide range in TMB values. The highest TMB was 8 and 10 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal carcinoma according to the classification of histopathology and cancer types, respectively. Twenty-three out of 103 patients (22.3%) were HR-DDR‒positive and could benefit from ICI therapy; out of those 23 patients, seven patients had high TMB (p=0.004). Additionally, PD-L1 expression was not associated with TMB or treatment response among patients receiving ICIs.
Conclusion
Targeted NGS assays demonstrated the ability to evaluate TMB in pan-cancer samples as a tool to predict response to ICIs. In addition, TMB integrated with HR-DDR‒positive status could be a significant biomarker for predicting ICI response in patients.

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Prognostic implications of tissue-based homologous recombination deficiency in metastatic gastric cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor plus chemotherapy
Changgon Kim, Junkyu Kim, Ji Eun Shin, Sung Hee Lim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Deok Geun Kim, Jeeyun Lee, Seung Tae Kim
Gastric Cancer.2026; 29(4): 816. CrossRef
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Qi Liu, Chunmei Zhang, Yixuan Gao, Dongmei Feng, Duo Deng, Yun Pan
Advanced Biology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Genome instability and crosstalk with the immune response
Roman M. Chabanon, François-Xavier Danlos, Kaissa Ouali, Sophie Postel-Vinay
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Ling Deng, Hai‐Yun Wang, Chun‐Fang Hu, Xiao‐Yun Liu, Kuntai Jiang, Juan‐Juan Yong, Xiao‐Yan Wu, Kai‐Hua Guo, Fang Wang
Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research.2024; 37(3): 363. CrossRef
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Umer Ali, Sunitha Vungarala, Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi
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Hang Yu, Qingquan Liu, Keting Wu, Shuang Tang
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Hai-Yun Wang, Ye Liu, Ling Deng, Kuntai Jiang, Xin-Hua Yang, Xiao-Yan Wu, Kai-Hua Guo, Fang Wang
Cancer Cell International.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Homologous recombination repair gene mutations as a predictive biomarker for immunotherapy in patients with advanced melanoma
Zhixuan You, Meng Lv, Xuanyu He, Yingqin Pan, Junfeng Ge, Xue Hu, Yating Zheng, Mengli Huang, Chengzhi Zhou, Changxuan You
Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of DNA damage repair (DDR) system in response to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy
Congqi Shi, Kaiyu Qin, Anqi Lin, Aimin Jiang, Quan Cheng, Zaoqu Liu, Jian Zhang, Peng Luo
Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Maximizing Small Biopsy Patient Samples: Unified RNA-Seq Platform Assessment of over 120,000 Patient Biopsies
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Journal of Personalized Medicine.2022; 13(1): 24. CrossRef

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Clinical Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Blocker Therapy for Malignant Melanoma in Korean Patients: Potential Clinical Implications for a Combination Strategy Involving Radiotherapy: Jeongshim Lee, Jee Suk Chang, Mi Ryung Roh, Minkyu Jung, Choong-Kun Lee, Byung Ho Oh, Kee Yang Chung, Woong Sub Koom, Sang Joon Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):730-738. Published online February 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.598

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
We investigated the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) therapy for metastatic or advanced melanoma in Korean patients. As well, we assessed whether the effects of ICBs can be enhanced by combination therapy with palliative radiotherapy (RT).
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the records of 127 patients with metastatic melanoma who received ICB with or without palliative RT between 2014 and 2018. The melanoma subtypes were classified as follows: chronic sun-damaged (CSD), acral, mucosal, and uveal. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR).
Results
The overall ORR was 15%, with 11 complete and eight partial responses. ORRs for CSD, acral/mucosal, and uveal melanomas were 50%, 16.5%, and 0%, respectively (p=0.009). In addition to the subtype, stage at treatment, total tumor burden at treatment, and ICB type were significantly associated with ORR (all p < 0.05). Palliative RT was administered in 44% of patients during the treatment, and it did not affect ORR. Clinical responders to ICB therapy exhibited significantly higher 1-year progression-free and overall survival rates than nonresponders.
Conclusion
ORR for ICB monotherapy in Korean patients with melanoma is relatively modest compared with that in Western patients because the non-CSD subtypes are predominant in the Korean population. Our findings regarding combination therapy with ICB provided a rationale for the initiation of our phase II study (NCT04017897).

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Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab in Patients with Refractory Advanced Biliary Tract Cancer: Tumor Proportion Score as a Potential Biomarker for Response: Junho Kang, Jae Ho Jeong, Hee-Sang Hwang, Sang Soo Lee, Do Hyun Park, Dong Wook Oh, Tae Jun Song, Ki-Hun Kim, Shin Hwang, Dae Wook Hwang, Song Cheol Kim, Jin-hong Park, Seung-Mo Hong, Kyu-pyo Kim, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Changhoon Yoo; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):594-603. Published online December 18, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.493

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The current standard chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) has limited benefit, and novel therapies need to be investigated.
Materials and Methods
In this prospective cohort study, programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)–positive BTC patients who progressed on first-line gemcitabine plus cisplatin were enrolled. Pembrolizumab 200 mg was administered intravenously every 3 weeks.
Results
Between May 2018 and February 2019, 40 patients were enrolled. Pembrolizumab was given as second-line (47.5%) or ≥ third-line therapy (52.5%). The objective response rate was 10% and 12.5% by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor (RECIST) v1.1 and immune- modified RECIST (imRECIST) and median duration of response was 6.3 months. Among patients with progressive disease as best response, one patient (1/20, 5.0%) achieved complete response subsequently. The median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 1.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0 to 3.0) and 4.3 months (95% CI, 3.5 to 5.1), respectively, and objective response per imRECIST was significantly associated with PFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p=0.001). Tumor proportion score ≥ 50% was significantly associated with higher response rates including the response after pseudoprogression (vs. < 50%; 37.5% vs. 6.5%; p=0.049).
Conclusion
Pembrolizumab showed modest anti-tumor activity in heavily pretreated PD-L1–positive BTC patients. In patients who showed objective response, durable response could be achieved.

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Combination Treatment of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Immature Dendritic Cell Vaccination for Augmentation of Local and Systemic Effects: Chul Won Choi, Min Ho Jeong, You-Soo Park, Cheol-Hun Son, Hong-Rae Lee, Eun-Kyoung Koh; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(2):464-473. Published online June 6, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.186

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) as a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) presentation method for dendritic cell (DC) sensitization and evaluate its effect in combination with immunotherapy using an intratumoral injection of immature DCs (iDCs).
Methods
and Materials CT-26 colon carcinoma cell was used as a cancer cell line. Annexin V staining and phagocytosis assays were performed to determine the appropriate radiation dose and incubation time to generate TAAs. BALB/c mice were used for in vivo experiments. Cancer cells were injected into the right legs and left flanks to generate primary and metastatic tumors, respectively. The mice were subjected to radiation therapy (RT) alone, intradermal injection of electroporated DCs alone, or RT in combination with iDC intratumoral injection (RT/iDC). Tumor growth measurement and survival rate analysis were performed. Enzyme-linked immunospot and cytotoxicity assays were performed to observe the effect of different treatments on the immune system.
Results
Annexin V staining and phagocytosis assays showed that 15 Gy radiation dose and 48 hours of incubation was appropriate for subsequent experiments. Maximum DC sensitization and T-cell stimulation was observed with RT as compared to other TAA preparation methods. In vivo assays revealed statistically significant delay in the growth of both primary and metastatic tumors in the RT/iDC group. The overall survival rate was the highest in the RT/iDC group.
Conclusion
The combination of SBRT and iDC vaccination may enhance treatment effects. Clinical trials and further studies are warranted in the future.

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Case Report

Pembrolizumab for Refractory Metastatic Myxofibrosarcoma: A Case Report: Haa-Na Song, Min Gyu Kang, Jeong Rang Park, Jin-Yong Hwang, Jung Hun Kang, Won Seop Lee, Gyeong-Won Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1458-1461. Published online January 22, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.529

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Myxofibrosarcoma is a rare tumor, refractory to cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Pembrolizumab is an innovative immunotherapy drug consisting of programmed death receptor ligand 1 antibody proven to be useful for numerous types of cancer cells. A patient had been diagnosed with metastatic myxofibrosarcoma, refractory to radiotherapy and conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. The patient achieved a partial response during palliative chemotherapy with pembrolizumab for 14 cycles. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report demonstrating the efficacy of pembrolizumab for refractory myxofibrosarcoma.

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Original Articles

Ipilimumab Real-World Efficacy and Safety in Korean Melanoma Patients from the Korean Named-Patient Program Cohort: Minkyu Jung, Jeeyun Lee, Tae Min Kim, Dae Ho Lee, Jin Hyung Kang, Sung Young Oh, Soo Jung Lee, Sang Joon Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):44-53. Published online April 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.024

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Purpose
Ipilimumab improves survival in advanced melanoma patients. However, the efficacy and safety of ipilimumab has not been evaluated in Asian melanoma patients with a high frequency of mucosal and acral melanoma subtypes.
Materials and Methods
Advanced melanoma patients treated with 3 mg/kg ipilimumab in a Korean multicenter named-patient program (NPP) were evaluated between September 2014 and July 2015. Baseline characteristics and blood parameters including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were assessed, and outcome and adverse events were evaluated according to subtypes.
Results
A total of 104 advanced melanoma patients were treated. The primary sites were acral (31.7%), mucosal (26%), cutaneous (26%), uveal (9.6%), and unknown (6.7%). Sixty-eight patients (65.4%) experienced adverse events, and the most common toxicity was skin rash (22.1%), 10 patients (9.6%) experienced adverse events of grade 3 or higher. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.73 months (95% confidence interval, 2.67 to 2.85), and there was no difference in PFS according to subtypes. Poor performance status, liver metastasis, and NLR (≥5) were independent poor prognostic factors by multivariate analysis.
Conclusion
In the Korean NPP cohort, ipilimumab showed similar efficacy and tolerability compared to Western patients, regardless of subtypes. All subtypes should benefit from ipilimumab with consideration of performance status, liver metastasis, and NLR.

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Improved Efficacy of a Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine against a Murine Model of Colon Cancer: The Helper Protein Effect: Amir-Hassan Zarnani, Monireh Torabi-Rahvar, Mahmood Bozorgmehr, Mehri Zareie, Nazanin Mojtabavi; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(3):518-526. Published online November 27, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.241

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Targeted immunotherapy using dendritic cells (DCs) has been employed in numerous investigations aiming at combating neoplasms. We previously showed that copulsing of an antigen with a helper protein could considerably enhance antigen presenting capacity of ex vivo–generated DCs. In this study, we attempted to administer an effective treatment in a murine model of colon cancer with DCs pulsed with the mixture of a tumor-specific gp70-derived peptide (AH1) and a helper protein, ovalbumin (OVA). Materials and Methods First, the presence of gp70 in CT26 tumor cells and tumor tissues was verified using immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. Next, DCs were purified from normal mice, loaded ex vivowith AH1 and OVA (DC-Pep-OVA), and injected into tumor-bearing mice. Tumor volume, in vitro antigen (Ag)-specific proliferation of splenic cells, and survival rate were measured to determine the efficacy of DC-Pep-OVA. As the control groups, tumor-bearing mice were vaccinated with DC-Pep, unpulsed DC, and DCs loaded with a mixture of OVA and an irrelevant peptide (P15), or were not vaccinated at all. Results DC-Pep-OVA showed superior efficacy over other groups, as indicated by smaller tumor volume, higher Ag-specific proliferation rate of splenic cells, and prolonged survival. Conclusion Overall, in the present study we showed for the first time that DCs copulsed with AH1 (tumor Ag) and OVA (helper molecule) could be considered as potentially robust weapons for use in future antitumor immunotherapies.

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Chul Won Choi, Min Ho Jeong, You-Soo Park, Cheol-Hun Son, Hong-Rae Lee, Eun-Kyoung Koh
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Antitumor Effects of DC Vaccine With ALA-PDT-Induced Immunogenic Apoptotic Cells for Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Mice
Haiyan Zhang, Peiru Wang, Xiaojie Wang, Lei Shi, Zhixia Fan, Guolong Zhang, Degang Yang, Cody F. Bahavar, Feifan Zhou, Wei R. Chen, Xiuli Wang
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Cell separation: Potentials and pitfalls
Narges Rahmanian, Mohmood Bozorgmehr, Monir Torabi, Abolfazl Akbari, Amir-Hassan Zarnani
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Systemic delivery of complexes of melanoma RNA with mannosylated liposomes activates highly efficient murine melanoma-specific cytotoxic T cells in vivo
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A phase I clinical study of immunotherapy for advanced colorectal cancers using carcinoembryonic antigen-pulsed dendritic cells mixed with tetanus toxoid and subsequent IL-2 treatment
Ko-Jiunn Liu, Tsu-Yi Chao, Jang-Yang Chang, Ann-Lii Cheng, Hui-Ju Ch’ang, Woei-Yau Kao, Yu-Chen Wu, Wei-Lan Yu, Tsai-Rong Chung, Jacqueline Whang-Peng
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Alpha-Type 1 Polarized Dendritic Cells Loaded with Apoptotic Allogeneic Breast Cancer Cells Can Induce Potent Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against Breast Cancer: Min-Ho Park, Deok-Hwan Yang, Mi-Hyun Kim, Jae-Hong Jang, Yoon-Young Jang, Youn-Kyung Lee, Chun-Ji Jin, Than Nhan Nguyen Pham, Truc Anh Nguyen Thi, Mi-Seon Lim, Hyun-Ju Lee, Cheol Yi Hong, Jung-Han Yoon, Je-Jung Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):56-66. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.56

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Various tumor antigens can be loaded onto dendritic cells (DCs) to induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in DC-based immunotherapy against breast cancer. However, in the clinical setting, obtaining a sufficient number of autologous tumor cells as a source of tumor antigens is a laborious process. We therefore investigated the feasibility of immunotherapy using breast-cancer-specific CTLs generated in vitro by use of alpha-type 1 polarized DCs (alpha DC1s) loaded with ultraviolet B-irradiated cells of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
alphaDC1s were induced by loading allogeneic tumor antigen generated from the MCF-7 UVB-irradiated breast cancer cell line. Antigen-pulsed alphaDC1s were evaluated by morphological and functional assays, and the breast-cancer-specific CTL response was analyzed by cytotoxic assay.
RESULTS
The alphaDC1s significantly increased the expression of several molecules related to DC maturation without differences according to whether the alphaDC1s were loaded with tumor antigens. The alphaDC1s showed a high production of interleukin-12 both during maturation and after subsequent stimulation with CD40L, which was not significantly affected by loading with tumor antigens. Breast-cancer-specific CTLs against autologous breast cancer cells were successfully induced by alphaDC1s loaded with apoptotic MCF-7 cells.
CONCLUSION
Autologous DCs loaded with an allogeneic breast cancer cell line can generate potent breast-cancer-specific CTL responses. This may be a practical method for cellular immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer.

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The Effect of Immunotherapy Based on Interferon - alpha in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Seung Hyun Jeon, Sung Goo Chang; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(5):986-994.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Recently in light of the development in immunology, interferon- e and inter- leukin-2 or combination therapy with anticancer drugs have been performed. This study aims to verify and compare the efficacy of therapies using interferon- a alone, interferon- a plus vinblastine, and interferon- a plus interleukin-2 plus 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) plus 13-cis retinoic acid (13cRA) in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 29 patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with either interferon- a alone or interferon- a plus vinblastine or interferon- a plus interleukin-2 plus 5-FU plus 13cRA from December 1989 to May 1998. The most frequent metastatic sites were the lung, lymph nodes, bone, liver, and brain. We studied the response rates, survival period, and complications of each regimen.
RESULTS
Responses were achieved in 1 out of 1~5 patients (6.73?o) on interferon- a alone (partial responses lasting 13 months), 1 out of 9 patients (11.1%) on interferon- e plus vinblastine (partial responses lasting 25 months) and 1 out of 5 patients (20.0%) on interferon-a plus IL-2 plus 5-FU plus 13cRA regimen (partial responses lasting 14 months). The median durations of survival were 18, 33, and 23 months respectively. The overall response rate was 10.3% and overall median duration of survival was 19 months. The most common side effects were flu-like symptom such as fever, chills (93.1%), skin symptom such as erythema, pruritus (31.0%), G-I symptom such as nausea, vomiting (17.2%), netropenia (10.3%), abnormal LFT (10.3%), and thrombocytopenia (3.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study confirms the manageability and tolerability of several regimen used. There is no significant differences in response rates and survival duration among the regimens used in this study. The effective immunotherapy in patients with metastatic RCC should be evaluated by further studies of larger patients groups even though a minority of patients responded.

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