Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Gastrointestinal cancer

Stage Evaluation of Cystic Duct Cancer: Yeseul Kim, You-Na Sung, Haesung Jung, Kyung Jin Lee, Daegwang Yoo, Sun-Young Jun, HyungJun Cho, Shin Hwang, Woohyung Lee, Seung-Mo Hong; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):528-538. Published online September 19, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.660

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Cystic duct cancers (CDCs) have been classified as extrahepatic bile duct cancers or gallbladder cancers (GBCs); however, it is unclear whether their clinical behavior is similar to that of distal extrahepatic bile duct cancers (DBDCs) or GBCs.
Materials and Methods
T category of the CDCs was classified using current T category scheme of the GBCs and DBDCs, and clinicopathological factors were compared among 38 CDCs, 345 GBCs, and 349 DBDCs. We modified Nakata’s classifications (type 1, confined within cystic duct [CD]; combined types 2-4, extension beyond CD) and compared them.
Results
No significant overall survival (OS) difference was observed between the patients with CDC, GBC, and DBDC. The T category of GBC staging was more accurate at distinguishing OS in patients with CDC than the DBDC staging. Patients with T3 CDC and GBC showed a significant OS difference when using the T category for GBC staging, while those with T1-T2 CDC and GBC showed no significant difference. In contrast, the T category of DBDC staging did not show any significant OS difference between patients with T1-T2 CDC and DBDC or T3 CDC and DBDC. Patients with type 1 CDC had significantly better OS than those with combined types.
Conclusion
Unlike GBCs and DBDCs, CDCs exhibit distinct clinicopathological characteristics. The OS is better when the CDC confines within the CD, compared to when it extends beyond it. Therefore, we propose a new T category scheme (T1, confined to CD; T2, invaded beyond CD) for better classifying CDCs.

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High Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) Indicates Poor Outcome in Gallbladder Cancer Patients with Surgical Resection: A Single Institution Experience in China: Lejia Sun, Wenmo Hu, Meixi Liu, Yang Chen, Bao Jin, Haifeng Xu, Shunda Du, Yiyao Xu, Haitao Zhao, Xin Lu, Xinting Sang, Shouxian Zhong, Huayu Yang, Yilei Mao; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(4):1199-1210. Published online July 21, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.303

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) has been reported to have prognostic ability in various solid tumors but has not been studied in gallbladder cancer (GBC). We aimed to determine its prognostic value in GBC.
Materials and Methods
From 2003 to 2017, patients with confirmed GBC were recruited. To determine the SIRI’s optimal cutoff value, a time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curve was applied. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were performed for the recognition of significant factors. Then the cohort was randomly divided into the training and the validation set. A nomogram was constructed using the SIRI and other selected indicators in the training set, and compared with the TNM staging system. C-index, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis were performed to assess the nomogram’s clinical utility.
Results
One hundred twenty-four patients were included. The SIRI’s optimal cutoff value divided patients into high (≥ 0.89) and low SIRI (< 0.89) groups. Kaplan-Meier curves according to SIRI levels were significantly different (p < 0.001). The high SIRI group tended to stay longer in hospital and lost more blood during surgery. SIRI, body mass index, weight loss, carbohydrate antigen 19-9, radical surgery, and TNM stage were combined to generate a nomogram (C-index, 0.821 in the training cohort, 0.828 in the validation cohort) that was significantly superior to the TNM staging system both in the training (C-index, 0.655) and validation cohort (C-index, 0.649).
Conclusion
The SIRI is an independent predictor of prognosis in GBC. A nomogram based on the SIRI may help physicians to precisely stratify patients and implement individualized treatment.

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SIRI and SII as potential biomarkers of disease activity and lupus nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus
Chi-Hui Yang, Xin-Yi Wang, Yi-Hui Zhang, Ning Ding
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Systemic inflammatory response index as a novel biomarker for age-related macular degeneration: a cross-sectional study from NHANES (2005–2008)
Ruoshuang Jia, Yiqing Yin, Huimin Shan
Frontiers in Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Combining systemic inflammatory response index and albumin fibrinogen ratio to predict early serious complications and prognosis after resectable gastric cancer
Jing-Yao Ren, Da Wang, Li-Hui Zhu, Shuo Liu, Miao Yu, Hui Cai
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology.2024; 16(3): 732. CrossRef
Association of Systemic Inflammation Response Index with Short-Term All-Cause Mortality in Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis Patients
Jin Cheng, Honglei Ju, Guixiang Wang, Chiyi He, Wei Wang
Journal of Inflammation Research.2024; Volume 17: 8985. CrossRef
Advances in the Study of the Relationship between Inflammation Markers and Post-Stroke Depression
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Advances in Clinical Medicine.2024; 14(12): 7. CrossRef
The systemic inflammation response index as a significant predictor of short-term adverse outcomes in acute decompensated heart failure patients: a cohort study from Southern China
Lin Xie, Qun Wang, Hengcheng Lu, Maobin Kuang, Shiming He, Guobo Xie, Guotai Sheng, Shuhua Zhang, Wei Wang, Yang Zou
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The role of systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the prognosis of patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Tian Wang, Duo Zhang, Di Tang, Yu Heng, Li-ming Lu, Lei Tao
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2023; 149(9): 5627. CrossRef
Preoperative Fibrinogen Albumin Ratio is an Effective Biomarker for Prognostic Evaluation of Gallbladder Carcinoma After Radical Resection: A 10-Year Retrospective Study at a Single Center
Qi Li, Jian Zhang, Qi Gao, Jialu Fu, Mengke Li, Hengchao Liu, Chen Chen, Dong Zhang, Zhimin Geng
Journal of Inflammation Research.2023; Volume 16: 677. CrossRef
Preoperative systemic inflammatory response index predicts the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation
Songping Cui, Shuang Cao, Qing Chen, Qiang He, Ren Lang
Frontiers in Immunology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of aggregate index of systemic inflammation and systemic inflammatory response index in dry age-related macular degeneration: a retrospective study
Naif S. Sannan
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Value of preoperative systemic inflammatory response index and prognostic nutritional index in predicting prognosis of patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Jing Wang, Xue-Li Ding, Zi-Bin Tian
World Chinese Journal of Digestology.2023; 31(9): 369. CrossRef
The Prognostic Value and Potential Mechanism of Tumor-Nutrition-Inflammation Index and Genes in Patients with Advanced Lung Cancer
Huan Wang, Yuting Shi, Yueli Shi, Mengqing Cao, Long Zhang, Yuan Wu, Yun Xu, Kai Wang, Xianwu Weng, Bing Niu
International Journal of Clinical Practice.2023; 2023: 1. CrossRef
The Potential Value of Systemic Inflammation Response Index on Delirium After Hip Arthroplasty Surgery in Older Patients: A Retrospective Study
Wenbin Lu, Shengwei Lin, Cheng Wang, Peipei Jin, Jinjun Bian
International Journal of General Medicine.2023; Volume 16: 5355. CrossRef
Systemic Inflammation Response Index (SIRI) Independently Predicts Survival in Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma Patients Treated with First-Generation EGFR-TKIs
Shun Jiang, Sisi Wang, Qianqian Wang, Chao Deng, Yuhua Feng, Fang Ma, Jin'an Ma, Xianling Liu, Chunhong Hu, Tao Hou
Cancer Management and Research.2021; Volume 13: 1315. CrossRef
The Prognostic Value of Preoperative Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI) in Patients With High-Grade Glioma and the Establishment of a Nomogram
Qian He, Longhao Li, Qinglan Ren
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Value of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients With Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma Treated With Surgical Dissection
Yu-Jia Shen, Li-Qiang Qian, Zheng-Ping Ding, Qing-Quan Luo, Heng Zhao, Wu-Yan Xia, Yuan-Yuan Fu, Wen Feng, Qin Zhang, Wen Yu, Xu-Wei Cai, Xiao-Long Fu
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef

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Prevalence and Clinicopathological Significance of MET Overexpression and Gene Amplification in Patients with Gallbladder Carcinoma: Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Seungyun Jee, Sungeon Park, Su-Jin Shin, Kiseok Jang; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):481-491. Published online October 24, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.370

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) is a proto-oncogene that encodes a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase for the hepatocyte growth factor. Aberrant MET signaling has been described in several solid tumors—especially non-small cell lung cancer— and is associated with tumor progression and adverse prognosis. As MET is a potential therapeutic target, information regarding its prevalence and clinicopathological relevance is crucial.
Materials and Methods
We investigated MET expression and gene amplification in 113 gallbladder cancers using tissue microarray. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate MET overexpression, and silver/fluorescence in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to assess gene copy number.
Results
MET overexpression was found in 37 cases of gallbladder carcinoma (39.8%), and gene amplification was present in 17 cases (18.3%). MET protein expression did not correlate with MET amplification. MET amplification was significantly associated with aggressive clinicopathological features, including high histological grade, advanced pT category, lymph node metastasis, and advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer stage. There was no significant correlation between any clinicopathological factors and MET overexpression. No difference in survival was found with respect to MET overexpression and amplification status.
Conclusion
Our data suggested that MET might be a potential therapeutic target for targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer, because MET amplification was found in a subset of tumors associated with adverse prognostic factors. Detection of MET amplification by ISH might be a useful predictive biomarker test for anti-MET therapy.

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Genomic and molecular landscape of gallbladder cancer elucidating pathogenic mechanisms novel therapeutic targets and clinical implications
Manishankar Kumar, Arun Kumar, Abhinav Srivastav, Ashok Ghosh, Dhruv Kumar
Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis.2025; 830: 111896. CrossRef
Structure based multi-targeted screening, docking, DFT and simulation of anticancer natural compounds against gallbladder cancer
Suchitra Singh, Janhavi Yadav, Surbhi Singh, Sumanta Kumar Sahu, Puneet Puneet, Royana Singh
In Silico Pharmacology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
MET alterations detection platforms and clinical implications in solid tumors: a comprehensive review of literature
Pei Yuan, Xuemin Xue, Tian Qiu, Jianming Ying
Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
EGFR, HER2, and MET gene amplification and protein expression profiles in biliary tract cancer and their prognostic significance
Yeseul Kim, Seungyun Jee, Hyunsung Kim, Seung Sam Paik, Dongho Choi, Su Hyun Yoo, Su-Jin Shin
The Oncologist.2024; 29(8): e1051. CrossRef
Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor amplification correlates with adverse pathological features and poor clinical outcome in colorectal cancer
Qiu-Xiao Yu, Ping-Ying Fu, Chi Zhang, Li Li, Wen-Ting Huang
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 16(5): 1395. CrossRef
Which therapy in biliary tract cancer? Review of main concerns in diagnosis and choice of therapy in advanced setting, current standard, and new options
Ester Oneda, Serena Astore, Laura Gandolfi, Laura Melocchi, Alberto Zaniboni
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy.2024; 25(13): 1807. CrossRef
Acquired MET amplification in non-small cell lung cancer is highly associated with the exposure of EGFR inhibitors and may not affect patients' outcome
Wei Yin, Wei Liu, Ming Guo, Zhenya Tang, Gokce Toruner, Melissa Robinson, Joanne Cheng, Shimin Hu, L. Jeffrey Medeiros, Guilin Tang
Experimental and Molecular Pathology.2021; 118: 104572. CrossRef
Novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer
Hong Ze Lin, Tao Zhang, Ming Yu Chen, Ji Liang Shen
Journal of Digestive Diseases.2021; 22(2): 62. CrossRef
A case report of response to crizotinib in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic gallbladder cancer with met amplification and acquired resistance resulting from the loss of MET amplification
Hongna Sun, Xiaofen Li, Shuang Dai, Xudong Shen, Meng Qiu
Precision Clinical Medicine.2021; 4(3): 209. CrossRef
Molecular Targets and Emerging Therapies for Advanced Gallbladder Cancer
Matteo Canale, Manlio Monti, Ilario Giovanni Rapposelli, Paola Ulivi, Francesco Giulio Sullo, Giulia Bartolini, Elisa Tiberi, Giovanni Luca Frassineti
Cancers.2021; 13(22): 5671. CrossRef
Testing for ROS1, ALK, MET, and HER2 rearrangements and amplifications in a large series of biliary tract adenocarcinomas
Jeremy Augustin, Caroline Gabignon, Aurélie Scriva, Laëtitia Menu, Claire Calmel, Olivier Scatton, François Paye, Jean-François Fléjou, Françoise Praz, Pascale Cervera, Dominique Wendum
Virchows Archiv.2020; 477(1): 33. CrossRef
Targeted-gene sequencing of an undifferentiated gallbladder carcinoma: a case report
Ying Xiao, Canhong Xiang, Di Yang, Benqi Zhao, Yong Li, Hongfang Yin
Diagnostic Pathology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Overview of current targeted therapy in gallbladder cancer
Xiaoling Song, Yunping Hu, Yongsheng Li, Rong Shao, Fatao Liu, Yingbin Liu
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy.2020;[Epub] CrossRef

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Validation of the 8th Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Gallbladder Cancer and Implications for the Follow-up of Patients without Node Dissection: You-Na Sung, Minjeong Song, Jae Hoon Lee, Ki Byung Song, Dae Wook Hwang, Chul-Soo Ahn, Shin Hwang, Seung-Mo Hong; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(2):455-468. Published online October 17, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.271

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The 8th edition of gallbladder cancer staging in the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system changed the T and N categories.
Materials and Methods
In order to validate the new staging system, a total of 348 surgically resected gallbladder cancers were grouped based on the 8th edition of the T and N categories and compared with patients’ survival.
Results
Significant differences were noted between T1b-T2a (p=0.003) and T2b-T3 (p < 0.001) tumors, but not between Tis-T1a, T1a-T1b, and T2a-T2b tumors. However, significant survival differences were observed both by the overall and pair-wise (T1-T2, T2-T3) comparisons (all, p < 0.001) without dividing T1/T2 subcategories. When cases with ≥ 6 examined lymph nodes were evaluated, significant survival differences were observed among the entire comparison (p < 0.001) and pair-wise comparisons of N0-N1 (p=0.001) and N1-N2 (p=0.039) lesions. When cases without nodal dissection (NX) were additionally compared, significant survival differences were observed between patients with N0-NX (p=0.001) and NX-N1 (p < 0.001) lesions.
Conclusion
The T category in the 8th edition of the AJCC staging system did not completely stratify the prognosis of patients with gallbladder cancer. Modification by eliminating T subcategories can better stratify the prognosis. In contrast, the N category clearly determines patients’ survival with ≥ 6 examined lymph nodes. The survival time in patients of gallbladder cancers without nodal dissection is between N0 and N1 cases. Therefore, close postoperative followed up is recommended for those patients.

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Yeseul Kim, You-Na Sung, Haesung Jung, Kyung Jin Lee, Daegwang Yoo, Sun-Young Jun, HyungJun Cho, Shin Hwang, Woohyung Lee, Seung-Mo Hong
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Trends in Gallbladder Cancer Incidence and Survival in Korea: Youngjun Wi, Hyeongtaek Woo, Young-Joo Won, Jin-Young Jang, Aesun Shin; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1444-1451. Published online January 24, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.279

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The current study was undertaken to examine the trend in gallbladder cancer (GBC) incidence and survival in Korea.
Materials and Methods
GBC incidence data by histologic typewere obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using the mid-year Korean population of 2000 as a standard population, and a joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) in incidence rates. Incidence by Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) summary stage and by geographical areas and female-to-male incidence rate ratios was also described.
Results
The number of new GBC cases increased between 1999 and 2013. Nevertheless, the agestandardized incidence rate decreased by 0.5% per year in men (p < 0.01), whereas the incidence rate in women did not change significantly over the same period (APC, –0.2; p=0.6). The most common histologic type was adenocarcinoma in both sexes. Based on the SEER stage, the distant stage was the most frequent stage (41%), followed by the regional stage (37%). Ulsan (4.31/100,000 for men and 4.09/100,000 forwomen in 2009- 2013) and Gyeongsangnam-do (4.15/100,000 for men and 3.54/100,000 for women) showed the highest GBC incidence, whereas the lowest incidence was observed in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. There were no significant sex differences in the incidence of GBC (femaleto-male incidence rate ratio, 0.96).
Conclusion
The overall incidence of GBC in Korea did not change significantly over the 15-year period. Incidence for men and women was similar. However, geographical variation was found.

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Sujin Park, Junsik Kim, Woncheol Jang, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Kee-Taek Jang
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Shraddha Patkar, Swapnil Patel, Mufaddal Kazi, Mahesh Goel
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Shuang Liu, Li Zhang, Xiu-e Guan, Lei Zhang, Rui Wang
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Taha Mollah, Marc Chia, Luke C. Wang, Prasenjit Modak, Kirby R. Qin
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Chong Wen, Jie Tang, Tao Wang, Hao Luo
BMC Gastroenterology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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Tarek Kellil, Mohamed Ali Chaouch, Emna Aloui, Mohamed Amine Tormane, Sahbi Khaled Taieb, Faouzi Noomen, Khadija Zouari
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Hyehyun Jeong, Jae Ho Jeong, Kyu-Pyo Kim, Sang Soo Lee, Dong Wook Oh, Do Hyun Park, Tae Jun Song, Yangsoon Park, Seung-Mo Hong, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Changhoon Yoo
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Ismaïl Hendaoui, Ahlem Lahmar, Luca Campo, Sihem Mebarki, Sandrine Bichet, Daniel Hess, Martin Degen, Nidhameddine Kchir, Leila Charrada-Ben Farhat, Rania Hefaiedh, Christian Ruiz, Luigi M. Terracciano, Richard P. Tucker, Lotfi Hendaoui, Ruth Chiquet-Ehri
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An overview on possible links between aflatoxin B1 exposure and gallbladder cancer
Jéssica Costa, Nelson Lima, Cledir Santos
Mycotoxin Research.2021; 37(3): 205. CrossRef
Gender Difference in Gallbladder Cancer: Focusing on the Clinical Characteristics, Treatment, and Prognosis of Korean Patients
Eui Joo Kim
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 78(1): 27. CrossRef
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Wenlong Zheng, Hui Zhang, Dezheng Wang, Chong Wang, Shuang Zhang, Chengfeng Shen, Wei Li, Guohong Jiang
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Jieun Jang, Dae-Sung Yoo, Byung Chul Chun
BMC Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Programmed death-ligand 1 expression and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters in gallbladder cancer
Ji Hye Kim, Kyungbin Kim, Misung Kim, Young Min Kim, Jae Hee Suh, Hee Jeong Cha, Hye Jeong Choi
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2020; 54(2): 154. CrossRef
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Ravi Mehrotra, Sonam Tulsyan, Showket Hussain, Balraj Mittal, Sundeep Singh Saluja, Sandeep Singh, Pranay Tanwar, Asiya Khan, Milind Javle, Manal M. Hassan, Shubham Pant, Xabier De Aretxabala, Bhawna Sirohi, Preetha Rajaraman, Tanvir Kaur, G.K. Rath
Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research.2018; 778: 61. CrossRef

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23 Crossref

Is There a Role for Adjuvant Therapy in R0 Resected Gallbladder Cancer?: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis: Se-Il Go, Young Saing Kim, In Gyu Hwang, Eun Young Kim, Sung Yong Oh, Jun Ho Ji, Haa-Na Song, Se Hoon Park, Joon Oh Park, Jung Hun Kang; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(4):1274-1285. Published online February 12, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.502

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess the role of adjuvant therapy in stage I-III gallbladder cancer (GBC) patients who have undergone R0 resection.
Materials and Methods
Clinical data were collected on 441 consecutive patients who underwent R0 resection for stage I-III GBC. Eligible patients were classified into adjuvant therapy and surveillance only groups. Propensity score matching (PSM) between the two groups was performed, adjusting clinical factors.
Results
In total, 84 and 279 patients treated with adjuvant therapy and followed up with surveillance only, respectively, were included in the analysis. Before PSM, the 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate was lower in the adjuvant therapy group than in the surveillance only group (50.8% vs. 74.8%, p < 0.001), although there was no statistically significant difference in the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate (66.2% vs. 79.5%, p=0.089). After the PSM, baseline characteristics became comparable and there were no differences in the 5-year RFS (50.8% vs. 64.8%, p=0.319) and OS (66.2% vs. 70.4%, p=0.703) rates between the two groups.
Conclusion
The results suggest that fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant therapy is not indicated in stage I-III GBC patients who have undergone R0 resection.

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Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Adjuvant Chemotherapy vs. No Chemotherapy for Patients with Carcinoma of Gallbladder Undergoing Curative Resection
Sundeep Singh Saluja, Phani Kumar Nekarakanti, Pramod Kumar Mishra, Anurita Srivastava, Kishore Singh
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2022; 26(2): 398. CrossRef
Adjuvant Therapy for Resectable Biliary Tract Cancer: A Bayesian Network Analysis
Xiuqiong Chen, Fanqiao Meng, Hua Xiong, Yanmei Zou
Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Current standards and future perspectives in adjuvant treatment for biliary tract cancers
Angela Lamarca, Julien Edeline, Mairéad G McNamara, Richard A Hubner, Masato Nagino, John Bridgewater, John Primrose, Juan W Valle
Cancer Treatment Reviews.2020; 84: 101936. CrossRef
Prognostic factors and patterns of loco-regional failure in patients with R0 resected gallbladder cancer
Jung Ho Im, Woo Jung Lee, Chang Moo Kang, Ho Kyoung Hwang, Jinsil Seong
HPB.2020; 22(8): 1168. CrossRef
Prognostic Factors for Operated Gallbladder Cancer
Bala Basak Oven Ustaalioglu, Ahmet Bilici, Mesut Seker, Umut Kefeli, Dincer Aydin, Serkan Celik, Tarik Demir, Burcak Erkol
Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer.2019; 50(3): 451. CrossRef
Role of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Resected T2N0 Gall Bladder Cancer
Abhay K. Kattepur, Shraddha Patkar, Mahesh Goel, Anant Ramaswamy, Vikas Ostwal
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2019; 23(11): 2232. CrossRef
A systematic review of the effectiveness of adjuvant therapy for patients with gallbladder cancer
Carlos Manterola, Galo Duque, Luis Grande, Xabier de Aretxabala, Roque Conejeros, Tamara Otzen, Nayely García
HPB.2019; 21(11): 1427. CrossRef
Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy is Associated with Improved Survival for Patients with Resected Gallbladder Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Byoung Hyuck Kim, Jeanny Kwon, Eui Kyu Chie, Kyubo Kim, Young Hoon Kim, Dong Wan Seo, Amol K. Narang, Joseph M. Herman
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2018; 25(1): 255. CrossRef
Randomized clinical trial of adjuvant gemcitabine chemotherapy versus observation in resected bile duct cancer
T Ebata, S Hirano, M Konishi, K Uesaka, Y Tsuchiya, M Ohtsuka, Y Kaneoka, M Yamamoto, Y Ambo, Y Shimizu, F Ozawa, A Fukutomi, M Ando, Y Nimura, M Nagino, S Nakamori, T Ajiki, H Baba, R Yamaguchi, M Kawai, H Nagano, F Miura, T Arai, Y Nishiwaki, S Kawasaki
British Journal of Surgery.2018; 105(3): 192. CrossRef
Adjuvant systemic therapy and postoperative outcomes after resection of node positive gallbladder cancer
Jiong-Jie Yu, Xin-Fei Xu, Tian Yang
International Journal of Surgery.2018; 54: 307. CrossRef
The efficiency and regimen choice of adjuvant chemotherapy in biliary tract cancer
Luxi Yin, Qi Xu, Jingjing Li, Qing Wei, Jieer Ying
Medicine.2018; 97(50): e13570. CrossRef
Surgical Management of Gallbladder Cancer
Gyulnara G. Kasumova, Omidreza Tabatabaie, Robert M. Najarian, Mark P. Callery, Sing Chau Ng, Andrea J. Bullock, Robert A. Fisher, Jennifer F. Tseng
Annals of Surgery.2017; 266(4): 625. CrossRef

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12 Crossref

Case Report

Calcified Carcinoma of the Gallbladder with Calcified Nodal Metastasis Presenting as a Porcelain Gallbladder: A Case Report: Eun Joo Yun, Dae Young Yoon, Chul Soon Choi, Sang Hoon Bae, Young Lan Seo, Suk Ki Chang, Kyoung Ja Lim, Jung Hye Kwon, Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam; Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):71-74. Published online March 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.71

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Porcelain gallbladder is regarded as a risk factor of gallbladder cancer. A porcelain gallbladder with calcified regional lymph nodes was found using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 43-year-old man who presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. His cholecystectomy specimen showed diffuse wall thickening and contained small gallstones. Histological examination revealed diffuse infiltrative adenocarcinoma with extensive intratumoral calcification (calcified carcinoma). The majority of the calcified material was located within or replaced the tumor glands, and was not found in the stroma. A lymph node was totally replaced with a calcified metastatic adenocarcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of calcified lymph node metastasis from a calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder has been previously reported in the literature. We herein add a case of calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder with calcified lymph node metastasis, presenting as a porcelain gallbladder on CT and MRI.

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A porcelain gallbladder and a rapid tumor dissemination
Juan-Ramón Gómez-López, Beatriz De Andrés-Asenjo, Christian Ortega-Loubon
Annals of Medicine and Surgery.2014; 3(4): 119. CrossRef
Porcelain Gallbladder: A Benign Process or Concern for Malignancy?
Thomas Schnelldorfer
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2013; 17(6): 1161. CrossRef

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2 Crossref

Original Articles

Co-Expression of Cox-2, C-Met and β-catenin in Cells Forming Invasive front of Gallbladder Cancer: Woo Sung Moon, Ho Sung Park, Ho Lee, Rama Pai, Andrzej S. Tarnawski, Kyung Ryoul Kim, Kyu Yun Jang; Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(3):171-176. Published online June 30, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.3.171

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Gallbladder cancer is a malignancy with poor prognosis, predominantly resulting from invasion and metastasis. Our previous studies have demonstrated that prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), generated by cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2), transactivates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-Met and β-catenin; thus, enhancing colon cancer cell growth and invasiveness in vitro. To determine whether these findings are applicable to clinical conditions, we examined the expression and cellular localization/co-localization of Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2 in gallbladder cancer.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-five specimens of invasive gallbladder cancer, 8 in situ carcinoma and 7 adenoma specimens were immunostained with specific antibodies against Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin, EGFR and c-erbB2. The cellular distribution, localization and colocalization were examined, and the signal intensities quantified in: a) the central area of gallbladder cancer and b) cancer cells forming the invasive front.

Results

Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin, c-erbB2 and EGFR were over-expressed in 80, 74, 71, 62 and 11% of invasive gallbladder cancers, respectively. β-catenin was expressed in 80% of non-malignant specimens, exclusively in the cell membrane, while the cancer specimens showed cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining. Significantly higher Cox-2, c-Met and β-catenin expressions were present in cancer cells of the invasive front than in the tumor central areas (p<0.001), and these expressions were significantly (p=0.01) associated with the invasion depth. Co-expressions of Cox-2, c-Met, β-catenin and c-erbB2 were present in 42% of the specimens in cancer cells forming the invasive front.

Conclusion

The overexpressions, and often co-localizations, of Cox-2, c-Met and β-catenin in cancer cells forming the invasive front indicate their local interactions and important roles in invasion.

Citations

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Arachidonic acid metabolism as a novel pathogenic factor in gastrointestinal cancers
Weiqin Lu, Aihemaitijiang Aihaiti, Paziliya Abudukeranmu, Yajun Liu, Huihui Gao
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.2025; 480(2): 1225. CrossRef
EGFR, HER2, and MET gene amplification and protein expression profiles in biliary tract cancer and their prognostic significance
Yeseul Kim, Seungyun Jee, Hyunsung Kim, Seung Sam Paik, Dongho Choi, Su Hyun Yoo, Su-Jin Shin
The Oncologist.2024; 29(8): e1051. CrossRef
Immunohistochemical appraisal of epithelial mesenchymal transition type III in gall bladder cancer
Kamini Yadav, Preeti Agarwal, Madhu Kumar, Sameer Gupta, Medha Mishra, Malti Kumari Maurya, Sumaira Qayoom, Madhu Mati Goel
Indian Journal of Pathology and Microbiology.2023; 66(1): 44. CrossRef
Krukenberg Tumor Related to Gallbladder Cancer in a Young Woman: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Giulia Grizzi, Michele Ghidini, Margherita Ratti, Marianna D’Ercole, Giulia Tanzi, Annalisa Abbiati, Andrea Celotti, Daniele Spada, Gian Luca Baiocchi, Maria Bonomi
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of 4,7-disubstituted 8-methoxyquinazoline derivatives as potential cytotoxic agents targeting β-catenin/TCF4 signaling pathway
Kaushik Neogi, Prashant R. Murumkar, Priyanshu Sharma, Poonam Yadav, Mallika Tewari, Devarajan Karunagaran, Prasanta Kumar Nayak, Mange Ram Yadav
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Kaushik Neogi, Mallika Tewari, Ashish Kumar Singh, Kavyanjali Sharma, Gullanki Naga Venkata Charan Tej, Sumit Singh Verma, Subash Chandra Gupta, Prasanta Kumar Nayak
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Niklas Sturm, Jasmin Selina Schuhbaur, Felix Hüttner, Lukas Perkhofer, Thomas Jens Ettrich
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Knockdown of SLC39A4 Expression Inhibits the Proliferation and Motility of Gallbladder Cancer Cells and Tumor Formation in Nude Mice
Min Li, Kun Fan, Bohao Zheng, David Zekria, Tao Suo, Han Liu, Sheng Shen, Houbao Liu, Xiaoling Ni
Cancer Management and Research.2021; Volume 13: 2235. CrossRef
Aspirin and Statin Use and the Risk of Gallbladder Cancer
Kritika Prasai, Sri Harsha Tella, Siddhartha Yadav, Anuhya Kommalapati, Kristin Mara, Mohamed Mady, Mohamed A. Hassan, Nicha Wongjarupong, Natalia Rodriguez-Payan, Mitesh Borad, Tushar Patel, Lewis R. Roberts, Amit Mahipal
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Molecular Targets and Emerging Therapies for Advanced Gallbladder Cancer
Matteo Canale, Manlio Monti, Ilario Giovanni Rapposelli, Paola Ulivi, Francesco Giulio Sullo, Giulia Bartolini, Elisa Tiberi, Giovanni Luca Frassineti
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Jianhua Yu, Lawrence Shi, Weiguo Lin, Baochun Lu, Yunfeng Zhao
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Prevalence and Clinicopathological Significance of MET Overexpression and Gene Amplification in Patients with Gallbladder Carcinoma
Yeseul Kim, Seong Sik Bang, Seungyun Jee, Sungeon Park, Su-Jin Shin, Kiseok Jang
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Genetic mutational analysis of β-catenin gene affecting GSK-3β phosphorylation plays a role in gallbladder carcinogenesis: Results from a case control study
Ruhi Dixit, Manoj Pandey, Sunil Kumar Tripathi, Amit Nandan Dhar Dwivedi, Vijay Kumar Shukla
Cancer Treatment and Research Communications.2020; 23: 100173. CrossRef
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Xiaoling Song, Yunping Hu, Yongsheng Li, Rong Shao, Fatao Liu, Yingbin Liu
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Cancer Discovery.2017; 7(9): 943. CrossRef
Molecular genetics and targeted therapeutics in biliary tract carcinoma
Eric I Marks
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CIZ1 promoted the growth and migration of gallbladder cancer cells
Dexiang Zhang, Yueqi Wang, Yuedi Dai, Jiwen Wang, Tao Suo, Hongtao Pan, Han Liu, Sheng Shen, Houbao Liu
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Amani Kazem, Khaled El Sayed, Yasser El Kerm
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S.G. Barreto, A. Dutt, A. Chaudhary
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Significance of epithelial growth factor in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition of human gallbladder cancer cells
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Revista Clínica de Periodoncia, Implantología y Rehabilitación Oral.2011; 4(3): 122. CrossRef

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Growth Suppression and Induction of Chemosensitivity in Human Gallbladder Epithelial Carcinoma Cells (GBCE) by Adenovirus-Mediated Transfer of the Wild-type p53 Gene: Sung Bae Kim, Myung Hwan Kim, Sung Koo Lee, Tae Won Kim, Cheolwon Suh, Jeong Sik Shin, Jung Sun Park, Eun Soon Kim, Gyungyub Gong, Jung Shin Lee, Woo Kun Kim, Sang Hee Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35(6):521-527. Published online December 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2003.35.6.521

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Mutations in the p53 gene are reported in 50~90% of gallbladder and bile duct cancer, and have been implicated in chemoresistance. We undertook this study to determine whether the introduction of the wild type p53 gene into GBCE (human gallbladder cancer cell line with a heterozygous p53 mutation) by an adenoviral vector could increase the sensitivity of the cell to 5-FU, a commonly used drug in the treatment of gallbladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GBCE cells were transfected with either Ad/p53 or Ad/E1 in the presence of 5-FU. Gene expression was confirmed by western blotting. Nude mice were injected subcutaneously with GBCE cells. When tumors formed, intratumoral injection of Ad/p53 was performed. Reduction of tumor size was compared in two weeks of Ad/p53 gene transfection. RESULTS: Ad/53 transfection induced a dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth. Tumor colony formation was more inhibited with p53 gene transfection than with mock transfection in the presence of 5-FU. The reduction in tumor size was more pronounced with p53 transfection than with mock infection.
CONCLUSION
These treatment modalities could be utilized in the treatment of p53 mutant human gallbladder cancers.

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The Clinical Values of Metaplasia, p 53, c - erbB2 and CEA Expression in Gallbladder Carcinoma: Seok Mo Kim, Seong Hwan Kim, Jeong Hwan Chang, Sung chul Lim, Chae Hong Suh; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(6):1261-1270.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
We evaluated the correlation between the carcinogenesis of gallbladder and the expression of lysozyme, p53, c-erbB2 and CEA in gallbladder lesions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty cases of gallbladder lesions (containing 17 cases of GB carcinoma) were examined. We analyzed the clinicopathologic findings of the early (stage I & II) and advanced carcinoma (stage III, IV & V) and those of carcinoma with or without metaplasia in the tumor. We performed p53, c-erbB2 and CEA immunohistochemical staining and compared their findings with those of normal mucosa and preneoplastic lesions. We also performed lysozyme immunohistochemical staining and compared its finding with metaplastic and non-metaplastic lesions.
RESULTS
There are two distinct genetic pathways in gallbladder cacinogenesis and metaplastic carcinoma was more frequent than non-metaplastic carcinoma. Metaplasia of gallbladder did not reveal any difference of the clinicopathologic findings and depth of invasion (Nevin stage). Lysozyme expression was found in all metaplastic lesions but non-expression did not indicate non-metaplastic lesions. p53 mutations and c-erbB2 alterations may have a role in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder carcinomas, especially, in a late event, and in an early and late events, respectively. The correlation of p53 and c-erbB2 expressions was found but which did not indicate that the co-expression was needed in the carcinogenesis. CEA immunohistochemical staining may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of benign lesions and precancerous and cancerous lesions of the gallbladder.
CONCLUSION
These results suggest that p53 mutations and c-erbB2 alterations may have a role in the carcinogenesis of gallbladder carcinomas, especially, in a late event, and in an early and late events, respectively.

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Immunohistochemical Study on the Expression of p53 and bcl-2 Protein in Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma: Joon Hyuk Choi, Young Ran Sim, Won Hee Choi; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(4):660-667.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
This study was carried out to evaluate the expression of p53 and bcl-2 protein in the adenocarcinoma of gallbladder.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty three cases of adenocarcinoma of gallbladder were immunohistochemically stained for p53 and bcl-2 protein.
RESULTS
p53 protein was expressed in 51.5%(17/33) of adenocarcinoma. p53 protein expression was not significantly correlated with histologic grade of adenocarcinoma, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and TNM stage, respectively(p>0.05). bcl-2 protein was expressed in 12.1%(4/33) of adenocarcinoma. bcl-2 protein expression was not significantly correlated with tumor size, histologic grade, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and TNM stage, respectively(p>0.05). There is no correlation between expression of p53 and bcl-2 in gallbladder adenocarcioma(p > 0.05).
CONCLUSION
This study suggest that p53 gene mutation plays an important role in carcinogenesis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma. The role of bcl-2 protein in gallbladder adenocarcinoma may be not significant.

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Immunohistochemically Observed p53 Overxpression in Gallbladder Carcinomas: Young Cheol Lee, Jung Weon Shim, Hae Kyung Ahn, Joo Seop Kim, Chang Sig Choi; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1995;27(6):936-940.

Abstract PDF: p53 mutations have been known to occur frequently in human cancers, but there have been only a few reports about p53 mutations in gallbladder cancer. Authors observed overexpression of p53 proteins, and investigated the clinical and pathologic features in 12 patients of the gallbladder carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining for p53 proteins was done by anti-human monoclonal antibody(PAb [80]; pharmingen, CA), and p53 overexpression was found in 75%(nine cases) of 12 resected specimens. When 9 cases of p53 ovrexpression according to extent of involvement were classified, 5 cases belonged to mild ones, 1 case to moderate and 3 cases to severe. And when they were classified according to intensity, 3 cases belonged to mild ones, 2 cases to moderate and 4 cases to severe. Probably invasion depth of tumor and extent of differentiation were not related with p53 overexpression. Further study will be necessary why gallbladder carcinoma has higher positivity for p53 proteins.

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