Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Head and Neck cancer

The Impact of Infectious Mononucleosis History on the Risk of Developing Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Retrospective Large-Scale Cohort Study Using National Health Insurance Data in South Korea: So Hee Kang, Yun-Hee Lee, Jun-Pyo Myong, Minsu Kwon; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1077-1083. Published online April 23, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1356

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
This study aimed to assess the long-term risks associated with a history of infectious mononucleosis (IM), primarily caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Specifically analyzing the potential increase in developing nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) and lymphoma in patients with a history of IM and exploring the prevalence of other EBV-associated conditions.
Materials and Methods
The Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database was utilized for a retrospective analysis, covering data from 2002 to 2021. A total of 25,582 IM patients and controls were included, with 1:1 propensity score matching. The study monitored outcomes, including lymphoma, NPC, gastric cancer, multiple sclerosis, and all-cause mortality.
Results
Patients with a history of IM demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of lymphoma (hazard ratio [HR], 5.320; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.208 to 8.820; p < 0.001) and NPC (HR, 7.116; 95% CI, 1.617 to 31.314; p=0.009) during the follow-up period compared with the control group. Additionally, the IM group showed an increased rate of all-cause mortality (HR, 2.225; 95% CI, 1.858 to 2.663; p < 0.001).
Conclusion
This study suggests that individuals with a history of IM have an elevated risk of developing lymphoma and NPC in South Korea, emphasizing the importance of vigilant follow-up and monitoring. The results advocate for heightened awareness and potential national monitoring policies to address the long-term health implications of EBV infection and to implement preventive measures.

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Individualized Concurrent Chemotherapy for Patients with Stage III-IVa Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Combined with Definitive Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy: Pengjie Ji, Qiongjiao Lu, Xiaoqiang Chen, Yuebing Chen, Xiane Peng, Zhiwei Chen, Cheng Lin, Shaojun Lin, Jingfeng Zong; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(4):1113-1122. Published online May 11, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1651

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
This retrospective study aimed to re-evaluate the effect of concurrent chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in the era of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
Materials and Methods
A total of 498 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NCT) combined with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or IMRT were retrospectively reviewed. The distribution of baseline characteristics was balanced using propensity score matching. Additionally, the results of NCT+IMRT and NCT+CCRT were compared using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and differences in survival rates were analyzed using the log rank test.
Results
There were no significant differences in overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and local progression-free survival (LRFS) between the two groups. Patients were further categorized into risk subgroups based on pretreatment Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA cutoff values using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in OS, PFS, DMFS, and LRFS between patients who received NCT+CCRT and NCT+IMRT in the high-risk group. In the low-risk group, although there were no differences between NCT+CCRT and NCT+IMRT in OS, PFS, and LRFS, patients who received NCT+CCRT had better DMFS than those who received NCT+IMRT.
Conclusion
Pretreatment EBV DNA level can be used to individualize concurrent chemotherapy for patients with locally advanced NPC. Patients with low pretreatment EBV DNA levels may benefit from concurrent chemotherapy, whereas those with high levels may not. Other treatment modalities need to be explored for high-risk patients to improve their prognosis.

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Global trends in research of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a bibliometric and visualization analysis
Guilin An, Jie Liu, Ting Lin, Lan He, Yingchun He
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Subdivision of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients with Bone-Only Metastasis at Diagnosis for Prediction of Survival and Treatment Guidance: Xue-Song Sun, Yu-Jing Liang, Sai-Lan Liu, Qiu-Yan Chen, Shan-Shan Guo, Yue-Feng Wen, Li-Ting Liu, Hao-Jun Xie, Qing-Nan Tang, Xiao-Yun Li, Jin-Jie Yan, Lin-Quan Tang, Hai-Qiang Mai; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1259-1268. Published online January 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.652

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to subdivide M1 stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with bone-only metastases for prognosis prediction while identifying the treatment effect of locoregional radiotherapy (LRRT) and metastasis radiotherapy (MRT) among patients with different risk.
Materials and Methods
From November 2006 to October 2016, a total of 226 patients with bone-only metastasic NPC were retrospectively enrolled. All patients developed distant lesions before receiving treatment. All potential prognostic factors were considered and the correlation of the M1 subdivisions with overall survival (OS) was determined by Cox regression hazards model. Kaplan–Meier curves were used to appraise survival condition and log-rank testing was used to compare the differences.
Results
The median follow-up time was 33.9 months (range, 3 to 126 months). According to multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis, the number of metastatic lesions and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA status after palliative chemotherapy (PCT) were independent prognostic factors for OS. Thus, we subdivided patients into three risk groups according to these two factors. Systemic chemotherapy combined with LRRT may benefit patients in low- and intermediate-risk groups but not in the high-risk group. Further aggressive MRT based on systemic chemotherapy showed no survival benefit in any risk group.
Conclusion
The stratification of NPC patients with bone-only metastasis based on EBV DNA after PCT and the number of metastatic lesions provided promising prognostic value and could aid clinicians in person-specific treatment.

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Efficacy of metastatic lesion radiotherapy in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study
Yang Liu, Jie Ma, Xiao-Yi Zeng, Zhi-Chao Zuo, Rui-Zhong Chen, Xiao-Yu Li, Zhong-Guo Liang, Kai-Hua Chen, Xin-Bin Pan, Su Pei, Bin-Bin Yu, Ling Li, Song Qu, Yun-Li Yang, Xiao-Dong Zhu
Radiotherapy and Oncology.2024; 196: 110311. CrossRef
Ninth Version of the AJCC and UICC Nasopharyngeal Cancer TNM Staging Classification
Jian-Ji Pan, Hai-Qiang Mai, Wai Tong Ng, Chao-Su Hu, Jin-Gao Li, Xiao-Zhong Chen, James C. H. Chow, Edwin Wong, Victor Lee, Ling-Yu Ma, Qiao-Juan Guo, Qin Liu, Li-Zhi Liu, Ting-Ting Xu, Xiao-Chang Gong, Meng-Yun Qiang, Kwok-Hung Au, Tsz-Chim Liu, Chi Leun
JAMA Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Whether Primary Bone‐Only Oligometastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Benefit From Radiotherapy to the Bones on the Basis of Palliative Chemotherapy Plus Locoregional Radiotherapy?—A Large‐Cohort Retrospective Study
Wan‐Ping Guo, Guo‐Dong Jia, Si‐Yi Xie, Xuan Yu, Xiao‐Han Meng, Lin‐Quan Tang, Xiao‐Yun Li, Dong‐Hua Luo
Cancer Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Gemcitabine plus cisplatin versus docetaxel plus cisplatin and fluorouracil induction chemotherapy combined with locoregional radiotherapy in de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A single center prospective phase II clinical trial
Kai Shang, Taotao Li, Yue Chen, Xunyan Luo, Huajing Wu, Yu Zhou, Jiayu Song, Weili Wu, Yuanyuan Li, Xiuling Luo, Xiaoxiao Chen, Xiuyun Gong, Chaofen Zhao, Zhuoling Li, Lina Liu, Qianyong He, Jinhua Long, Feng Jin
Oral Oncology.2024; 159: 107087. CrossRef
Clinical characteristics and prognostic factors affecting survival after radical radiotherapy for early and late post-treatment metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Guo-Dong Jia, Xue-Song Sun, Xiao-Yun Li, Sai-Lan Liu, Jin-Hao Yang, Qiu-Yan Chen, Li Yuan, Hai-Qiang Mai
BMC Cancer.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Assessment of bone lesions with 18F-FDG PET/MRI in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Yuting Fang, Shoucong Chen, Yuanfan Xu, Mengyun Qiang, Changjuan Tao, Shuang Huang, Lei Wang, Xiaozhong Chen, Caineng Cao
Nuclear Medicine Communications.2023; 44(6): 457. CrossRef
The map of bone metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A real‐world study
Dong‐Hua Luo, Jia‐Xin Li, Wan‐Ping Guo, Chen‐Guang Guo, Xiao‐Han Meng, Pei‐Jun Xie, Jie‐Yi Lin, Hao‐Yuan Mo, Qun Zhang, Yong Chen, Guo‐Ping Shen
Cancer Medicine.2023; 12(17): 17660. CrossRef
Optimal management of oligometastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Honggen Liu, Peiying Yang, Yingjie Jia
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.2022; 279(2): 567. CrossRef
Optimizing the treatment mode for de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma with bone-only metastasis
Cheng Lin, Sheng Lin, Lili Zhu, Shaojun Lin, Jianji Pan, Yun Xu
BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A nonendemic analysis of the patterns and prognosis of de novo metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinomas in older patients aged ≥ 65 years
Baoqiu Liu, Mingxing Zhang, Yanqing Cao, Zhe Wang, Xicheng Wang
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Promising response to immunotherapy in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus – a case report
Cristina Orlov Slavu, Andreea Paroşanu, Ana-Maria Popa, Mihaela Olaru, Loredana Mitran, Cornelia Niţipir
ORL.ro.2021; 2(51): 30. CrossRef
Diagnostic and prognostic nomograms for bone metastasis in small cell lung cancer
Chenan Liu, Jiahong Yi, Junmei Jia
Journal of International Medical Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic potential of liquid biopsy tracking in the posttreatment surveillance of patients with nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Fo‐Ping Chen, Xiao‐Dan Huang, Jia‐Wei Lv, Dan‐Wan Wen, Guan‐Qun Zhou, Li Lin, Jia Kou, Chen‐Fei Wu, Yue Chen, Zi‐Qi Zheng, Zhi‐Xuan Li, Xiao‐Jun He, Ying Sun
Cancer.2020; 126(10): 2163. CrossRef
Oral Maintenance Chemotherapy Using S-1/Capecitabine in Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients After Systemic Chemotherapy: A Single-Institution Experience

Qiaojuan Guo, Mengwei Chen, Hanchuan Xu, Tianzhu Lu, Han Zhou, Yanyan Chen, Jingfeng Zong, Yun Xu, Bijuan Chen, Bingyi Wang, Lili Zhu, Jianji Pan, Shaojun Lin
Cancer Management and Research.2020; Volume 12: 1387. CrossRef
Metastatic disease in head & neck oncology
Paolo Pisani, Mario Airoldi, Anastasia Allais, Paolo Aluffi Valletti, Mariapina Battista, Marco Benazzo, Roberto Briatore, Salvatore Cacciola, Salvatore Cocuzza, Andrea Colombo, Bice Conti, Alberto Costanzo, Laura della Vecchia, Nerina Denaro, Cesare Fant
Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica.2020; 40(SUPPL. 1): S1. CrossRef
Pattern and prognosis of distant metastases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A large‐population retrospective analysis
Weiling Qu, Sihan Li, Miao Zhang, Qiao Qiao
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Bone Metastases Pattern in Newly Diagnosed Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Real-World Analysis in the SEER Database
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BioMed Research International.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Synchronous Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Characteristics and Survival of Patients Adding Definitive Nasopharyngeal-Neck Radiotherapy to Systematic Chemotherapy

Wenjun Liao, Jinlan He, Qiheng Gou, Baofeng Duan, Lei Liu, Ping Ai, Yanchu Li, Kexing Ren, Nianyong Chen
Cancer Management and Research.2020; Volume 12: 10211. CrossRef

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Comparison of Efficacy of Pembrolizumab between Epstein-Barr Virus‒Positive and ‒Negative Relapsed or Refractory Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Seok-Jin Kim, Jiyeon Hyeon, Inju Cho, Young Hyeh Ko, Won Seog Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(2):611-622. Published online July 20, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.191

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Pembrolizumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) inhibitor inhibits the interplay between PD1 of T-cell and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) on tumor cells. Although pembrolizumab has been tried to various subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), realworld data about the efficacy of pembrolizumab in NHL patients are limited.
Materials and methods
We analyzed the outcome of 30 relapsed or refractory NHL patients treated with pembrolizumab, and compared the outcome between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)‒positive and negative subtypes because EBV infection of tumor cells can upregulate PDL1 expression.
Results
Seven patients with EBV-positive NHL showed a response including NK/T-cell lymphoma (6/14, 44%) and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (1/4, 25%) whereas EBV-negative subtypes did not respond such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. We also evaluated PDL1 expression using tumor tissue of 76 patients. High PDL1 expression (positive staining of > 50% of tumor cells) was more frequent in NK/T-cell lymphoma and primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma than other subtypes. Thus, PDL1 expression was significantly higher in EBV-positive (18/32, 56%) than EBV-negative NHL (4/38, 11%, p < 0.001). Furthermore, NK/T-cell lymphoma patients with high PDL1 expression showed a higher response (4/6, 67%) than those with low PDL1 expression (1/5, 20%).
Conclusion
Pembrolizumab could be useful as a salvage treatment for relapsed or refractory EBV-positive NHL, especially NK/T-cell lymphoma. However, its efficacy in EBV-negative NHL with low or absent PDL1 expression is still not clear although pembrolizumab could be a potential treatment option for relapsed or refractory NHL.

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The Prognostic Role of Circulating Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Copy Number in Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma Treated with Dose-Adjusted EPOCH: Jin-Hua Liang, Luo Lu, Hua-Yuan Zhu, Wang Li, Lei Fan, Jian-Yong Li, Wei Xu; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):150-157. Published online April 2, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.476

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Determine the frequency and prognostic value of circulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA copy number in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) patients who were treated with dose-adjusted etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin (DA-EPOCH) regimens.
Materials and Methods
Sixty newly-diagnosed AITL patients were retrospectively enrolled in the present study. All patients were treated with DA-EPOCH regimen.
Results
Twenty-two subjects (36.7%) had a EBV DNA-positive test at diagnosis. EBV DNA‒positive patients were associated with lower lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (p=0.024). Median follow-up was 40 months (range, 14 to 100 months). The overall response rate for all the 60 AITL patents were 71.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 58.6 to 82.5) with 3-year progressive-free survival (PFS) rate of 30.9%±6.1% and overall survival (OS) rate of 60.1%±6.6%. Not only did PFS estimation differ between the EBV DNA‒positive and EBV DNA‒negative group (hazard ratio [HR], 2.24; 95% CI, 1.15 to 4.35; p=0.006), but also worse OS was observed in the pretreatment EBV DNA‒positive group than in the EBV DNA‒negative group (HR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.22 to 6.19; p=0.006). EBV DNA test positivity was independent prognostic marker for both PFS (HR, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.17 to 4.00; p=0.014) and OS (HR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.48 to 7.11; p=0.004) after adjusting International Prognostic Index and prognostic index for AITL score. Reduction in EBV copies was significantly associated with therapy-response.
Conclusion
Circulating EBV DNA level was an important prognostic and monitoring marker for AITL patients who treated with DA-EPOCH regimens which cannot improve outcomes for AITL patients.

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Impact of the peripheral blood inflammatory indices and modified nomogram-revised risk index on survival of Extranodal Nasal-Type Natural Killer/T-Cell lymphoma
Qing Hou, He Li, Yu Liang, Ningning Yao, Xin Cao, Jianting Liu, Bochen Sun, Peixin Feng, Wenjuan Zhang, Jianzhong Cao
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Cutaneous peri‐ocular involvement in angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma
M. Mathieu, M. de Vicq de Cumptich, A. Kul, B. Richert
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Suxiao Li, Xiaoyan Feng, Yunfei Song, Mengke Fan, Qingjiang Chen, Mingzhi Zhang, Xiaolong Wu, Meng Dong, Jieming Zhang, Lijuan Han, Xudong Zhang
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The Clinical Significance and Prognostic Role of Whole-Blood Epstein-Barr Virus DNA in Lymphoma-Associated Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Jing Zhang, Shuchao Qin, Ze Jin, Qingqing Chen, Lingxiao Xing, Tonglu Qiu, Yi Xia, Jinhua Liang, Huayuan Zhu, Li Wang, Lei Fan, Wei Xu, Jianyong Li, Yi Miao
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Dynamic changes in circulating EBV-DNA load during treatment have prognostic values in EBV+ DLBCL-NOS: a Chinese cohort study
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Cancer Cell International.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Combination of Tumor Volume and Epstein-Barr Virus DNA Improved Prognostic Stratification of Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in the Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy Era: A Large-Scale Cohort Study: Qiu-Yan Chen, Shao-Yan Guo, Lin-Quan Tang, Tong-Yu Lu, Bo-Lin Chen, Qi-Yu Zhong, Meng-Sha Zou, Qing-Nan Tang, Wen-Hui Chen, Shan-Shan Guo, Li-Ting Liu, Yang Li, Ling Guo, Hao-Yuan Mo, Rui Sun, Dong-Hua Luo, Chong Zhao, Ka-Jia Cao, Chao-Nan Qian, Xiang Guo, Mu-Sheng Zeng, Hai-Qiang Mai; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(3):861-871. Published online September 13, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.237

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Little is known about combination of the circulating Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) DNA and tumor volume in prognosis of stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients in the intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) era. We conducted this cohort study to evaluate the prognostic values of combining these two factors.
Materials and Methods
By Kaplan-Meier, we compare the differences of survival curves between 385 patients with different EBV DNA or tumor volume levels, or with the combination of two biomarkers mentioned above.
Results
Gross tumor volume of cervical lymph nodes (GTVnd, p < 0.001) and total tumor volume (GTVtotal, p < 0.001) were both closely related to pretreatment EBV DNA, while gross tumor volume of nasopharynx (GTVnx, p=0.047) was weakly related to EBV DNA. EBV DNA was significantly correlated with progress-free survival (PFS, p=0.005), locoregional-free survival (LRFS, p=0.039), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS, p=0.017), while GTVtotal, regardless of GTVnx and GTVnd, had a significant correlation with PFS and LRFS. The p-values of GTVtotal for PFS and LRFS were 0.008 and 0.001, respectively. According to GTVtotal and pretreatment EBV DNA level, patients were divided into a low-risk group (EBV DNA 0 copy/mL, GTVtotal < 30 cm3; EBV DNA 0 copy/mL, GTVtotal ≥ 30 cm3; or EBV DNA > 0 copy/mL, GTVtotal < 30 cm3) and a high-risk group (EBV DNA > 0 copy/mL, GTVtotal ≥ 30 cm3). When patients in the low-risk group were compared with those in the high-risk group, 3-year PFS (p=0.003), LRFS (p=0.010), and DMFS (p=0.031) rates were statistically significant.
Conclusion
Pretreatment plasma EBV DNA and tumor volume were both closely correlated with prognosis of stage II NPC patients in the IMRT era. Combination of EBV DNA and tumor volume can refine prognosis and indicate for clinical therapy.

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Pretreatment Serum Amyloid A and C-reactive Protein Comparing with Epstein-Barr Virus DNA as Prognostic Indicators in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Prospective Study: Qiu-Yan Chen, Qing-Nan Tang, Lin-Quan Tang, Wen-Hui Chen, Shan-Shan Guo, Li-Ting Liu, Chao-Feng Li, Yang Li, Yu-Jing Liang, Xue-Song Sun, Ling Guo, Hao-Yuan Mo, Rui Sun, Dong-Hua Luo, Yu-Ying Fan, Yan He, Ming-Yuan Chen, Ka-Jia Cao, Chao-Nan Qian, Xiang Guo, Hai-Qiang Mai; Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(3):701-711. Published online July 14, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.180

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
The measuring Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA is an important predictor of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). This study evaluated the predictive value of pretreatment serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) comparing with EBV DNA in patients with NPC.
Materials and Methods
In an observational study of 419 non-metastatic NPC patients, we prospectively evaluated the prognostic effects of pretreatment SAA, CRP, and EBV DNA on survival. The primary endpoint was progress-free survival (PFS).
Results
The median level of SAA and CRP was 4.28 mg/L and 1.88 mg/L, respectively. For the highSAA group (> 4.28 mg/L) versus the low-SAA (≤ 4.28 mg/L) group and the high-CRP group (> 1.88 mg/L) versus the low-CRP (≤ 1.88 mg/L) group, the 5-year PFS was 64.5% versus 73.1% (p=0.013) and 65.2% versus 73.3% (p=0.064), respectively. EBV DNA detection showed a superior predictive result, the 5-year PFS in the EBV DNA ≥ 1,500 copies/mL group was obviously different than the EBV DNA < 1,500 copies/mL group (62.2% versus 77.8%, p < 0.001). Multifactorial Cox regression analysis confirmed that in the PFS, the independent prognostic factors were including EBV DNA (hazard ratio [HR], 1.788; p=0.009), tumour stage (HR, 1.903; p=0.021), and node stage (HR, 1.498; p=0.049), but the SAA and CRP were not included in the independent prognostic factors.
Conclusion
The results of SAA and CRP had a certain relationship with the prognosis of NPC, and the prognosis of patients with high level of SAA and CRP were poor. However, the predictive ability of SAA and CRP was lower than that of EBV DNA.

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Jiahui Li, Qianwen Liu, Huiying Qin
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Selection of induction chemotherapy cycles for stage N3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma based on pre-treatment plasma EBV DNA
Youliang Weng, Sunqin Cai, Chao Li, Yun Xu, Yuhui Pan, Zongwei Huang, Ying Li, Zijie Wu, Yu Chen, Sufang Qiu
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Ying Lu, Haixin Huang, Hui Yang, Xiaohua Hu, Meilian Liu, Changjie Huang, Xianbin Feng, Xishan Chen, Zhou Jiang
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Association of Epstein–Barr virus DNA and SAA with S1 maintenance therapy outcomes in patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Ying Lu, Zhou Jiang, Huan Lin, Hui Yang, Xishan Chen, Haixin Huang
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Long‐term monitoring of dynamic changes in plasma EBV DNA for improved prognosis prediction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Wanxia Li, Jing Chen, Bijun Liang, Zonghua Li, Junzheng Li, Xiaofei Yuan, Shuting Wu, Fangfang Zeng, Xinyu Peng, Yanfei Li, Juan Lu, Feipeng Zhao, Xiong Liu
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A systematic review and recommendations on the use of plasma EBV DNA for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Anne W.M. Lee, Victor H.F. Lee, Wai-Tong Ng, Primož Strojan, Nabil F. Saba, Alessandra Rinaldo, Stefan M. Willems, Juan P. Rodrigo, Arlene A. Forastiere, Alfio Ferlito
European Journal of Cancer.2021; 153: 109. CrossRef
Prognostic value of Epstein–Barr virus DNA level for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis of 8128 cases
Hongling Qu, Yuli Huang, Shufen Zhao, Yuanqing Zhou, Weibiao Lv
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The prognostic value of integration of pretreatment serum amyloid A (SAA)–EBV DNA (S‐D) grade in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Jianpei Li, Changchun Lai, Songguo Peng, Hao Chen, Lei Zhou, Yufeng Chen, Shulin Chen
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Hai-yingjie Lin, Guo-qiang Tan, Yan Liu, Shao-qiang Lin
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Expression of BamHI-A Rightward Transcripts in Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancers: Bo-Gun Jang, Eun Ji Jung, Woo Ho Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(4):250-254. Published online December 27, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.4.250

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
About 10% of all gastric cancers (GCs) are Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated. However, the oncogene of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis has not yet been established. In the present study, we investigated the virus-derived transcripts in the EBV-infected GC cell line to explore the viral oncogene of EBV-positive GCs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used the SNU719 cell line, a naturally derived EBV-infected GC cell line. The individual expressed sequence tags from the cDNA libraries of SNU719 were searched against the mRNA subset extracted from the GenBank data base. Sequence reaction was carried out for the EBV-associated clones. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was performed after cells were partitioned into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions.
RESULTS
Using bioinformatic tools, we selected 13 EBV-associated clones from cDNA libraries of SNU719. By sequencing analysis, we revealed that they were all associated with RPMS1, one of the BamHI-A rightward transcripts (BART) of EBV. Some BART cDNAs such as RPMS1 and A73 are known to be translated into protein in vitro, and have been shown to have some biochemical functions relevant to tumorigenesis. But, presently, the BART transcripts were expressed only in the nucleus and not in the cytoplasm, arguing against their role as messenger RNAs. Some other BART transcripts expressed in GCs (BARF0, CST, vIL, BARF1, BLLF1, and BcLF1) were also extensively detected in the nucleus.
CONCLUSION
BART transcripts are the predominant viral transcripts expressed in EBV-associated GCs, and they are located only in the nucleus. Therefore, it seems less likely that BART transcripts produce functional proteins to play a role in carcinogenesis of EBV-associated GCs.

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Long non-coding RNAs in Epstein–Barr virus-related cancer
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Virus Research.2018; 250: 75. CrossRef
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Chi Man Tsang, Sai Wah Tsao
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PLoS Pathogens.2013; 9(5): e1003341. CrossRef

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Review Article

Epstein-Barr Virus in Human Malignancy: A Special Reference to Epstein-Barr Virus associated Gastric Carcinoma: Mee Soo Chang, Woo Ho Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(5):257-267. Published online October 31, 2005; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.5.257

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Epstein-Bar virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus, establishes a life-long persistent infection in 90~95% of human adult population worldwide. EBV is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleosis, and EBV is associated with a variety of human malignancy including lymphoma and gastric carcinoma. Recently, EBV has been classified as group 1 carcinogen by the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer. Evidence is presented which suggests that failures of the EBV-specific immunity may play a role in the pathogenesis of EBV-associated malignancy. At present, the precise mechanisms by which EBV transforms B lymphocytes have been disclosed. Encouragingly, they have had enough success so far to keep them enthusiastic about novel therapeutic trial in the field of EBV-associated lymphoma. However, information on EBV-associated gastric carcinoma is still at dawn. This article reviews EBV biology, immunological response of EBV infection, unique oncogenic property of EBV, peculiarity of EBV-associated gastric carcinoma, and lastly, EBV-targeted therapy and vaccination.

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Original Articles

Lack of Association between Epstein-Barr Virus and Epithelial Malignancies Developed after Kidney Transplantation: Jung Seon Seo, Kyeong Hee Kang, Jin Hyoung Kang, Suk Kyeong Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2003;35(5):433-439. Published online October 31, 2003; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2003.35.5.433

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Organ transplant recipients are at high risk of developing malignancies due to immunosuppressive regimens. Unlike post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (PTLDs), where Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) plays an etiological role, there are conflicting data regarding the association of EBV with post-transplant epithelial malignancies. In order to clarify the role of EBV in carcinomas that develop after solid-organ transplantation, the presence of EBV infection in the carcinomas of post-kidney transplant patients was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The presence of EBV infection in skin carcinoma (PTSC), gastric carcinoma (PTGC) and urothelial carcinoma (PTUC), which developed in the patients under an immune suppression regime following kidney transplantation, was examined. Tumors from the patients without organ transplantation were also used as a comparison in the study. The study group included five nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs), one Hodgkin's disease (HD), one B-cell non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma (NHL) and one hypopharynx (HPC) tumor. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence assay and Western blot analysis, using sera from the same patients, confirmed that all of the tested patients were previously infected with EBV. From in situ hybridization, no EBER positive cells were detected in any of the tumor tissues obtained from the three kidney transplant recipients (PTSC, PTGC and PTUC) or in the NHL and HPC tissues. In contrast, all five of the NPC and HD tissues showed strong EBER positivity. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there is a strong association of EBV with NPC and HD as previously reported, while no such strong association of EBV was found with epithelial malignancies that developed after kidney transplantation.

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Expression of p53 Protein and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen in Epstein - Barr Virus-associated Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Jeong Hee Kang, Chang Hoon Lee, Kang Suek Suh; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(3):429-440.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Recently, it has been reported that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with some gastric cancers. But EBVs role in EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs) has not been fully elucidated. This study was undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of EBVaGCs and to compare those with non-EBVaGCs.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
EBV infection was studied using paraffin-embedded tissue blocks of 119 cases of gastric adenocarcinomas by in situ hybridization for EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs). In EBVaGCs and non-EBVaGCs, molecular characteristics were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining for latent membrane protein (LMP)-1, p53 protein, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA).
RESULTS
EBERs were detected in 12 cases (10.1%) of 119 gastric adenocarcinomas. LMP-1 was negative in all carcinomas tested, p53 protein was positive in 7 cases (58.3%) of 12 EBVaGCs and in 51 (47.7%) of 107 non-EBVaGCs, the difference between two groups being not significant. Mean PCNA index was 38.2+-26.1% in EBVaGCs and 22.8 +- 20.0% in non-EBVaGCs. The index was significantly higher in the former than in the latter.
CONCLUSION
These results suggested that neoplastic progression in EBVaGCs was implicated with high expression of PCNA, but not consistently with overexpression of p53 protein or LMP-1.

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Subtypes of Epstein - Barr Virus in Malignant Lymphoma in Korea: Kyung Eun Choi, Eun Yoon Cho, Chan Kum Park, Won Keun Lee, Young Hyeh Ko; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(2):338-349.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Epstein-Barr virus(EBV) exists in the human population in two genetic forms, usually referred to as type 1 and type 2 which have been defined on the basis of sequence divergence in the EBNA-2 and EBNA-3 family genes. In this study, we were intended to investigate whether the subtypes of EBV in malignant lymphoma in Korea were associated with specific disease entities and geographical distribution.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Biopsy samples obtained from 18 Korean patients with malignant lymphoma including Hodgkin's disease(3 cases), B cell lymphoma(1 case), and NK/T cell lymphoma(14 cases) were analyzed to determine the subtype of EBV infected therein. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embeded tissues by ordinary method and specific viral sequences were sought using the polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and Southern blot hybridization assay. Oligonucleotide primers used for examination of EBV strain type were derived from the EBNA-3B and EBNA-3C coding regions. As a control, four cases of reactive hyperplasia were analyzed.
RESULTS
The two of four reactive hyperplasia cases were associated with type 1 and the rest of two cases with both types. Among the 18 cases with malignant lymphoma, thirteen cases(72%) had type 1, one(6%) had type 2, and four(22%) had dual infections with both types. In case of NK/T cell lymphoma(14 cases) occupying 78% of 18 biopsy samples, 86%(12 cases) were associated with type 1, 7%(1 case) with type 2, and 7%(1 case) with both types. In case of Hodgkin's disease, all of three cases had both types. B cell lymphoma taking only one case of twenty two cases was determined as type 1.
CONCLUSION
These observations indicated that type 1 EBV was predominant in Korean patients with malignant lymphoma, especially NK/T cell lymphoma and showed high frequency of dual viral infections(22%) in Hodgkin's disease as well as in reactive hyperplasia.

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A Study on the Tropism of Epstein-Barr Virus: Choon Hae Chung, Mi Ja Lee, Ho Jong Jeon; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(6):954-964.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) is associated with a variety of human lymphocytic and epithelial malignancies. EBV is thought to display exclusive tropism for B lymphocytes, follicular dendritic cells, and pharyngeal epithelia via specific receptors (C3d receptors, CR2, CD21). Recent evidence, however, challenged this belief. We designed this experiment to determine the incidence of EBV receptor in various malignant tumor cell lines and normal lymphocyte subsets.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We have examined the incidence of EBV receptor, CD21 on the 10 healthy adult peripheral blood (PB), 10 umbilical cord blood (CB), 4 immortalized lymphoblastoid B cells by EBV infection (CSUP-1, CSUP-2, CSUP-3, CSUP-4), 3 EBV-positive B cell lymphoma cell lines (Jiyoye, IM-9, PTLC-1), 1 EBV-negative B cell lymphoma cell line (JeKo-1), 3 T cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines (CCRF-CEM, H9, CEM-CM3), one histiocytic lymphoma cell line (U-937) and 5 gastric cancer cell lines (KATO III, AGS, SNU-1, SNU-5, and SNU-16). EBV receptor, C3d receptor was identified by flow cytometry (FACSCalibur) using FITC-conjugated or PE-conjugated CD21 monoclonal antibody. Also we investigated the expression of CD3, CD5, CD7, CD19, CD20, IgM, IgG, Ig and Ig by using FITC-conjugated or PE-conjugated monoclonal antibody, on above cell lines.
RESULTS
The expressions of CD21 molecule were 10.99 3.84% and 9.22 5.39% in adult PB lymphocytes and CB lymphocytes, respectively. The anti-human CD21 antibody was positive for CD19-positive or CD20-positive B lymphocytes. The CD3-positive or CD7-positive T lymphocytes were negative for anti-human CD21 antibody in PB and CB. But, CD21 antibody was weakly positive for CD5-positive lymphocytes. EBV-positive cell lines expressed variable ranges from 0.9% to 5.2% for CD21 antigen, while EBV-negative lymphoma cell line, JeKo-1 expressed 5.5%. All T lymphoma and leukemia cell lines and gastric cancer cell lines did not express CD21 antigen. But U-937 expressed 14.4% for CD21 antigen.
CONCLUSION
These results suggested that the CD21 antigen was expressed in CD20 or CD19-positive mature B cells, CD5-dim positive lymphocytes, some EBV-positive and negative B cell lymphoma cell lines, and a histiocytic lymphoma cell line. Further evaluation on the nature of CD5-dim positive cells, which was expressing CD21 molecule, is revealed, especially in reference to EBV association in some peculiar subtypes of peripheral T cell lymphoma.

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Significance of Epstein-Barr Virus Detection in non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Korea: Chang In Suh, Bum Joon Kim, Jae Won Park, Eung Soo Hwang, Yoon Hoh Kook, Chang Yong Cha; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(5):851-866.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
To investigate whether non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of Korea is pathogenetically associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analyzed fifty nine paraffin-embedded tissue and 22 fresh frozen tissue samples from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients for the presence of EBV sequences by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), in situ hybridization (ISH) and assessed the clonality of EBV infected cells by Southern blot hybridization.
RESULT
On ISH using oligonucleotide probes corresponding to EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs), 17 (28.8%) of 59 paraffin-embedded tissue samples showed positive hybridization signals localized over the nuclei of the tumor cells, but PCR using primers from Internal Repeat I or EBV-determined nuclear antigen 1 gene showed positive results in only 6 (10.2%) and 5 (8.5%) samples, respectively. ISH and PCR did not detect EBV sequences in 15 paraffin-embedded tissue samples of tuberculous lymphadenitis patients. In 22 fresh frozen tissue samples, PCR detected EBV sequences in three samples from peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL). In two of those three samples, Southern blot analysis showed that these viral DNAs were monoclonal and of latent form.
CONCLUSION
Approximately 28.8% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were related to EBV in Korea. Monoclonality of those EBV DNAs implies that virus infection preceded malignant transformation, suggesting that EBV may play a role in lymphomagenesis.

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Characteristics of Epstein - Barr Virus Expressed in the Nasopharyngeal Carcinomas of Korean Patients: Jae Myun Lee, Tae Yoon Lee, Jeon Han Park, Se Jong Kim, Hyunee Yim, Charn Il Park, Ho Gune Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(5):806-813.

Abstract PDF: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is frequently associated with nasopharyngeal lymphoepithe-liomas and certain types of lymphoma, and rare lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas occuring in various of organs such as stomach, parotid gland, thymus and lung. We have investigated the possibility that EBV may be present not only in the rare type of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, but also in the typical nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) of squamous cell type. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the W fragment of EBV was performed for the detection of EBV DNA, and in situ hybridization was performed for the detection of latent EBV infection in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded surgical specimens with EBER probe. PCR for the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region of the latent membrane protein-1 gene was also performed for the differentiation of the infected EBV subtype in the different tumors. Positive reactions of the EBV was shown in 18 (86 %) of 21 cases of NPC. These reactions were detected by all of the above cases only in the carcinoma tissue specimens. The frequency of EBV gene expression at the NPC was related to the histologic differentiation of the tumors: All of the 9 cases of the lymphoepitheliomas and 3 cases of poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were positive for EBV, 5 out of 7 squamous cell carcinomas of moderate differentiation were positive for EBV, and 2 cases of the well differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were negative for EBV. The EBV found in the NPC has three different number of VNTR in the latent membrane protein gene-1. These results suggest that variable subtypes of EBVs are associated with the NPC and the association of RBV with NPC is late event in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression as evidenced by negative association in the preneoplastic lesion and frequent association in the more poor differentiated tumors.

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