Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Potential Role of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy in Cervical Thymic Neoplasm Involving Thyroid Gland or Neck: Jae Myoung Noh, Sang Yun Ha, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, Seung Won Seol, Young Lyun Oh, Joungho Han; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(3):436-440. Published online November 17, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.184

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to assess the clinicopathologic features, treatment outcomes, and role of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in cervical thymic neoplasm involving the thyroid gland or neck. Materials and Methods The medical and pathologic records of eight patients with cervical thymic neoplasm were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent surgical resection, including thyroidectomy or mass excision. Adjuvant RT was added in five patients with adverse clinicopathologic features. The radiation doses ranged from 54 Gy/27 fractions to 66 Gy/30 fractions delivered to the primary tumor bed and pathologically involved regional lymphatics using a 3-dimensional conformal technique. Results Eight cases of cervical thymic neoplasm included three patients with carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) and five with ectopic cervical thymoma. The histologic subtypes of ectopic cervical thymoma patients were World Health Organization (WHO) type B3 thymoma in one, WHO type B1 thymoma in two, WHO type AB thymoma in one, and metaplastic thymoma in one, respectively. The median age was 57 years (range, 40 to 76 years). Five patients received adjuvant RT: three with CASTLE; one with WHO type B3; and one with WHO type AB with local invasiveness. After a median follow-up period of 49 months (range, 11 to 203 months), no recurrence had been observed, regardless of adjuvant RT. Conclusion Adjuvant RT after surgical resection might be worthwhile in patients with CASTLE and ectopic cervical thymoma with WHO type B2-C and/or extraparenchymal extension, as similarly indicated for primary thymic epithelial tumors. A longer follow-up period may be needed in order to validate this strategy.

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Coexistence of intrathyroid thymic carcinoma and papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case report and literature review
Maryam Vajihinejad, Ali Ataei, Mohammad Pashmchi, Ali Aledavoud, Vahid Zand, Mohammad Ali Broomand, Mohammad Mohammadi, Niloofar Zare Reshkuiyeh
Frontiers in Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Case report: Thymoid differentiated carcinoma of thyroid: Two cases
Yanjie Zhao, Jiafeng Liu
Frontiers in Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Ectopic Cervical Thymoma: An Uncommon Entity
Nikitha Kairanna, Geetha Vasudevan, Veena Karanth, Krishna Sharan
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2022; 74(S3): 5884. CrossRef
Genomic variation associated with carcinoma showing thymus‐like elements (CASTLE) in thyroid gland
Lin Jiang, Wei‐Hui Zheng, Chao Chen
Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology.2022; 7(3): 894. CrossRef
Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Thymus-like Differentiation (CASTLE): A Case Report
Mihaela Stanciu, Ruxandra Paula Ristea, Mihaela Popescu, Corina Maria Vasile, Florina Ligia Popa
Life.2022; 12(9): 1314. CrossRef
Failure pattern and suggestions for target volume delineation of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Fang-Fang Kong, Guang-Sen Pan, Rui-Ping Zhai, Cheng-Run Du, Xia-Yun He, Chun-Ying Shen, Xue-Guan Lu, Tuan-Qi Sun, Yu Wang, Qing-Hai Ji, Chao-Su Hu, Hong-Mei Ying
BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Thyroid Neoplasms
Zubair W. Baloch, Sylvia L. Asa, Justine A. Barletta, Ronald A. Ghossein, C. Christofer Juhlin, Chan Kwon Jung, Virginia A. LiVolsi, Mauro G. Papotti, Manuel Sobrinho-Simões, Giovanni Tallini, Ozgur Mete
Endocrine Pathology.2022; 33(1): 27. CrossRef
Thyroid carcinoma with thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) tumor: а сase report
A. A. Ilyin, V. V. Polkin, P. A. Isaev, F. E. Sevrukov, N. Yu. Dvinskych, M. I. Ryzhenkova, S. A. Ivanov, A. D. Kaprin
Head and Neck Tumors (HNT).2021; 11(2): 64. CrossRef
Recurrence of carcinoma showing thymus-like differentiation (CASTLE) involving the thyroid gland
N. V. Dang, L. X. Son, N. T. T. Hong, N. T. T. Nhung, N. T. Tung, L. V. Quang
Thyroid Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
An extrathyroid CASTLE tumor in the left neck
Lin Jiang, Wei-hui Zheng, Yun Xi, Chao Chen
Oral Oncology.2020; 109: 104656. CrossRef
The ‘CASTLE’ tumour: An extremely rare presentation of a thyroid malignancy. A case report
Diana Mellisa Dualim, Loo Guo Hou, Shahrun Niza Abdullah Suhaimi, Nani Harlina Md Latar, Rohaizak Muhammad, Nordashima Abd Shukor
Annals of Medicine and Surgery.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Ektopien des Thymus und ektope Thymustumoren
A. Marx, T. Rüdiger, E. Rößner, A. Tzankov, V. T. de Montpréville, R. R. Rieker, P. Ströbel, C.‑A. Weis
Der Pathologe.2018; 39(5): 390. CrossRef
CASTLE Thyroid Tumor: A Case Report and Literature Review
Chris Lominska, Christopher Fleighton Estes, Prakash C. Neupane, Y. Shnayder, Mindi J. TenNapel, Maura F. O’Neil
Frontiers in Oncology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Thyroid Carcinoma Showing Thymic-Like Differentiation Causing Fracture of the Trachea
Aikaterini Marini, Meletios Kanakis, Konstantinos Valakis, Nikolaos Laschos, Maria Chorti, Achilleas Lioulias
Case Reports in Medicine.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef

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Src Family Kinase Inhibitor PP2 Has Different Effects on All-Trans-Retinoic Acid or Arsenic Trioxide-Induced Differentiation of an Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cell Line: Suk-Gu Yoon, Hee-Jeong Cheong, Sook-Ja Kim, Kyoung Ha Kim, Sang-Cheol Lee, Namsu Lee, Hee Sook Park, Jong-Ho Won; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(2):126-133. Published online June 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.2.126

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Leukemic promyelocytes have the unique ability to undergo differentiation after exposure to retinoic acid and both differentiation and apoptosis after exposure to arsenic trioxide (ATO). Recent studies have shown that inhibition of Src family kinases (SFKs) resulted in enhancement of retinoic acid-induced myeloid differentiation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this study, we investigated the question of whether the SFK inhibitor PP2 enhanced the differentiation of NB4 cells when combined with ATO as well as when combined with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). In addition, we attempted to determine the difference in retinoic acid-induced gene expression between cells treated with PP2 in combination with ATRA and in combination with ATO.
RESULTS
SFK inhibitor PP2 induced significant enhancement of ATRA- or ATO-induced differentiation of NB4 cells. A significantly stronger synergistic effect was observed when PP2 was combined with ATRA than when combined with ATO. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated a significant increase in CD11b-positive granulocytes up to 60.73% and 31.58%, respectively. These results were confirmed by nitroblue tetrazolium staining. These effects were not related to apoptosis. Results of Annexin-V-fluorescein staining revealed that PP2 combined with ATRA or PP2 combined with ATO did not induce apoptosis in NB4 cells. Retinoic acid-induced gene expression was different in both groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression showed a significant increase in cells treated with PP2 in combination with ATRA, whereas cathepsin D expression showed a significant increase in cells treated with PP2 in combination with ATO.
CONCLUSION
Our data showed that SFK inhibitor PP2 enhanced acute promyelocytic leukemia cell differentiation when combined with either ATRA or ATO with difference in activation of retinoic acid-induced genes.

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An overview of arsenic trioxide-involved combined treatment algorithms for leukemia: basic concepts and clinical implications
Yanan Jiang, Xiuyun Shen, Fengnan Zhi, Zhengchao Wen, Yang Gao, Juan Xu, Baofeng Yang, Yunlong Bai
Cell Death Discovery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Integrated bioinformatics analysis and network pharmacology to explore the potential mechanism of Patrinia heterophylla Bunge against acute promyelocytic leukemia
Liya Feng, Sha Zhu, Jian Ma, Yali Hong, Meixia Wan, Qian Qiu, Hongjing Li, Juan Li
Medicine.2023; 102(40): e35151. CrossRef
Serum levels of FAK and some of its effectors in adult AML: correlation with prognostic factors and survival
Mona G. El-Sisi, Sara M. Radwan, Alia M. Saeed, Hala O. El-Mesallamy
Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry.2021; 476(5): 1949. CrossRef
O-GlcNAc homeostasis contributes to cell fate decisions during hematopoiesis
Zhen Zhang, Matthew P. Parker, Stefan Graw, Lesya V. Novikova, Halyna Fedosyuk, Joseph D. Fontes, Devin C. Koestler, Kenneth R. Peterson, Chad Slawson
Journal of Biological Chemistry.2019; 294(4): 1363. CrossRef
Src family kinases and their role in hematological malignancies
Matthew Ku, Meaghan Wall, Ruth N. MacKinnon, Carl R. Walkley, Louise E. Purton, Constantine Tam, David Izon, Lynda Campbell, Heung-Chin Cheng, Harshal Nandurkar
Leukemia & Lymphoma.2015; 56(3): 577. CrossRef
Hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) as a therapeutic target in immune and cancer cells
Ashleigh R. Poh, Robert J.J. O’Donoghue, Matthias Ernst
Oncotarget.2015; 6(18): 15752. CrossRef
Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 enhances differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line induced by combination of all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide
Yun Seok Jung, Hee-Jeong Cheong, Sook-Ja Kim, Kyoung Ha Kim, Namsu Lee, Hee Sook Park, Jong-Ho Won
Leukemia Research.2014; 38(8): 977. CrossRef

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Case Report

Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma of the Retroperitoneum: Eun-Suk Kim, Seok-Heun Jang, Hyung-Chul Park, Eun-Hong Jung, Geun-Bae Moon; Cancer Res Treat. 2010;42(1):57-60. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2010.42.1.57

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

A dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the retroperitoneum is an extremely rare tumor. A 51-year old man was admitted to our department because a retroperitoneal mass was seen on abdominal computed tomography at another hospital. Computed tomography of the abdomen and magnetic resonance imaging showed a large pelvic mass located in the right hemipelvis, and it was pushing the right ureter and invading the right kidney, duodenum, colon and inferior vena cava. The patient underwent right radical nephrectomy, pylorus preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, right hemicolectomy and artificial blood vessel replacement for the inferior vena cava. The histopathological diagnosis was dedifferentiated liposarcoma and the patient was free from recurrence on the computed tomography that was done 6 months after the operation.

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Giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma with colonic infiltration as a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding: Case report and literature review
Sebastian Forero-Escobedo, Sandra Milena Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Jose Alejandro Ramírez-Rincón, Vanessa Alejandra Garcia-Bernal, Santiago Polanco-Perdomo, Sofía Echeverri-Torrents
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2025; 129: 111142. CrossRef
Characterizing the Transformation and Diagnosis of Atypical Lipomatous Tumor to Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma: Single Institutional Outcomes
Zachary Butler, Austin Yu, Lesly Honore, Anne Timmermann, Matthew Demetrious, Steven Gitelis, Ira Miller, Alan Blank
Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of potential risk factors in the survival of patients with primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma
Alessandro Bianchi, Alberto Pagan-Pomar, Rafael Ramos-Asensio, Pablo Luna-Fra, Marina Jiménez-Segovia, Natalia Pujol-Cano, Aina Ochogavia-Seguí, José Antonio Martínez-Corcoles, Francesc Xavier González-Argenté
Cirugía Española.2022; 100(11): 691. CrossRef
Analysis of potential risk factors in the survival of patients with primary retroperitoneal liposarcoma
Alessandro Bianchi, Alberto Pagan-Pomar, Rafael Ramos-Asensio, Pablo Luna-Fra, Marina Jiménez-Segovia, Natalia Pujol-Cano, Aina Ochogavia-Seguí, José Antonio Martínez-Corcoles, Francesc Xavier González-Argenté
Cirugía Española (English Edition).2022; 100(11): 691. CrossRef
Challenging retrovesical mass in men: report of a rare liposarcoma case with concurrent COVID-19 infection
Indah Jamtani, Adianto Nugroho, Nur Rahadiani, R Semuel W Manangka
BMJ Case Reports.2021; 14(3): e241466. CrossRef
Recurrent retroperitoneal liposarcoma: A case report and literature review
Francesk Mulita, Georgios‐Ioannis Verras, Elias Liolis, Levan Tchabashvili, Dimitrios Kehagias, Charalampos Kaplanis, Ioannis Perdikaris, Ioannis Kehagias
Clinical Case Reports.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Retroperitoneal liposarcoma in older person – a rare case report
Navas Nadukkandiyil, Sameer Valappil, Marwan Ramadan, Essa Al Sulaiti, Hanadi Khamis Alhamad
The Aging Male.2020; 23(5): 1509. CrossRef
Giant Retroperitoneal Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma: A Case Report
Dobromir D. Dimitrov
Journal of Biomedical and Clinical Research.2020; 13(1): 67. CrossRef
Dedifferentiated retroperitoneal liposarcoma spontaneously occurring in an aged SD rat
Tomoharu Naito, Tsuyoshi Saito, Tamami Higuchi, Akira Inomata, Takuo Hayashi, Yasuhiro Shimada, Atsuko Yamauchi-Ohguchi, Sayaka Kenmochi, Chihaya Kakinuma, Takashi Yao
Journal of Toxicologic Pathology.2018; 31(2): 141. CrossRef
An unusual case of recurrent huge primary mediastinal dedifferentiated liposarcoma
Noni Novisari Soeroso, Andika Pradana, Marshal Djaka, Maulidya Ayudika, Soekimin Ngadimin, Luhur Soeroso
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2018; 50: 140. CrossRef
Giant primary liposarcoma of the anterior mediastinum
Yu-Shang Yang, Cheng-Yun Bai, Zhong-Cheng Li, Wen-Jun Li, Yong Li
Medicine.2018; 97(42): e12873. CrossRef
Soft-Tissue Sarcomas of the Abdomen and Pelvis: Radiologic-Pathologic Features, Part 1—Common Sarcomas:From the Radiologic Pathology Archives
Angela D. Levy, Maria A. Manning, Waddah B. Al-Refaie, Markku M. Miettinen
RadioGraphics.2017; 37(2): 462. CrossRef
Giant dedifferentiated liposarcoma of small bowel mesentery: a case report
Susanta Meher, Tushar Subhadarshan Mishra, Satyajit Rath, Prakash Kumar Sasmal, Pritinanda Mishra, Susama Patra
World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and perirenal liposarcoma: revisiting the role of CT for differential diagnosis
Sungmin Woo, Sang Youn Kim, Jeong Yeon Cho, Seung Hyup Kim, Myoung Seok Lee
Acta Radiologica.2016; 57(2): 249. CrossRef
Mesenchymal tumors of adult kidney
Hemamali Samaratunga, Brett Delahunt
Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology.2015; 32(2): 160. CrossRef
Prognostic Factors Predicting the Postoperative Survival Period Following Treatment for Primary Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma
Xudong Zhao, Peiyu Li, Xiaohui Huang, Lin Chen, Na Liu, Yaoguang She
Chinese Medical Journal.2015; 128(1): 85. CrossRef
Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma with Colonic Involvement: A Case Report
Y. Sato, S. Yamamoto, S. Fujita
Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology.2014; 44(4): 374. CrossRef
Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma Arising from the Mesocolon Ascendens: Report of a Case
Kohki Takeda, Takayuki Aimoto, Masato Yoshioka, Yoshiharu Nakamura, Kazuya Yamahatsu, Toshiyuki Ishiwata, Zenya Naito, Masao Miyashita, Eiji Uchida
Journal of Nippon Medical School.2012; 79(5): 385. CrossRef
A huge retroperitoneal liposarcoma presenting as a hepatic space‐occupying lesion: A case report
Jing Fei TENG, Xin ZENG, Jian SHI, Wei Fen XIE, Yong LIN
Journal of Digestive Diseases.2012; 13(2): 120. CrossRef
A case of perinephric liposarcoma which recurred ten years later from the initial operation
Shinji Kuratate, Motoya Chikakiyo, Yuji Kaneda, Yukari Harino, Toshiyuki Hirose, Toshiyuki Yagi, Seiya Saitoh, Masayuki Sumitomo, Ryozo Fujino, Nobuo Satake, Takahiro Hirose
The Journal of Medical Investigation.2011; 58(1,2): 154. CrossRef

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Original Articles

E-Cadherin Expression and p53 Alterations in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Possible Role in Epithelial Differentiation: Jin Young Yoo, Seok Jin Kang, Woong Shick Ahn, Byung Kee Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(4):343-349. Published online August 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.4.343

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
We investigated the expressions of E- Cadherin and p53 in soft tissue tumors to determine their significance in sarcoma development and/or progression and to assess their potential correlation with epithelial features.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 79 soft tissue sarcomas, including 10 tumors comprising epithelial components, were studied immunohistochemically in paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Further analysis was performed on 61 tumors by the application of a polymerase chain reaction technique and a direct sequence analysis procedure applied to exons 5 through 8 in the p53 gene.
RESULTS
E-Cadherin was expressed at the cell-cell boundaries in 8 (10%) tumors: 5 of grade 2 and 3 of grade 3. Of these, six (being 60% of the total of 10 tumors containing epithelial elements) contained and two did not contain histologic evidence of epithelial differentiation. Overexpression of p53 was detected in 26 (33%) samples, 7 of which demonstrated mutations in the p53 gene. No association was established between E-Cadherin immunoreactivities and p53 abnormalities. Tumor grade was found to be strongly correlated with p53 alterations (p=0.01) but not with E-Cadherin expression (p=0.09).
CONCLUSION
These data confirm a role for altered p53 in the pathogenesis of soft tissue sarcomas and suggest a possible role for E-Cadherin in the maintenance of epithelial architecture in these tumors regardless of p53 status.

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Meloxicam Modulates Oxidative Stress Status, Inhibits Prostaglandin E2, and Abrogates Apoptosis in Carbon Tetrachloride–Induced Rat Hepatic Injury
Mohamed Edfawy, Memy H. Hassan, Ahmed Mansour, Abdel-Aziz Hamed, Hebat Allah A. Amin
International Journal of Toxicology.2012; 31(3): 276. CrossRef
Antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of capsaicin against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
Memy H Hassan, Mohamed Edfawy, Ahmed Mansour, Abdel-Aziz Hamed
Toxicology and Industrial Health.2012; 28(5): 428. CrossRef
Expression of c-kit and p53 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancers
Jinyoung Yoo, Chi Hong Kim, So Hyang Song, Byoung Yong Shim, Youn Ju Jeong, Meyung Im Ahn, Sung Whan Kim, Deog Gon Cho, Min Seop Jo, Kyu Do Cho, Hong Joo Cho, Hoon-Kyo Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2004; 36(3): 167. CrossRef
Expression of Caspase-3 and c-myc in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Jin young Yoo, Chi Hong Kim, So Hyang Song, Byoung Yong Shim, Youn Ju Jeong, Meyung Im Ahn, Suji Kim, Deog Gon Cho, Min Seop Jo, Kyu Do Cho, Hong Joo Cho, Seok Jin Kang, Hoon Kyo Kim
Cancer Research and Treatment.2004; 36(5): 303. CrossRef
The Expression of c-myc, bcl-2 and p53 Proteins in Adenocarcinomas of Lung
Jinyoung Yoo, Ji Han Jung, Hyun Joo Choi, Seok Jin Kang, Chang Suk Kang
Cancer Research and Treatment.2004; 36(2): 146. CrossRef

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Reduced Expression of p27 Correlates with High Grade Malignancy and is Associated with Poor Clinical Outcome in Human Greast Cancer: Se Hwan Han, Hong Yong Kim, Kyeong Mee Park, Myeong Soo Lee, Hong Joo Kim, Young Doug Kim, Hyun Suk Suh; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1999;31(3):492-498.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kipl is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. Its expression is known to be altered in proteasome-dependent manner without changes in DNA level. Reduced expression of p27Kipl is associated with aggressive behavior in a variety of human cancers. We investigated expression of p27Kipl protein in human breast cancer using immunohistochemistry to assess its biologic implication along with cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We peformed immunohistochemical assay for expression of p27 in total 68 patients with invasive ductal cancer along with 27 benign ductal hyperplasia and 10 ductal carcinoma in situ. The data were analyzed in association with proliferative activity of the same tissues and biologic parameters.
RESULTS
In epithelial cells of normal and benign breast disease, expression of p27Kipl was well preserved while its expression markedly decreased in breast cancer (45 of 68). Expression of p27Kipl was significantly reduced in poorly differentiated cancers and in advanced stage of the disease. Levels of p27Kipl expression correlated with cell populations in GO/Gl phase of the cell cycle. In survival analysis, p27Kipl was useful to predict disease-free survival but not overall survival of the patients after adjuvant chemotherapy.
CONCLUSION
p27Kipl seems to have a role in cell proliferation and differentiation process during carcinogenesis of breast cancer. The results of present study suggest that p27Kipl can be used in predicting response to systemic chemotherapy in a subset of patients with breast cancer.

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Microvessel Count and Overexpression of p53 in Early Colorectal Cancer: Young Min Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Suk Kyun Yang, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(1):80-88.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Angiogenesis, playing a critical role in tumor growth, development, and metastatic process, is alleged to be related to the prognostic factors and patient's survival of the colo-rectal cancer. The p53 gene, present in short arm of chromosome 17, is involved in multistep colo-rectal carcinogenesis. The correlation of p53 gene and angiogenesis has been recently reported. So, we designed to assess (1) the rate of p53 overexpression, (2) the prognostic significance of microvessel count, and (3) the relationship of p53 overexpression and angiogenesis in early colo-rectal cancer(ECC) patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study material included 68 ECC from 65 patients, 40 mucosal (m-ECC) and 28 submucosal ECCs (sm-ECC). Immunostainings against p53 and factor VIII-related antigen were done and the results were analyzed with respect to tumor depth, site, and differentiation. And also the correlation between p53 overexpression and microvessel counts(MVC) was performed.
RESULT
The rate of p53 overexpression was higher in sm-ECC than in m-ECC (p < 0.05). The rate of p53 overexpression was highest in sigmoid colon and statistically significantly different compared with other sites. The differentiation of the tumor was closely correlated with p53 overexpression and the poorer the differentiation, the more overexpression of p53 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between MVCs of m-ECC and sm-ECC (27.2+/-5.5 and 29.8 +/-6.0,respectively). However, MVC were higher in sigmoid colon than in any other sites (p<0.05). MVC did not show significant correlation with tumor differentiation or p53 overexpression.
CONCLUSION
These data indicate that p53 overexpression is correlated with tumor depth and differentiation but not MVC. The significance of higher MVC and p53 overexpression in sigmoid colon are reserved for further studies.

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Significant Correlation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Level with Progression of Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Sang Uk Han, Jae Ho Lee, Wook Hwan Kim, Hee Jung Wang, Yong Kwan Cho, Myung Wook Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1997;29(3):367-374.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a modulator of epithelial cell proliferation and motility. In this study, we measured the level of HGF in sera and tumor extracts of gastric adenocarcinoma using an enzyme-linked immunoassay and evaluated its association with tumor progression.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The level of HGF in the sera of seventy-five patients with gastric adenocarcinoma and in the tumor extracts of forty-two tumors were examined in this study. The level of HGF was determined by an Immunis HGF EIA kit (Institute of Immunology).
RESULTS
The mean level of HGF in the sera of patients was 0.26+/-0.19 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than in those of healthy controls (0.14+/-0.07 ng/ml, p<0.05); the levels of HGF in the sera of patients increased according to the progression of the stage of cancer (p<0.05). The mean level of HGF in tumor extracts was 8.22+/-9.27 microgram/g protein, which was significantly higher than in those of healthy controls (1.95+/-1.45 microgram/g protein, p<0.05); the levels of HGF in the tumor extracts were correlated significantly with the progression of the tumor stage (p<0.05). The mean level of HGF in the tumors of diffuse type was 11.28+/-11.74 microgram/g protein, which was significantly higher than in those of intestinal type (5.16+/-4.31 microgram/g protein, p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
HGF may play an important role in the progression and differentiation of gastric adenocarcinoma.

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Induction of Differentiation of Leukemic Cells in Vitro: Mi Jeong Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1990;22(3):367-374.

Abstract PDF: Appropriately stimulated, leukemic cells can be made to differentiate suggesting new approaches to cancdr treatment. We tried various inducers to leukemic cell lines, Ml originated from mouse myeloid leukemia and U 937 originated from human histiocytic lymphoma. Induction of differentia- tion was initiated by adding cyclosporin A(CSA), bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), retinoic acid (RA) and phorbol l2-mvristate 13-acetate(PMA) to M1 and U-937 cells growing in defined mediunm. Cell growth and differentiation markers such as reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium(NBT) dye, Fc receptor expression and cell adhesion were observed. CSA and LPS stimulated differentiation and growth inhibition of Ml cells. RA and PMA stimulated differentiation and growth inhibition of U-937 cells. Tamoxifen (TMF), protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, inhibited the differentiation of U-937 cells induced to differentiate by PMA. This result suggests that PKC is an important enzyme in the differentiation of U-937 cells.

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Studies on the pathological Changes of Human Hepatocellular Carcinomase and Their Cell Lines Induced by Adriamycin: Sang Yong Song, Chul Woo Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Chong Jai Kim, Gyeong Hoon Kang, Yong Il Kim; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(4):611-622.

Abstract PDF: Through our study on morphologic changes occurring in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) treated with trans-arterial chemo-embolization(TAE), we noticed that significant differences of morphologic features and proliferative activity existed between HCCs before and after TAE. In order to investigate whether such changes could be explained by adriamycin, we performed in vitro administration of adriamycin to HCC cell lines. Using three HCC cell lines(SNU-354, SNU-398, SNU-449) established in our hospital, we added 20 ￥ig of adriamycin to the culture dishes at the beginning and doubled the dose every three days. Three cell lines showed different drug susceptibility and SNU-398 was the most sensitive one. Initial morphologic changes were cellular edema and clearing. Damaged cells showed decrease of the size of cytoplasm and the cell processes became thinner and longer. Ultrastructurally, treated cells had small cytoplasm and scanty organelles. Some of the cells contained many lipid vacuoles. Nuclear chromatins demonstrated clumping tendency in the treated cell lines. Adriamycin caused shortening of doubling time in SNU-449, which was statistically not significant. No difference of ploidy was seen between untreated and treated cell lines. In summary, the morphological changes of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line induced by adriamycin in vitro is not exactly the same pattern as that of in vivo chemo-embolization procedure. The above findings suggested that the morphological changes of hepatocellular carcinoma induced by adriamycin chemo-embolization was induced not only by chemotherapeutic drug but also by accompanying environmental factors such as hypoxic insult.

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