Purpose
This study aims to estimate and project the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of cancer incidence and death due to carcinogenic drug use in Korea from 2015 to 2030, to estimate the degree of cancer prevention from exposure to carcinogenic drugs in Korea. Selected carcinogenic drugs were immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drugs classified as group I by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Materials and Methods
Systematic review and meta-analyses were conducted to estimate the relative risk (RR) of cancer associated with carcinogenic drug use. Age was standardized using the annual prevalence rate of the National Health Insurance Service sample cohort (NHIS-NSC) from 2002 to 2013 to calculate the standardized prevalence rate of carcinogenic drug use each year. The PAF of specific cancer incidence and death were calculated using Levin's formula and Monte Carlo methods. The prevalence rates were extrapolated to estimate the trend of PAF from 2015 to 2030.
Results
In 2015, carcinogenic drugs attributed to 0.003% and 0.002% among the causes of cancer incidence and death in Korea. However, carcinogenic drugs attributed to 1.1% among the causes of both cancer incidence and death in patients with clinical indications of carcinogenic drugs.
Conclusion
The PAF in patients with clinical indications of carcinogenic drugs were significantly high and expected to increase rapidly over time. Since these drugs are listed as essential by the World Health Organization (WHO), and may be difficult to replace, a surveillance system on susceptible populations using group I carcinogenic drugs must be discussed and implemented.
Purpose
The association between tobacco smoking and thyroid cancer remains uncertain. We evaluated the associations of active and passive smokingwith the risk of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common type of thyroid cancer, and with the BRAFV600E mutation, the most common oncogenic mutation in PTC related to poor prognosis.
Materials and Methods
We conducted this study with newly diagnosed PTC patients (n=2,142) and community controls (n=21,420) individually matched to cases for age and sex. Information on active and passive smoking and potential confounders were obtained from structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and medical records. BRAFV600E mutation status was assessed in PTC patients. We evaluated the associations of active and passive smoking with PTC and BRAFV600E mutation risk using conditional and unconditional logistic regression models, respectively.
Results
We did not find associations between exposure indices of active and passive smoking and PTC risk in both men and women, except for the association between current smoking and lower PTC risk. Cumulative smoking ≥ 20 pack-years was associated with lower BRAFV600E mutation risk in male PTC patients (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.30 to 1.00). The CI for the association was wider in female PTC patients (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.02 to 2.62), possibly owing to a smaller sample size in this stratum.
Conclusion
We did not find consistent associations between active and passive smoking and PTC risk. Cumulative smoking ≥ 20 pack-years was associated with lower BRAFV600E mutation risk in male PTC patients.
Citations
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Geographic variation in the association between Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Papillary thyroid carcinoma, a meta-analysis Nabil W. G. Sweis, Ayman A. Zayed, Mira Al Jaberi, Lina AlQirem, Tala Basheer Hyasat, Farah A. Khraisat, Ward Maaita, Ahmad Moayad Naser, Abdullah Nimer, Mamoon Qatamin, Jaleel J. G. Sweis, Nadia Sweis, Abdallah T. Al-Ani, Ahmad M. Alghrabli, Alireza Hagh Endocrine.2023; 81(3): 432. CrossRef
Sex-specific Associations between Body Mass Index and Thyroid Cancer Incidence among Korean Adults Kyoung-Nam Kim, Kyungsik Kim, Sangjun Lee, Sue K. Park Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.2023; 32(9): 1227. CrossRef
Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Thyroid Cancer: Meta-Analysis Joon-Hyop Lee, Young Jun Chai, Ka Hee Yi Endocrinology and Metabolism.2021; 36(3): 590. CrossRef
Tobacco smoking and risk of thyroid cancer according to BRAFV600E mutational subtypes Sabbir T. Rahman, Nirmala Pandeya, Rachel E. Neale, Donald S. A. McLeod, Peter D. Baade, Philippa H. Youl, Roger Allison, Susan Leonard, Susan J. Jordan Clinical Endocrinology.2021; 95(6): 891. CrossRef
circFAT1(e2) Promotes Papillary Thyroid Cancer Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion via the miRNA-873/ZEB1 Axis Jiazhe Liu, Hongchang Li, Chuanchao Wei, Junbin Ding, Jingfeng Lu, Gaofeng Pan, Anwei Mao, Tao Huang Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Purpose
Few studies investigated roles of body mass index (BMI) on gastric cancer (GC) risk according to Helicobacter pylori infection status. This study was conducted to evaluate associations between BMI and GC risk with consideration of H. pylori infection information.
Materials and Methods
We performed a case-cohort study (n=2,458) that consists of a subcohort, (n=2,193 including 67 GC incident cases) randomly selected from the Korean Multicenter Cancer Cohort (KMCC) and 265 incident GC cases outside of the subcohort. H. pylori infection was assessed using an immunoblot assay. GC risk according to BMI was evaluated by calculating hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) using weighted Cox hazard regression model.
Results
Increased GC risk in lower BMI group (< 23 kg/m2) with marginal significance, (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.77) compared to the reference group (BMI of 23-24.9 kg/m2) was observed. In the H. pylori non-infection, both lower (< 23 kg/m2) and higher BMI (≥ 25 kg/m2) showed non-significantly increased GC risk (HR, 10.82; 95% CI, 1.25 to 93.60 and HR, 11.33; 95% CI, 1.13 to 113.66, respectively). However, these U-shaped associations between BMI and GC risk were not observed in the group who had ever been infected by H. pylori.
Conclusion
This study suggests the U-shaped associations between BMI and GC risk, especially in subjects who had never been infected by H. pylori.
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Association between metabolic syndrome and gastric cancer risk: results from the Health Examinees Study Dan Huang, Woo-Kyoung Shin, Katherine De la Torre, Hwi-Won Lee, Sukhong Min, Aesun Shin, Jong-Koo Lee, Daehee Kang Gastric Cancer.2023; 26(4): 481. CrossRef
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Association between Body Mass Index and Risk of Gastric Cancer by Anatomic and Histologic Subtypes in Over 500,000 East and Southeast Asian Cohort Participants Jieun Jang, Sangjun Lee, Kwang-Pil Ko, Sarah K. Abe, Md. Shafiur Rahman, Eiko Saito, Md. Rashedul Islam, Norie Sawada, Xiao-Ou Shu, Woon-Puay Koh, Atsuko Sadakane, Ichiro Tsuji, Jeongseon Kim, Isao Oze, Chisato Nagata, Shoichiro Tsugane, Hui Cai, Jian-Min Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention.2022; 31(9): 1727. CrossRef
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Purpose
This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness of gastric cancer (GC) screening methods in a community-based prospective cohort of the Korean Multi-center Cancer Cohort (KMCC) with over a 10-year follow-up.
Materials and Methods
A total 10,909 and 4,773 subjects from the KMCC with information on gastroendoscopy (GE) and upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) were included in this study. Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex, Helicobacter pylori infection, cigarette smoking, and alcohol drinking was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
Results
The GE screened subjects had almost half the risk of GC-specific death than that of unscreened subjects (HR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.94). Among the GC patients, GE screenees had a 2.24-fold higher survival rate than that of the non-screenees (95% CI, 1.61 to 3.11). In particular, GE screenees who underwent two or more screening episodes had a higher survival rate than that of the non-screenees (HR, 13.11; 95% CI, 7.38 to 23.30). The effectiveness of GE screening on reduced GC mortality and increased survival rate of GC patients was better in elderly subjects (≥ 65 years old) (HR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.95 and HR, 8.84; 95% CI, 3.63 to 21.57, respectively) than that in younger subjects (< 65 years old) (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.34 to 1.29 and HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.24 to 2.68, respectively). In contrast, UGIS screening had no significant relation to GC mortality and survival.
Conclusion
The findings of this study suggest that a decreased GC-specific mortality and improved survival rate in GC patients can be achieved through GE screening.
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Purpose
Despite the low mortality rate of breast cancer among women in Korea, the breast cancer mortality rate has increased. The aim of this study was to examine trends in breast cancer mortality from 1983 to 2012 in Korea, assessing the importance of age, period, and birth cohort as risk factors.
Materials and Methods
Data on the annual number of deaths due to female breast cancer and on female population statistics from 1983 to 2012 were obtained from Statistics Korea. A log-linear Poisson ageperiod- cohort model was used to estimate age, period, and cohort effects.
Results The increasing breast cancer mortality can be explained predominantly by a birth cohort effect: the risk of breast cancer death showed a steady increase until the 1968 birth cohort, and decreased thereafter. There was a sharp increase in the magnitude of the age effect up to 60 years old, then a moderate increase in the effect during the sixties, followed by another sharp increase from 70 years old. The period effect on breast cancer mortality seems negligible based on its adjusted relative risk, even though it was statistically significant after adjusting for age and cohort effects.
Conclusion In this study, the mortality pattern of breast cancer in Korea can be explained predominantly by a birth cohort effect. Hence, the overall mortality rate of breast cancer may increase for a while, and show a gradual decrease in the future, which will start from the younger age group.
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