Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Lung and Thoracic cancer

Comparison of Clinicopathogenomic Features and Treatment Outcomes of EGFR and HER2 Exon 20 Insertion Mutations in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Single-Institution Experience: So Heun Lee, Hyehyun Jeong, Deok Hoon Kim, Se Jin Jang, Sang-We Kim, Shinkyo Yoon, Dae Ho Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):774-784. Published online January 30, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1177

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Purpose
Exon 20 insertion mutations (E20ins) in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has become more important with emergence of novel agents targeting E20ins.
Materials and Methods
Advanced/Metastatic NSCLC patients with E20ins were included. EGFR E20ins was identified by two methods, next-generation sequencing (NGS) or real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), while HER2 E20ins was done by NGS only.
Results
Between December 2013 and July 2021, E20ins were identified in 107 patients at Asan Medical Center; 67 EGFR E20ins and 40 HER2 E20ins. Out of 32 patients with EGFR E20ins who had tested both PCR and NGS, 17 were identified only through NGS and the other 15 through both tests, giving a discordance rate of 53.1%. There was no clinically significant difference in clinicopathologic features between EGFR and HER2 E20ins; both were observed more frequently in adenocarcinoma, female and never-smokers. Brain metastases were evident at diagnosis in 31.8% of EGFR E20ins and 27.5% of HER2 E20ins, respectively. Platinum-based doublets demonstrated objective response rates (ORR) of 13.3% with a median progression-free survival (PFS) of 4.2 months for EGFR E20ins and 35.3% with 4.7 months for HER2 E20ins, respectively. In contrast, novel EGFR E20ins-targeted agents exhibited an ORR of 46.2% with a median PFS of 5.4 months, while HER2-targeted agents showed an ORR of 50% with that of 7.0 months.
Conclusion
Identification of EGFR and HER2 E20ins is more important as their targeted therapies improved outcomes. Upfront NGS test as a comprehensive molecular approach is strongly warranted.

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Revolutionizing Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Diagnosis: Ultra-High-Sensitive ctDNA Analysis for Detecting Hotspot Mutations with Long-term Stored Plasma: Ji-Young Lee, Seyeon Jeon, Ha Ra Jun, Chang Ohk Sung, Se Jin Jang, Chang-Min Choi, Sung-Min Chun; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):484-501. Published online October 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.712

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Purpose
Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has great potential in clinical oncology. The prognostic and predictive values of cfDNA in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been reported, with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), KRAS, and BRAF mutations in tumor-derived cfDNAs acting as biomarkers during the early stages of tumor progression and recurrence. However, extremely low tumor-derived DNA rates hinder cfDNA application. We developed an ultra-high-sensitivity lung version 1 (ULV1) panel targeting BRAF, KRAS, and EGFR hotspot mutations using small amounts of cfDNA, allowing for semi-quantitative analysis with excellent limit-of-detection (0.05%).
Materials and Methods
Mutation analysis was performed on cfDNAs extracted from the plasma of 104 patients with NSCLC by using the ULV1 panel and targeted next-generation sequencing (CT-ULTRA), followed by comparison analysis of mutation patterns previously screened using matched tumor tissue DNA.
Results
The ULV1 panel demonstrated robust selective amplification of mutant alleles, enabling the detection of mutations with a high degree of analytical sensitivity (limit-of-detection, 0.025%-0.1%) and specificity (87.9%-100%). Applying ULV1 to NSCLC cfDNA revealed 51.1% (23/45) samples with EGFR mutations, increasing with tumor stage: 8.33% (stage I) to 78.26% (stage IV). Semi-quantitative analysis proved effective for low-mutation-fraction clinical samples. Comparative analysis with PANAMutyper EGFR exhibited substantial concordance (κ=0.84).
Conclusion
Good detection sensitivity (~80%) was observed despite the limited volume (1 mL) and long-term storage (12-50 months) of plasma used and is expected to increase with high cfDNA inputs. Thus, the ULV1 panel is a fast and cost-effective method for early diagnosis, treatment selection, and clinical follow-up of patients with NSCLC.

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Longitudinal dynamics of circulating tumor DNA for treatment monitoring in patients with breast cancer recurrence
Tae-Kyung Robyn Yoo, Ji-Young Lee, Hwan Park, Whi-Kyung Cho, Seyeon Jeon, Ha Ra Jun, Sae Byul Lee, Il Yong Chung, Hee Jeong Kim, Beom Seok Ko, Jong Won Lee, Byung Ho Son, Sei-Hyun Ahn, Jae Ho Jeong, Jeong Eun Kim, Jin-Hee Ahn, Kyung Hae Jung, Sung-Bae Kim
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Erratum

ERRATUM: Recommendations for the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing and the Molecular Tumor Board for Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Report from KSMO and KCSG Precision Medicine Networking Group: Shinkyo Yoon, Miso Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Han Sang Kim, Seung Tae Kim, Jihun Kim, Hongseok Yun, Changhoon Yoo, Hee Kyung Ahn, Hyo Song Kim, In Hee Lee, In-Ho Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Jaekyung Cheon, Jin Won Kim, Jina Yun, Sun Min Lim, Yongjun Cha, Se Jin Jang, Dae Young Zang, Tae Won Kim, Jin Hyoung Kang, Jee Hyun Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):1061-1061. Published online April 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1115.E; Corrects: Cancer Res Treat 2022;54(1):1

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Special Article

Recommendations for the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing and the Molecular Tumor Board for Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Report from KSMO and KCSG Precision Medicine Networking Group: Shinkyo Yoon, Miso Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Han Sang Kim, Seung Tae Kim, Jihun Kim, Hongseok Yun, Changhoon Yoo, Hee Kyung Ahn, Hyo Song Kim, In Hee Lee, In-Ho Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Jaekyung Cheon, Jin Won Kim, Jina Yun, Sun Min Lim, Yongjun Cha, Se Jin Jang, Dae Young Zang, Tae Won Kim, Jin Hyoung Kang, Jee Hyun Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(1):1-9. Published online December 13, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1115; Correction in: Cancer Res Treat 2023;55(3):1061

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Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is becoming essential in the fields of precision oncology. With implementation of NGS in daily clinic, the needs for continued education, facilitated interpretation of NGS results and optimal treatment delivery based on NGS results have been addressed. Molecular tumor board (MTB) is multidisciplinary approach to keep pace with the growing knowledge of complex molecular alterations in patients with advanced solid cancer. Although guidelines for NGS use and MTB have been developed in western countries, there is limitation for reflection of Korea’s public health environment and daily clinical practice. These recommendations provide a critical guidance from NGS panel testing to final treatment decision based on MTB discussion.

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Clinical implementation of next-generation sequencing testing and genomically-matched therapy: a real-world data in a tertiary hospital
Jin Won Kim, Hee Young Na, Sejoon Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Se Hyun Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jong Seok Lee, Jaihwan Kim, Jin-Hyeok Hwang, Kihwan Hwang, Chae-Yong Kim, Yong Beom Kim, Soomin Ahn, Kyu Sang Lee, Hyojin Kim, Hye Seung Lee, So Yeo
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Expert Consensus on Molecular Tumor Boards in Taiwan: Joint Position Paper by the Taiwan Oncology Society and the Taiwan Society of Pathology
Ming-Huang Chen, Wan-Shan Li, Bin-Chi Liao, Chiao-En Wu, Chien-Feng Li, Chia-Hsun Hsieh, Feng-Che Kuan, Huey-En Tzeng, Jen-Fan Hang, Nai-Jung Chiang, Tse-Ching Chen, Tom Wei-Wu Chen, John Wen-Cheng Chang, Yao-Yu Hsieh, Yen-Lin Chen, Yi-Chen Yeh, Yi-Hsin L
Journal of Cancer Research and Practice.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Pragmatic nationwide master observational trial based on genomic alterations in advanced solid tumors: KOrean Precision Medicine Networking Group Study of MOlecular profiling guided therapy based on genomic alterations in advanced Solid tumors (KOSMOS)-II
Sun Young Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, Tae-Yong Kim, Sook Ryun Park, Shinkyo Yoon, Soohyeon Lee, Se-Hoon Lee, Tae Min Kim, Sae-Won Han, Hye Ryun Kim, Hongseok Yun, Sejoon Lee, Jihun Kim, Yoon-La Choi, Kui Son Choi, Heejung Chae, Hyewon Ryu, Gyeong-Won Lee, Dae Youn
BMC Cancer.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Combining germline, tissue and liquid biopsy analysis by comprehensive genomic profiling to improve the yield of actionable variants in a real-world cancer cohort
I. Vanni, L. Pastorino, V. Andreotti, D. Comandini, G. Fornarini, M. Grassi, A. Puccini, E. T. Tanda, A. Pastorino, V. Martelli, L. Mastracci, F. Grillo, F. Cabiddu, A. Guadagno, S. Coco, E. Allavena, F. Barbero, W. Bruno, B. Dalmasso, S. E. Bellomo, C. M
Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Clinical practice recommendations for the use of next-generation sequencing in patients with solid cancer: a joint report from KSMO and KSP
Miso Kim, Hyo Sup Shim, Sheehyun Kim, In Hee Lee, Jihun Kim, Shinkyo Yoon, Hyung-Don Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Changhoon Yoo, Jaekyung Cheon, In-Ho Kim, Jieun Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Jin Won Kim, Han Jo Kim, Yongjun Cha, Sun
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2024; 58(4): 147. CrossRef
Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients with Solid Cancer: A Joint Report from KSMO and KSP
Miso Kim, Hyo Sup Shim, Sheehyun Kim, In Hee Lee, Jihun Kim, Shinkyo Yoon, Hyung-Don Kim, Inkeun Park, Jae Ho Jeong, Changhoon Yoo, Jaekyung Cheon, In-Ho Kim, Jieun Lee, Sook Hee Hong, Sehhoon Park, Hyun Ae Jung, Jin Won Kim, Han Jo Kim, Yongjun Cha, Sun
Cancer Research and Treatment.2024; 56(3): 721. CrossRef
Nationwide precision oncology pilot study: KOrean Precision Medicine Networking Group Study of MOlecular profiling-guided therapy based on genomic alterations in advanced solid tumors (KOSMOS) KCSG AL-20-05
T.-Y. Kim, S.Y. Kim, J.H. Kim, H.A. Jung, Y.J. Choi, I.G. Hwang, Y. Cha, G.-W. Lee, Y.-G. Lee, T.M. Kim, S.-H. Lee, S. Lee, H. Yun, Y.L. Choi, S. Yoon, S.W. Han, T.-Y. Kim, T.W. Kim, D.Y. Zang, J.H. Kang
ESMO Open.2024; 9(10): 103709. CrossRef
Utilizing Plasma Circulating Tumor DNA Sequencing for Precision Medicine in the Management of Solid Cancers
Yongjun Cha, Sheehyun Kim, Sae-Won Han
Cancer Research and Treatment.2023; 55(2): 367. CrossRef
Mutational evolution after chemotherapy‐progression in metastatic colorectal cancer revealed by circulating tumor DNA analysis
Sheehyun Kim, Yongjun Cha, Yoojoo Lim, Hanseong Roh, Jun‐Kyu Kang, Kyung‐Hun Lee, Min Jung Kim, Ji Won Park, Seung‐Bum Ryoo, Hwang‐Phill Kim, Seung‐Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park, Sae‐Won Han, Tae‐You Kim
International Journal of Cancer.2023; 153(3): 571. CrossRef
Establishing molecular pathology curriculum for pathology trainees and continued medical education: a collaborative work from the Molecular Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists
Jiwon Koh, Ha Young Park, Jeong Mo Bae, Jun Kang, Uiju Cho, Seung Eun Lee, Haeyoun Kang, Min Eui Hong, Jae Kyung Won, Youn-La Choi, Wan-Seop Kim, Ahwon Lee
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(5): 265. CrossRef
Implementation of Precision Oncology in the National Healthcare System: A Statement Proposal Endorsed by Italian Scientific Societies
Gianpiero Fasola, Maria C. Barducci, Valeria D. Tozzi, Luigi Cavanna, Saverio Cinieri, Francesco Perrone, Carmine Pinto, Antonio Russo, Anna Sapino, Francesco Grossi, Giuseppe Aprile
JCO Precision Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Development of two 410-cancer-gene panel tests for solid tumors and liquid biopsy based on genome data of 5,143 Japanese cancer patients
Yuji SHIMODA, Takeshi NAGASHIMA, Kenichi URAKAMI, Fukumi KAMADA, Sou NAKATANI, Maki MIZUGUCHI, Masakuni SERIZAWA, Keiichi HATAKEYAMA, Keiichi OHSHIMA, Tohru MOCHIZUKI, Sumiko OHNAMI, Shumpei OHNAMI, Takeshi KAWAKAMI, Kentaro YAMAZAKI, Haruyasu MURAKAMI, H
Biomedical Research.2022; 43(4): 115. CrossRef
Clinical Implication of Molecular Tumor Board
Soohyeon Lee
The Korean Journal of Medicine.2022; 97(5): 319. CrossRef
Somatic Mutations of TP53 Identified by Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Are Poor Prognostic Factors for Primary Operable Breast Cancer: A Single-Center Study
Jung Ho Park, Mi Jung Kwon, Jinwon Seo, Ho Young Kim, Soo Kee Min, Lee Su Kim
Journal of Breast Cancer.2022; 25(5): 379. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Paired Primary and Metastatic Tumor Analysis of Somatic Mutations in Synchronous and Metachronous Colorectal Cancer: Kyu-pyo Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Sung-Min Ahn, Sung Min Chun, Seung-Mo Hong, Se Jin Jang, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim, Tae Won Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):161-167. Published online July 4, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.490

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Although the mutation status of KRAS is highly concordant in primary and metastatic lesions, it has not been generalized to other major pathway genes.
Materials and Methods
In this study, 41 genes were evaluated and the mutational profiles were compared in 46 colorectal cancer patients with paired surgical specimens of primary and metastatic lesions: synchronous (n=27) and metachronous (n=19) lesions. A high-throughput mass spectrometry-based genotyping platform validated by orthogonal chemistry, OncoMap v.4.4, was used to evaluate the formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded surgical specimens. The patients’ demographics, tumor characteristics, and microsatellite instability status were analyzed by a retrospective chart review.
Results
In this study,with OncoMap, mutationswere identified in 80.4% of patientswith the following frequency: KRAS (39.1%), TP53 (28.3%), APC (28.3%), PIK3CA (6.5%), BRAF (6.5%), and NRAS (4.3%). Although 19.6% (9/46) of the patients showed no gene mutations, 43.5% (20/46) and 37.0% (17/46) had mutations in one and two or more genes, respectively. The synchronous and metachronous lesions showed similar mutational profiles. Paired samples between primary and metastatic tumors differed in 7.4% (2/27) and 10.5% (2/19) for synchronous and metachronous according to OncoMap.
Conclusion
These findings indicate the major pathway genes, including KRAS, TP53, APC, PIK3CA, BRAF, and NRAS, are often concordant between the primary and metastatic lesions regardless of the temporal relationship of metastasis.

Citations

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Analysis of Shared Variants between Cancer Biospecimens
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Whole-Exome Sequencing Reveals High Mutational Concordance between Primary and Matched Recurrent Triple-Negative Breast Cancers
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Association of BRAF Mutations With Survival and Recurrence in Surgically Treated Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Liver Cancer
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Use of a High-Throughput Genotyping Platform (OncoMap) for RAS Mutational Analysis to Predict Cetuximab Efficacy in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Dalyong Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Jeong Eun Kim, Kyu-pyo Kim, Jae-Lyun Lee, Sung-Min Chun, Jihun Kim, Se Jin Jang, Tae Won Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):37-43. Published online April 27, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.069

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Purpose
Cetuximab demonstrates improved efficacy outcomes in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) harboring wild-type KRAS exon 2. Resistance to cetuximab is mediated by activating less frequent mutations in the RAS genes beyond KRAS exon 2. We performed extended RASmutational analysis using a high -throughput genotyping platform (OncoMap) and evaluated extended RAS analysis for predicting cetuximab efficacy in patients harboring wild-type KRAS exon 2 tumors following Sanger sequencing.
Materials and Methods
Extended RAS analysis was performed on 227 wild-type KRAS exon 2 mCRC patients who received cetuximab as salvage treatment using OncoMap ver. 4.0. Targeted genes included exon 2, exon 3, and exon 4, both in KRAS and NRAS, and included BRAF exon 15. We assessed efficacy by the new RAS mutation status.
Results
The OncoMap detected 57 additional mutations (25.1%): 25 (11%) in KRAS exon 2 and 32 (14.1%) beyond KRAS exon 2. Survival differences were observed after dividing patients into the wild-type RAS group (n=170) and mutant RAS group (n=57) using OncoMap. Progression-free survival was 4.8 months versus 1.8 months (hazard ratio [HR], 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.32 to 0.61), and overall survival was 11.9 months versus 8.4 months (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.88).
Conclusion
Sanger sequencing is not sufficient for selecting candidates for cetuximab treatment. High-throughput extended RAS genotyping is a feasible approach for this purpose and identifies patients who might benefit from cetuximab treatment.

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Metastatik Kolorektal Kanserli Hastaların RAS Mutasyon Durumuna Göre Klinik ve Patolojik Özellikleri
Mehmet SEZEN, Murat ARAZ
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Pan-Asian adapted ESMO consensus guidelines for the management of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: a JSMO–ESMO initiative endorsed by CSCO, KACO, MOS, SSO and TOS
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Ligand-Independent Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Overexpression Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer
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Primary tumor location predicts poor clinical outcome with cetuximab in RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer
Dalyong Kim, Sun Young Kim, Ji Sung Lee, Yong Sang Hong, Jeong Eun Kim, Kyu-pyo Kim, Jihun Kim, Se Jin Jang, Young-Kwang Yoon, Tae Won Kim
BMC Gastroenterology.2017;[Epub] CrossRef

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Case Report

Neoadjuvant Imatinib in Locally Advanced Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors of the Stomach: Report of Three Cases: Ji Seon Oh, Jae-Lyun Lee, Mi-Jung Kim, Min-Hee Ryu, Heung Moon Chang, Tae Won Kim, Se Jin Jang, Jeong Hwan Yook, Sung Tae Oh, Byung Sik Kim, Yoon-Koo Kang; Cancer Res Treat. 2006;38(3):178-183. Published online June 30, 2006; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2006.38.3.178

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Neoadjuvant imatinib therapy used to treat locally advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GI ST) remains under active investigation. We studied three cases of locally advanced gastric GISTs treated with imatinib on a neoadjuvant basis, followed by a complete surgical resection. Three patients were diagnosed with locally advanced unresectable GIST of the stomach and were started on imatinib 400 mg/day. After the imatinib treatment, partial responses were achieved in all patients and the tumors were considered resectable. Surgical resection was done after 7, 11, and 8 months of imatinib therapy, respectively. In one case, a metastatic liver lesion was detected during the imatinib treatment using computed tomography scans, so the imatinib therapy was maintained for 11 months postoperatively. In the other two patients without distant metastasis, imatinib treatment was not restarted after surgery. Mutational analysis revealed a mutation in exon 11 of the c-kit gene in two patients, and wild-type c-kit and PDGFRA in one patient. During pathology review of all three cases, we noted several features common to imatinib treatment. There was no evidence of tumor recurrence in all three patients at respective follow-up visits of 22, 15, and 7 months. These results suggest that the neoadjuvant imatinib therapy is a potentially curative approach for selected patients with locally advanced GIST.

Citations

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Asian Consensus Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Dong-Hoe Koo, Min-Hee Ryu, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Han-Kwang Yang, Akira Sawaki, Seiichi Hirota, Jie Zheng, Bo Zhang, Chin-Yuan Tzen, Chun-Nan Yeh, Toshirou Nishida, Lin Shen, Li-Tzong Chen, Yoon-Koo Kang
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Correlation between Computed Tomography and Pathological Findings of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treated with Imatinib Mesylate
Ki Choon Sim, Beom Jin Park, Na Yeon Han, Deuk Jae Sung, Min Ju Kim, Sung Bum Cho, Hyun Kwon Ha, Hyoung Rae Kim
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Clinical Practice Guideline for Accurate Diagnosis and Effective Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in Korea
Yoon-Koo Kang, Hye Jin Kang, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Taesung Sohn, Dongil Choi, Min-Hee Ryu, Woo Ho Kim, Han-Kwang Yang
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Efficacy of Imatinib Mesylate Neoadjuvant Treatment for a Locally Advanced Rectal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Kyu Jong Yoon, Nam Kyu Kim, Kang Young Lee, Byung Soh Min, Hyuk Hur, Jeonghyun Kang, Sarah Lee
Journal of the Korean Society of Coloproctology.2011; 27(3): 147. CrossRef
Clinical Practice Guideline for Accurate Diagnosis and Effective Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in Korea
Yoon-Koo Kang, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Taesung Sohn, Dongil Choi, Hye Jin Kang, Min-Hee Ryu, Woo Ho Kim, Han-Kwang Yang
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Yoon-Koo Kang
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Original Article

Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Breast Carcinoma: Relevance to Tumor Angiogenesis and Expression of Estrogen Receptor: Haeng Ji Kang, Gu Gong, Se Jin Jang, Pa Jong Jung, Chan Kum Park; Cancer Res Treat. 2001;33(4):286-295. Published online August 31, 2001; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2001.33.4.286

Abstract PDF

PURPOSE
This study investigates the COX-2 expression in human primary breast carcinomas and its relationship with both angiogenesis and the expression of estrogen receptor.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
COX-2 expression, angiogenesis, and estrogen receptor expression were examined by immunohistochemical methods in 167 human breast carcinomas by using monoclonal antibodies against COX-2, CD34, and estrogen receptor protein.
RESULTS
Although COX-2 was expressed in 77.8% of the breast carcinomas (130/167) regardless of histological types, it was not detected at all in benign epithelial cells. Interestingly, COX-2 expression was found to be significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis (p=0.004), but not with estrogen receptor and other histopathologic parameters.
CONCLUSION
The results suggest that COX-2 expression occurs frequently in breast tissue during transformation of benign epithelial cells to malignant cells regardless of the estrogen receptor status. COX-2 expression may play a role in tumor angiogenesis that is responsible for tumor growth and metastasis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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