Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Long-term Immunogenicity of the 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine during Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients with Gastric and Colorectal Cancer: A 5-year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial: Hyeon-Jong Kim, Hyunjin Bang, Hyun-Jung Shim, Jun Eul Hwang, Sang-Hee Cho, Ik-Joo Chung, Seung Ji Kang, Jong Gwang Kim, Seung-Hoon Beom, A-Yeung Jang, Joon Young Song, Woo Kyun Bae; Received November 12, 2024 Accepted February 11, 2025 Published online February 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1083 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Current guidelines recommend vaccination at least two weeks before chemotherapy initiation to optimize the immune response despite limited evidence. Our previous study indicated no differences in short-term immune response for the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) according to the vaccination timing. This study aims to investigate the long-term efficacy of PCV13 and clinical factors associated with the respective antibody response.
Materials and Methods
Patients with gastric or colorectal cancer who received adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled and divided into two groups: vaccinated two weeks before chemotherapy (arm A) and vaccinated concurrently with chemotherapy (arm B). Serum samples were collected before vaccination and in one month, three years, and five years. Immune responses were measured using ELISA and multiplex opsonophagocytosis assay.
Results
Including 63 patients, both groups showed an initial increase in the geometric mean titers (GMTs) of opsonophagocytic activity and the geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of serotype-specific IgG levels after one month, followed by a decline at three and five years, particularly for serotypes 1, 14, 18C, and 19A. Despite the decline, global protection was maintained for five years, although global response decreased. The two arms did not show significant differences in immunogenicity nor in factors such as vaccination timing, age, cancer type, or chemotherapy regimen.
Conclusion
Vaccination timing is not a significant factor for the immunogenicity of PCV13 in cancer patients undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy. Global protection against pneumococcal infection was sustained for >5 years, and global response remained in over half of patients.

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Gastrointestinal Cancer

Association between ALDH2 and ADH1B Polymorphisms and the Risk for Colorectal Cancer in Koreans: Chang Kyun Choi, Min-Ho Shin, Sang-Hee Cho, Hye-Yeon Kim, Wei Zheng, Jirong Long, Sun-Seog Kweon; Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(3):754-762. Published online December 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.478

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated the association between alcohol-related genetic variants and CRC risk.
Materials and Methods
The study cohort consisted of 5,435 CRC cases and 3,553 population-based cancer-free controls. Genotype data were generated from germline DNA using the Infinium OncoArray-500K BeadChip in 2,535 cases and 2,287 controls and the Infinium Multi-Ethnic Global BeadChip in 2,900 cases and 1,266 controls. The associations between aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rs671 and alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) rs1229984 polymorphisms and CRC risk were assessed using multivariate logistic regression analyses.
Results
Compared with the major homozygous ALDH2 genotype (GG), heterozygous or minor homozygous ALDH2 genotype (GA or AA, related to a low alcohol consumption) was significantly associated with a reduced risk for CRC in men (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68 to 0.90), but not in women (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.47 to 1.05). A stronger association was found among regular drinkers (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.71 in men and OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.18 to 0.58 in women). No association of CRC risk with ADH1B rs1229984 genotype was found. The association between alcohol-related combined genotypes and risk of CRC was significant (p for linear=0.001). The combined genotype with the highest genetically predicted alcohol consumption (ALDH2 rs671 GG and ADH1B rs1229984 AG/GG) was associated with a high risk for CRC (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.63).
Conclusion
Our study provides strong evidence for a possible causal association between alcohol consumption and CRC risk.

Citations

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No association between genetically predicted C-reactive protein levels and colorectal cancer survival in Korean: two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis
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Zhuoxin Zhang, Yijin Chen, Qingqing Zhuo, Changqing Deng, Yang Yang, Wen Luo, Shixun Lai, Hui Rao
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

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Immunogenicity and Optimal Timing of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination during Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Gastric and Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial: Wonyoung Choi, Jong Gwang Kim, Seung-Hoon Beom, Jun-Eul Hwang, Hyun-Jung Shim, Sang-Hee Cho, Min-Ho Shin, Sin-Ho Jung, Ik-Joo Chung, Joon Young Song, Woo Kyun Bae; Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(1):246-253. Published online July 9, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.189

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Pneumococcal vaccination (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13]) is recommended to cancer patients undergoing systemic chemotherapy. However, the optimal time interval between vaccine administration and initiation of chemotherapy has been little studied in adult patients with solid malignancies.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a prospective randomized controlled trial to evaluate whether administering PCV13 on the first day of chemotherapy is non-inferior to vaccinating 2 weeks prior to chemotherapy initiation. Patients were randomly assigned to two study arms, and serum samples were collected at baseline and 4 weeks after vaccination to analyze the serologic response against Streptococcus pneumoniae using a multiplexed opsonophagocytic killing assay.
Results
Of the 92 patients who underwent randomization, 43 patients in arm A (vaccination 2 weeks before chemotherapy) and 44 patients in arm B (vaccination on the first day of chemotherapy) were analyzed. Immunogenicity was assessed by geometric mean and fold-increase of post-vaccination titers, seroprotection rates (percentage of patients with post-vaccination titers > 1:64), and seroconversion rates (percentage of patients with > 4-fold increase in post-vaccination titers). Serologic responses to PCV13 did not differ significantly between the two study arms according to all three types of assessments.
Conclusion
The overall antibody response to PCV13 is adequate in patients with gastric and colorectal cancer during adjuvant chemotherapy, and no significant difference was found when patients were vaccinated two weeks before or on the day of chemotherapy initiation.

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Vaccination for seasonal influenza, pneumococcal infection and SARS-CoV-2 in patients with solid tumors: recommendations of the Associazione Italiana di Oncologia Medica (AIOM)
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The Prognostic Significance of FGFR4 Gly388 Polymorphism in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: Hyun-Jeong Shim, Min-Ho Shin, Hee-Nam Kim, Jo-Heon Kim, Jun-Eul Hwang, Woo-Kyun Bae, Ik-Joo Chung, Sang-Hee Cho; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):71-79. Published online May 14, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.018

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) polymorphism in esophageal cancer after chemoradiotherapy (CRT).
Materials and Methods
Peripheral blood samples from 244 patients treated with CRT for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were assessed for the role of FGFR4 genotype on treatment response and survival.
Results
A total of 94 patients were homozygous for the Gly388 allele, and 110 were heterozygous and 40 homozygous for the Arg388 allele. No significant association was found between the FGFR4 genotype and clinicopathological parameters. However, patients carrying the Gly388 allele showed a better overall response rate than Arg388 carriers (p=0.038). In addition, Gly388 allele patients at an earlier stage showed better overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival than Arg388 carriers. Among these, the Gly388 allele showed significantly improved OS compared to Arg388 carriers in the lymph node (LN) metastasis group (p=0.042) compared to the no LN metastasis group (p=0.125). However, similar survival outcomes were observed for advanced-stage disease regardless of genotype.
Conclusion
This result suggests that the role of FGFR4 Gly388 in treatment outcomes differs according to esophageal cancer stage. It showed a predictive role in the response of esophageal cancer patients to CRT with a better trend for OS in Gly388 than Arg388 carriers in the early stages. In particular, LN-positive early-stage patients carrying the Gly388 allele showed improved OS compared to those carrying Arg388.

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Identification of NCCRP1 as an epigenetically regulated tumor suppressor and biomarker for malignant phenotypes of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Takashi Miwa, Mitsuro Kanda, Masahiko Koike, Naoki Iwata, Haruyoshi Tanaka, Shinichi Umeda, Chie Tanaka, Daisuke Kobayashi, Masamichi Hayashi, Suguru Yamada, Tsutomu Fujii, Michitaka Fujiwara, Yasuhiro Kodera
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Adherens junctions associated protein 1 serves as a predictor of recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
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Clinical Prognostic Factors for Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Carcinoma Treated after Definitive Chemoradiotherapy: Dae-Eun Kim, Uh-Jin Kim, Won-Young Choi, Mi-Young Kim, Seung-Hun Kim, Min-Jee Kim, Hyun-Jeong Shim, Jun-Eul Hwang, Woo-Kyun Bae, Ik-Joo Chung, Taek-Keun Nam, Kook-Joo Na, Sang-Hee Cho; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(4):276-284. Published online December 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.4.276

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Locally advanced esophageal cancers are generally treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, followed by surgery in operable candidates. However, even if the patients were diagnosed as operable disease, surgery could not be performed on patients with poor condition or other comorbidity. In this case, definitive chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) is the other option for localized esophageal cancer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and clinical prognostic factors for dCRT in locally advanced esophageal cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a review of patients who received dCRT for locally advanced squamous esophageal cancer from 2004 to 2010, focusing on stages III and IVa. All patients received at least two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy during radiation, and all tumor burdens were included in the radiation field. The treatment results were analyzed for patterns of failure and prognostic factors associated with survival.
RESULTS
In total, 63 patients were enrolled in this study. The overall response rate was 84.1%. Relief from dysphagia after dCRT was achieved in 48 patients. The most frequent failure was local recurrence. The median overall survival (OS) was 23.0 months, and the 2-year survival rate was 45.4%. Similar results were observed for elderly study patients. Significant prognostic factors for OS were duration of smoking, high grade of dysphagia (score of 3 or 4), and shorter duration of progression-free and dysphagia-free survival. Maintenance chemotherapy after dCRT did not influence OS. However, "good risk" patients receiving maintenance chemotherapy showed better OS than those who did not receive maintenance chemotherapy (30.4 months vs. 12.0 months, p=0.002).
CONCLUSION
dCRT has a major role in improving survival and palliation of dysphagia in inoperable advanced esophageal cancer, even in elderly patients. Maintenance chemotherapy after dCRT may be effective in prolonging survival in "good risk" patients.

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Prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced oesophageal cancer
Eun Jin Yoo, Jun Chul Park, Eun Hye Kim, Chan Hyuk Park, Choong Nam Shim, Hyun Jik Lee, Hyun Soo Chung, Hyuk Lee, Sung Kwan Shin, Sang Kil Lee, Chang Geol Lee, Yong Chan Lee
Digestive and Liver Disease.2014; 46(9): 846. CrossRef

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Coexisting with Clonal Evolution and BCR-ABL Mutant in CML Patients Treated with Second-generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Predict the Discrepancy of in vitro Drug Sensitivity: Jae-Sook Ahn, Yeo-Kyeoung Kim, Se Ryeon Lee, Li Yu, Deok-Hwan Yang, Sang-Hee Cho, Hyun Jeong Shim, Woo Kyun Bae, Je-Jung Lee, Ik-Joo Chung, Myung Gun Shin, Hyeoung-Joon Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2010;42(1):37-41. Published online March 31, 2010; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2010.42.1.37

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

Second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (second TKIs) such as nilotinib and dasatinib control the activity of most ABL kinase domain mutations observed in patients with imatinib resistance. Although in vitro data show that both agents can inhibit all mutations except T315I, some discrepancies have been observed in a small subset of mutation clones. Cytogenetic clonal evolution is the important resistance mechanism of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Accordingly, we observed the clinical significance of coexisting with clonal evolution and BCR-ABL mutant in CML patients treated with second TKIs.

Materials and Methods

We monitored BCR-ABL transcript kinetics, interrelationship of clones expressing non-mutated and mutant transcripts and clonal aberrations within Philadelphia (Ph) positive and negative clones, respectively, in eight patients with CML receiving dasatinib or nilotinib for 3~41 months.

Results

Clinical responses were correlated with in vitro sensitivity of the BCR-ABL mutants to the second TKIs in four patients. Four patients showed resistance to the second TKIs as compared to in vitro observations; three of them developed chromosomal abnormalities in the Ph chromosome positive or negative metaphases. Another patient lost the original mutation but acquired a more resistant new mutation and became resistant to the second TKI.

Conclusion

Cytogenetic clonal evolution is an independent poor prognostic factor in CML, which could explain the onset of mechanisms for second TKIs resistance to ABL kinase domain mutations. The results indicate that an additional evaluation of chromosomal abnormalities is warranted when BCR-ABL mutants are more resistant than indicated by in vitro data.

Citations

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T315I – a gatekeeper point mutation and its impact on the prognosis of chronic myeloid leukemia
Bushra Kaleem, Sadaf Shahab, Tahir Sultan Shamsi
Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio.2024; 5(4): 412. CrossRef
Impacto de la mutación T315I en el pronóstico de la leucemia mieloide crónica
Bushra Kaleem, Sadaf Shahab, Tahir Sultan Shamsi
Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio.2024; 5(4): 418. CrossRef
BCR-ABL1 mutation development during first-line treatment with dasatinib or imatinib for chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase
T P Hughes, G Saglio, A Quintás-Cardama, M J Mauro, D-W Kim, J H Lipton, M B Bradley-Garelik, J Ukropec, A Hochhaus
Leukemia.2015; 29(9): 1832. CrossRef

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The Efficacy of an Induction Chemotherapy Combination with Docetaxel, Cisplatin, and 5-FU Followed by Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: Jae-Sook Ahn, Sang-Hee Cho, Ok-Ki Kim, Joon-Kyoo Lee, Deok-Hwan Yang, Yeo-Kyeoung Kim, Je-Jung Lee, Sang-Chul Lim, Hyeoung-Joon Kim, Woong-Ki Chung, Ik-Joo Chung; Cancer Res Treat. 2007;39(3):93-98. Published online September 30, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2007.39.3.93

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose

This study was performed to determine the feasibility and safety of the use of induction chemotherapy combined with docetaxel, cisplatin, and 5-fluorouracil (TPF) followed by concurrent chemoradiation therapy for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

Materials and Methods

The patients, that were initially not treated for locally advanced SCCHN, underwent three cycles of induction chemotherapy every 3 weeks at a dose of 70 mg/m² docetaxel D1, 75 mg/m² cisplatin D1, 1000 mg/m² 5-FU D1-4, and subsequently received concurrent chemoradiation therapy.

Results

Forty-nine patients were enrolled in this study and forty-three of the patients completed the treatment. The median duration of follow-up was 18 months (range, 6~39 months). All of the patients had stage III (26.5%) or IV (73.5%) squamous cell carcinoma. After sequential therapy, a complete response and partial response was seen in 28 (65.2%) and 13 (30.2%) patients, respectively. The overall response rate was 95.4%. Overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) at 2 years were 88.7% and 69.7%, respectively. Grade 3~4 neutropenia occurred in 42.2% of the patients and grade 4 thrombocytopenia in 1 cycle (0.7%). Two patients (4.1%) died during the induction chemotherapy due to pneumonia and a subdural hemorrhage, respectively. The group of patients over 65 years of age showed a significant lower dose intensity than that of patients under 65 years of age, but PFS was not significantly different between two groups (p=0.105).

Conclusion

TPF induction chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy showed a high level of CR and moderate treatment-induced toxicity. Adequate dose modification in elderly patients should be considered to maintain efficacy and avoid treatment-related toxicity.

Citations

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Hsiang-Lan Lai, Yeh Tang, Chih-Yen Chien, Fu-Min Fang, Tai-Lin Huang, Tai-Jan Chiu, Shau-Hsuan Li
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Chronobiology International.2018; 35(2): 289. CrossRef
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D. Alterio, M. Cossu Rocca, W. Russell-Edu, S. Dicuonzo, G. Fanetti, G. Marvaso, L. Preda, S. Zorzi, E. Verri, F. Nole’, B. A. Jereczek-Fossa
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