Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

A Phase II Study of Bendamustine Plus Rituximab in Patients with Relapsed or Progressive Marginal Zone Lymphoma: KCSG LY14-09: Jeong-Ok Lee, Jinny Park, Hye Jin Kang, Shin Young Hyun, Gyeong-Won Lee, Ho-Young Yhim, Hyo Jung Kim, Jong Seok Lee, Dae Seog Heo, Tae Min Kim; Received August 1, 2025 Accepted December 2, 2025 Published online December 3, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.815 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
This multicenter, phase II study examined the efficacy and safety of bendamustine plus rituximab in patients with relapsed or progressive marginal zone lymphoma (MZL).
Materials and Methods
Patients received six cycles of bendamustine 90 mg/m² intravenously on days 2 and 3, rituximab 375 mg/m² intravenously in cycle 1, and 1,400 mg subcutaneously in cycles 2–8 on day 1 every 4 weeks. Bendamustine dose reduction to 60 mg/m² (level -1) and 40 mg/m² (level -2) was allowed based on prespecified toxicity criteria. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) and the secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety.
Results
Among the 26 evaluable patients, 81.8% achieved an ORR, while 40.7% had a complete response. The median PFS was 46.06 months, and the estimated 3-year OS rate was 92.3%. Hematological toxicities, primarily neutropenia (grade 3/4, 48.1%), were the most common adverse events, resulting in both reduction and interruption of bendamustine doses, accounting for 18 (75%) of 24 dose-reduced cycles and 7 (41%) of 17 missed cycles, respectively. Nonhematologic toxicities were generally mild, with nausea and fatigue identified as the most frequently reported toxicities. The mean relative dose intensities were 76.9% (range, 31.5–100) for bendamustine and 91.3% (range, 72.7–100) for rituximab.
Conclusion
Bendamustine plus rituximab is a highly effective and tolerable treatment for patients with relapsed or progressive MZL, providing durable disease control.

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Impact of Cell-of-Origin and MYC/BCL2 Status on the Risk of Central Nervous System Relapse in Primary Breast Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Chang-Hoon Lee, Ga-Young Song, Ho-Young Yhim, Dok Hyun Yoon, Kyu Yun Jang, Sang Eun Yoon, Jin Seok Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee, Hyeon-Seok Eom, Hyewon Lee, Kyoung Ha Kim, Ka-Won Kang, Young Rok Do, Soon Il Lee, Han Sang Lee, Hyo Jung Kim, Ae Ri Ahn, Deok-Hwan Yang, Won Seog Kim, Jae-Yong Kwak; Received August 5, 2025 Accepted November 3, 2025 Published online November 5, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.836 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
Primary breast diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare entity with a distinct relapse pattern involving the central nervous system (CNS). However, data regarding predictors of CNS relapse in this population remain limited.
Materials and Methods
CNS relapse was retrospectively analyzed in two multicenter cohorts comprising 53 patients with newly diagnosed primary breast DLBCL, including a prospective trial and real-world cohort, all treated with rituximab-based immunochemotherapy. The impact of baseline clinical parameters, cell-of-origin, and MYC/BCL2 dual expression (DE) status on CNS relapse was assessed using a multivariate Cox regression model, separately conducted for the overall study set (n=53) and the immunohistochemical study set (n=36).
Results
By the CNS-International Prognostic Index (CNS-IPI), most patients were classified as low or intermediate risk; no patients were classified as high risk. With a median follow-up of 58.8 months, the 4-year risk of CNS relapse was 15.6% in the overall study set and 14.2% in the immunohistochemical set. MYC/BCL2 DE was identified in 14 patients (38.9%) and was significantly associated with increased risk of CNS relapse (4-year risk, 30.7% vs. 0%, p=0.001). Patients with non-germinal center B-cell–like subtype had a numerically higher risk of CNS relapse. However, in multivariate analysis, only MYC/BCL2 DE status was associated with CNS relapse. Synchronous bilateral involvement was also an independent predictor of CNS relapse in both study sets. CNS-IPI was not discriminatory for CNS relapse.
Conclusion
MYC/BCL2 DE and synchronous bilateral breast involvement may help identify patients at higher risk for CNS relapse. Further studies are warranted.

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Palliative medicine

Pilot Study for Feasibility of Onco-Geriatric Intervention Model in Older Patients with Cancer in a Tertiary Academic Hospital: Jin Won Kim, Jung-Yeon Choi, Woochan Park, Minsu Kang, Jeongmin Seo, Eun Hee Jung, Koung Jin Suh, Ji-Won Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Sang-A Kim, Ji Yun Lee, Jeong-Ok Lee, Soo-Mee Bang, Kwang-il Kim, Jee Hyun Kim; Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):329-338. Published online March 12, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.079

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Purpose
Older cancer patients face unique challenges due to age-related physiological changes, increasing their vulnerability to treatment-related toxicities. Geriatric assessment (GA) is a validated tool for optimizing care, yet there is no consensus on integrating geriatric interventions into oncology. This study evaluates the feasibility of a tailored onco-geriatric intervention model incorporating the KG-7 screening tool.
Materials and Methods
This prospective study included 30 patients aged ≥ 70 years with solid tumors undergoing adjuvant or palliative chemotherapy. Patients scoring ≤ 5 of KG-7 were eligible. Tailored interventions incorporating KG-7 included polypharmacy, functional status, mobility, nutrition, cognition, emotional well-being, insomnia, social support, and medical problem. KG-7, GA, and quality of life (QoL) were followed at 12 weeks.
Results
Participants (median age, 79.5 years) had colon (43.3%), pancreatic (23.3%), or gastric cancer (23.3%). At baseline, most patients showed independent activities of daily living (100%)/instrumental activities of daily living (90%). However, 93.3% had abnormal GA. Particularly, 86.7% were either malnourished or at risk of malnutrition. The most frequently identified intervention needs included polypharmacy (70.0%), nutritional support (60.0%), and emotional well-being (50.0%) with high adherence (100.0%, 88.9%, and 46.7%, respectively). At 12 weeks, KG-7 scores improved in 43.8% of patients, and 69.2% of GA domains were improved. QoL analysis revealed modest improvement in Global Health Status (mean difference, 6.3; p=0.176). One-year survival rates were 92.3% and 79.4% for adjuvant and palliative groups, respectively.
Conclusion
The onco-geriatric intervention model incorporating KG-7 demonstrated high feasibility and potential to enhance clinical outcomes. Future studies should validate this approach in randomized trials to optimize care for older cancer patients.

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Hematologic malignancy

The Role of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Managing Myeloproliferative Neoplasms Patients: Ji Yun Lee, Ju-Hyun Lee, Woochan Park, Jeongmin Seo, Minsu Kang, Eun Hee Jung, Sang-A Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Ji-Won Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Won Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Soo-Mee Bang; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):612-620. Published online September 20, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.738

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Thrombosis and bleeding significantly affect morbidity and mortality in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). The efficacy and safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in MPN patients remain uncertain.
Materials and Methods
We conducted a large, retrospective, nationwide cohort study using the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service database from 2010 to 2021.
Results
Out of the 368 MPN patients included in the final analysis, 62.8% were treated with DOACs for atrial fibrillation (AF), and 37.2% for venous thromboembolism (VTE). The AF group was statistically older with higher CHA2DS2-VASc (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, prior stroke, transient ischemic attack, or thromboembolism, vascular disease, age 65-74 years, sex category [female]) scores compared to the VTE group. Antiplatelet agents were used in 51.1% of cases, and cytoreductive drugs in 79.3%, with hydroxyurea being the most common (64.9%). The median follow-up was 22.3 months, with 1-year cumulative incidence rates of thrombosis and bleeding at 11.1% and 3.7%, respectively. Multivariate analysis identified CHA2DS2-VASc scores ≥ 3 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.48), concomitant antiplatelet use (HR, 2.57), and cytoreduction (HR, 2.20) as significant thrombosis risk factors but found no significant predictors for major bleeding.
Conclusion
Despite the limitations of retrospective data, DOAC treatment in MPN patients seems effective and has an acceptable bleeding risk.

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Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Clonal Thrombosis, and Vascular Disease: Can Cardiology Learn from Hematology?
Jatin Thukral, Sehajnoor Kaur Khangurra, Manav Ghaie, Maneet Kaur, Pyush Moudgil, Riya Shah, Harbir Kaur, Nikhil Thukral, William H. Frishman, Wilbert S. Aronow
Cardiology in Review.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Survey of Clinical Practice in Chronic Myeloproliferative Neoplasms in Croatia: A Study by the MPN Working Group Party of the Croatian Cooperative Group for Hematologic Diseases (KROHEM)
Ivan Krecak, Marko Lucijanic, Rajko Kusec
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2025; 14(5): 1524. CrossRef
Dabigatran etexilate

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Clinical and Molecular Insights of Arterial and Venous Thrombosis in Myeloproliferative Diseases—Case-Based Narrative Review
Anca Drăgan, Mădălina Găvănescu, Adrian Ştefan Drăgan, Alexandru Bardaş, Monica Dobrovie, Anca Doina Mateescu
Biomedicines.2025; 13(10): 2543. CrossRef

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Lung and Thoracic cancer

Association of TP53 Mutation Status and Sex with Clinical Outcome in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Retrospective Cohort Study: Songji Choi, Se Hyun Kim, Sejoon Lee, Jeongmin Seo, Minsu Kang, Eun Hee Jung, Sang-A Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Ji Yun Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Soo-Mee Bang, Jong Seok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(1):70-82. Published online August 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.046

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Purpose
Some studies suggest that TP53 mutations are associated with the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and also contribute to sex disparities in several cancers. Thus, we hypothesized that TP53 mutations might serve as sex-dependent genomic biomarkers of ICI treatment response in patients with NSCLC.
Materials and Methods
Clinical data of 100 patients with metastatic NSCLC treated with ICI monotherapy at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH) were retrospectively reviewed. Genomic and clinical datasets of The Cancer Genome Atlas and an ICI-treated lung cancer cohort (cBioPortal) were also analyzed.
Results
In SNUBH cohort, no statistically significant difference was observed in the median progression-free survival (PFS) according to TP53 mutation status (p=0.930); however, female patients with TP53 mutations (MT) had a significantly prolonged median PFS compared to wild-type (WT) (6.1 months in TP53 MT vs. 2.6 months in TP53 WT; p=0.021). Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) high (≥ 50%) expression was significantly enriched in female patients with TP53 MT (p=0.005). The analysis from publicly available dataset also revealed that females with NSCLC with TP53 MT showed significantly longer PFS than those with TP53 WT (p < 0.001). In The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis, expression of immune-related genes, and tumor mutation burden score in TP53 MT females were higher than in males without TP53 MT.
Conclusion
Female patients with NSCLC with TP53 mutations had high PD-L1 expression and showed favorable clinical outcomes following ICI therapy, suggesting a need for further research to explore the role of TP53 mutations for sex disparities in response to ICI therapy.

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Unraveling the nexus: Tumor mutational burden, PD‐L1 expression, and oncogenic alterations in non–small cell lung cancer cytology specimens
Min Dai, Francis Anthony San Lucas, Hector Alvarez, Leomar Ballester, Hui Chen, Keyur P. Patel, Asif Rashid, Shun Rao, Mark J. Routbort, Gloria Sura, Keith Sweeney, Gokce Toruner, Peng Wei, Richard Yang, Hyvan Dang, Rajyalakshmi Luthra, Sinchita Roy‐Chowd
Cancer Cytopathology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Association Between TP53 Mutations and Platinum Resistance in a Cohort of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Patients: Novel Implications for Personalized Therapeutics
Clelia Madeddu, Eleonora Lai, Manuela Neri, Elisabetta Sanna, Giulia Gramignano, Sonia Nemolato, Mario Scartozzi, Sabrina Giglio, Antonio Macciò
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(5): 2232. CrossRef
Prognostic and predictive implications of tumor suppressor gene alterations in non-small cell lung cancer
Marco Sposito, Lorenzo Belluomini, Riccardo Nocini, Jessica Insolda, Ilaria Mariangela Scaglione, Jessica Menis, Michele Simbolo, Antonio Lugini, Federica Buzzacchino, Francesco Verderame, Francesca Spinnato, Giuseppe Aprile, Lorenzo Calvetti, Mario Occhi
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Enhanced tumor heterogeneity mediates poor prognosis in females with TP53 mutation in lung adenocarcinoma
Liudan Mai, Xinxin Yang, Chen Shao, Hongwei Yu, Fenqi Du, Jialu Liu, Yue Guan, Hao Li, Maopeng Yang, Hongxue Meng, Qiuju Zhang
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 334: 149083. CrossRef

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Hematologic malignancy

Pembrolizumab for Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma in Korea: Ji Yun Lee, Ji Hyun Kwon, Joon Young Hur, Jun Ho Yi, Ji Hyun Lee, Hyungwoo Cho, Young Rok Do, Jae-Cheol Jo, Hye Jin Kang, Yougil Koh, Won Sik Lee, Sung Nam Lim, Sang Eun Yoon, Seok Jin Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):681-687. Published online November 10, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1042

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Programmed death-1 blockade with pembrolizumab has shown promising activity in relapsed/refractory (R/R) extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL), but studies are limited, with small patient numbers.
Materials and Methods
Thirteen institutes involved with the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma, a Korean lymphoma study group, collected the clinical data of 59 patients treated with pembrolizumab as salvage therapy between 2016 and 2022.
Results
The median age of the patients was 60 years (range, 22 to 87 years), and 76.3% had advanced Ann Abor stage disease. Pembrolizumab was given to 35.6%, 40.7%, and 23.7% of the patients as second-, third-, and fourth- or higher-line chemotherapy, respectively. The overall response rate was 40.7%, with 28.8% having complete response. The estimated 2-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival rates for all patients were 21.5% and 28.7%, respectively; for responders, the rates were 53.0% and 60.7%, respectively. Although not statistically significant, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 1.91; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.93 to 3.94; p=0.078) and stage III or IV disease (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 0.96 to 6.96; p=0.060) were associated with a trend toward shorter PFS in multivariate analysis. Grade 3 or 4 adverse events (AEs) were noted in 12 patients (20.3%); neutropenia (10.2%), fatigue (6.8%), and pneumonitis (5.1%) were most common AEs.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while pembrolizumab had a modest effect on patients with R/R NKTCL, it may be a useful salvage therapy for patients with localized disease and good performance status.

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Anti-PD-1 antibody combined with P-GEMOX chemotherapy versus P-GEMOX chemotherapy with or without autologous stem-cell transplantation for previously untreated advanced natural killer/T cell lymphoma: a retrospective cohort study
Qihua Zou, Yi Cao, Liang Wang, Wuping Li, Qingsong Yin, Yudan Wu, Hongmei Jing, Zhigang Peng, Xiuhua Sun, Jun Rao, Ying Chen, Hongyu Zhang, Dongfeng Zeng, Bingzong Li, Ying Zhao, Xudong Zhang, Yuchen Zhang, Yan Gao, Bing Bai, Yi Xia, Yu Fang, Zouxiang Che
Blood Cancer Journal.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Molecular biologic and Epstein-Barr virologic advances in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma over the past four decades
Yasuaki Harabuchi
Auris Nasus Larynx.2026; 53(3): 393. CrossRef
Immunotherapy in NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: Mechanisms, Clinical Evidence, Resistance, and Emerging Multimodal Strategies
Qihao Zhang, Xin Wang
Cancers.2026; 18(9): 1358. CrossRef
Outcomes With First‐Line PD1 Inhibitors in Extranodal NK/T‐Cell Lymphoma: A Comparative Analysis From a 755‐Patient Multicenter Cohort
Hailing Liu, Mei Sun, Chunling Wang, Xiaoqiong Tang, Lixia Sheng, Jie Ma, Xuzhang Lu, Hongming Huang, Jinning Shi, Ran Li, Jing Zhang, Manling Chen, Lei Cao, Haorui Shen, Jianyong Li, Wei Wang, Xia Zhao, Kaiyang Ding, Lei Fan
American Journal of Hematology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
An evaluation of sugemalimab for the treatment of relapsed or refractory extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma
Yingfang Feng, Xia Liu, Jingwei Yu, Zheng Song, Lanfang Li, Lihua Qiu, Shiyong Zhou, Zhengzi Qian, Xianhuo Wang, Huilai Zhang
Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy.2025; 25(1): 9. CrossRef
Early growth response 1 as a key regulator of PD-L1 expression and immune evasion in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma
Ji Yun Lee, Kui-Jin Kim, Woochan Park, Jeongmin Seo, Minsu Kang, Eun Hee Jung, Sang-A Kim, Koung Jin Suh, Ji-Won Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Won Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Soo-Mee Bang, Tae Min Kim, Jin Ho Paik
Blood Cancer Journal.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of combined CD38 and PD-1 inhibition with isatuximab and cemiplimab for relapsed/refractory NK/T-cell lymphoma
Seok Jin Kim, Jing Quan Lim, Sang Eun Yoon, Deok-Hwan Yang, Ji Hyun Lee, Sung Yong Oh, Yoon Seok Choi, Seong Hyun Jeong, Min Kyoung Kim, Sung Nam Lim, Junhun Cho, Bon Park, Kyung Ju Ryu, Seunghyun Choi, Yoon Park, Kerry May Huifen Lim, Nur Ayuni Binte Muh
Blood.2025; 146(2): 155. CrossRef
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A Phase II Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Bortezomib in Combination with Thalidomide in Treatment-Naïve Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia Patients: Ja Min Byun, Junghoon Shin, Sang-A Kim, Hyunkyung Park, Jiyun Lee, Dong-Yeop Shin, Junshik Hong, Jeong-Ok Lee, Soo-Mee Bang, Inho Kim, Sung-Soon Yoon, Youngil Koh; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):675-680. Published online September 25, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.681

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Purpose
Despite the recent success of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors for the treatment of Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM), their indefinite treatment duration ultimately tantamount to substantial financial and emotional burden. On the other hand, fixed duration of proteasome inhibitors (PI) have shown rapid and reasonable response in WM treatment. Despite the well-known synergism between PI and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiD), there is no trials evaluating such combination in WM.
Materials and Methods
Based on above, we designed this phase II study to investigate the efficacy and safety of 6 cycles of 28-day bortezomib-thalidomide-dexamethasone (VTD) regimen for treatment-naïve WM.
Results
A total of 15 patients were enrolled: major response rate was 64.3%, and overall response rate was 78.6%. During the median follow-up of 41 months, median progression-free survival (PFS) was 13 months and overall survival 40 months. For responders, median duration of response was 13 months and median PFS 19 months. The most common adverse event (AE) of any grade was constipation (57.1%). The most common grade ≥ 3 AE was anemia (21.4%).
Conclusion
All in all, we hereby provide proof-of-concept that PI + IMiD may be an attractive backbone for fixed duration treatment. It should be noted that granting the same level of access to newer drugs globally is virtually impossible. Thus efforts to develop regimens using readily available drugs to yield similar or adequate treatment outcomes should not be disregarded. In this sense, we believe our study holds its place for its novelty and eloquently addresses achieving the daunting societal quest of health equity.

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Body Cavity–Based Lymphoma in a Country with Low Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevalence: A Series of 17 Cases from the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma: Junghoon Shin, Young Hyeh Ko, Sung Yong Oh, Dok Hyun Yoon, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Seok Kim, Yong Park, Ho Jin Shin, Seok Jin Kim, Jong Ho Won, Sung-Soo Yoon, Won Seog Kim, Youngil Koh, On behalf of the Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma investigators; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1302-1312. Published online February 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.555

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a type of body cavity–based lymphoma (BCBL). Most patients with PEL are severely immunocompromised and seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We investigated the distinctive clinicopathologic characteristics of BCBL in a country with low HIV burden.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively collected data on the clinicopathologic characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of 17 consecutive patients with BCBL at nine institutions in Korea.
Results
Latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (LANA1) immunostaining indicated that six patients had PEL, six patients had human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)-unrelated BCBL, and five patients had HHV8-unknown BCBL. The patients with PEL exhibited no evidence of immunodeficiency except for one who was HIV positive. One (20%) and four (80%) patients with PEL and six (100%) and zero (0%) patients with HHV8-unrelated BCBL were positive for CD20 and CD30 expression, respectively. The two patients with PEL (one HIV-positive and one HIV-negative patient) with the lowest proliferation activity as assessed by the Ki-67 labeling index survived for > 1 and > 4 years without chemotherapy, respectively, in contrast to the PEL cases in the literature, which mostly showed a high proliferation index and poor survival.
Conclusion
PEL mostly occurred in ostensibly immunocompetent individuals and had a favorable outcome in Korea. A watchful waiting approach may be applicable for managing HIV-seronegative patients with PEL with a low Ki-67 labeling index. A possible trend was detected among LANA1, CD20, and CD30 expression in BCBL.

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Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus cooperates with Epstein-Barr virus to co-transform a small set of human B cells oncogenically
Mitchell Hayes, Wei Wang, Isabela Fraga de Andrade, Paul F. Lambert, Bill Sugden, Paul M Lieberman
PLOS Pathogens.2025; 21(6): e1013281. CrossRef
HIV infection complicated with talaromyces marneffei, tuberculosis, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a complex case report
Wei Fu, Zi Wei Deng, Pei Wang, Zhen Wang Zhu, Zhi Bing Xie, Yong Zhong Li, Hui Qiang Zhang, Hong Ying Yu
BMC Infectious Diseases.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Space-associated lymphomas: review of a heterogeneous group of old and new entities
Judith A Ferry
Diagnostic Histopathology.2024; 30(8): 430. CrossRef
A Comprehensive Clinicopathologic and Molecular Study of 19 Primary Effusion Lymphomas in HIV-infected Patients
Julien Calvani, Laurence Gérard, Jehane Fadlallah, Elsa Poullot, Lionel Galicier, Cyrielle Robe, Margaux Garzaro, Remi Bertinchamp, David Boutboul, Wendy Cuccuini, Jean-Michel Cayuela, Philippe Gaulard, Éric Oksenhendler, Véronique Meignin
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Zein Kattih, Akhilesh Mahajan, Morana Vojnic, Jordan Steinberg, Alyssa Yurovitsky, Jin Ah Kim, Amory Novoselac
Chest.2022; 161(6): e377. CrossRef
Human herpesvirus‐8–positive primary effusion lymphoma in HIV‐negative patients: Single institution case series with a multidisciplinary characterization
Giovanni Rossi, Ilaria Cozzi, Irene Della Starza, Lucia Anna De Novi, Maria Stefania De Propris, Aurelia Gaeta, Luigi Petrucci, Alessandro Pulsoni, Federica Pulvirenti, Valeria Ascoli
Cancer Cytopathology.2021; 129(1): 62. CrossRef
Primary effusion lymphoma in human immune deficiency (HIV)‐negative non‐organ transplant immunocompetent patients
Lisi Yuan, James R. Cook, Tarik M. Elsheikh
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Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival of patients with primary effusion lymphoma
Cristian Aguilar, Caddie Laberiano, Brady Beltran, Cecilia Diaz, Alvaro Taype-Rondan, Jorge J. Castillo
Leukemia & Lymphoma.2020; 61(9): 2093. CrossRef

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Effect of Platinum-Based Chemotherapy on PD-L1 Expression on Tumor Cells in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Junghoon Shin, Jin-Haeng Chung, Se Hyun Kim, Kyu Sang Lee, Koung Jin Suh, Ji Yun Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin-Won Kim, Yu-Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Soo-Mee Bang, Jong-Seok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1086-1097. Published online November 5, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.537

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) axis blockades have revolutionized the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We assessed the effect of platinum-based chemotherapy on tumor PD-L1 expression and its clinical implications.
Materials and Methods
We used immunohistochemistry to retrospectively evaluate the percentage of tumor cells with membranous PD-L1 staining (tumor proportion score) in paired tumor specimens obtained before and after platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) in 86 patients with NSCLC. We analyzed the correlation between the change in PD-L1 tumor proportion score and clinicopathologic characteristics, response to NACT, and survival.
Results
The PD-L1 tumor proportion score increased in a significant proportion of patients with NSCLC after platinum-based NACT (Wilcoxon signed-rank test, p=0.002). That pattern was consistent across clinically defined subgroups except for patients with partial response to NACT. Tumors from 26 patients (30.2%) were PD-L1‒negative before NACT but PD-L1-positive after NACT, whereas the reverse pattern occurred in six patients (7%) (McNemar’s test, p < 0.001). Increase in PD-L1 tumor proportion score was significantly associated with lack of response to NACT (Fisher exact test, p=0.015). There was a tendency, albeit not statistically significant, for patients with an increase in PD-L1 tumor proportion score to have shorter survival.
Conclusion
Tumor PD-L1 expression increased after platinum-based NACT in a significant proportion of patients with NSCLC. Increase in tumor PD-L1 expression may predict poor clinical outcome.

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Association of PD‐L1 Expression With Tertiary Lymphoid Structures and Prognosis in Oral Cancer
Emi Saitou, Mai Seki, Takaaki Sano, Masaru Ogawa, Satoshi Yokoo, Tetsunari Oyama
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Programmed death-ligand 1 upregulation is associated with poor prognosis in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer
Chia-Hao Liu, Wei-Ting Chao, Szu-Ting Yang, Chen-Hao Lin, Kuo-Chang Wen, Peng-Hui Wang
Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2026; 89(1): 25. CrossRef
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Selenium-containing compounds, selenium nanoparticles and selenoproteins in the prevention and treatment of lung cancer
Elena G. Varlamova
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology.2025; 88: 127620. CrossRef
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Sristi, Garima Gupta, Mohammed A.S. Abourehab, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Prashant Kesharwani
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2025; 311: 143994. CrossRef
Cancer Immunotherapy in Combination with Radiotherapy and/or Chemotherapy: Mechanisms and Clinical Therapy
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Case Report

Human Herpesvirus 8–Unrelated Primary Effusion Lymphoma–Like Lymphoma in an Elderly Korean Patient with a Good Response to Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisolone: Junghoon Shin, Jeong-Ok Lee, Ji-Young Choe, Soo-Mee Bang, Jong-Seok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(1):274-278. Published online June 10, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.076

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma arising from a B-cell lineage characterized by the formation of malignant effusion in body cavities without evidence of a detectable tumor. The effusion contains tumor cells universally infected with human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8), which is the critical factor differentiating PEL from HHV8-unrelated PEL-like lymphoma (PEL-LL). This report describes a 77-year-old male patient with pleural effusion and ascites, containing lymphoma cells expressing a B-cell phenotype, but without markers of HHV8 in immunocytochemical analysis. The patient was diagnosed with PEL-LL and treated with six cycles of rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (R-CHOP), which resulted in a complete remission. The patient is currently disease-free 15 months post-treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on administration of R-CHOP in a PEL-LL patient in South Korea.

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Daisuke Usuda, Masahisa Arahata, Kento Takeshima, Ryusho Sangen, Akiteru Takamura, Yasuhiro Kawai, Yuji Kasamaki, Yoshitsugu Iinuma, Tsugiyasu Kanda
Case Reports in Oncology.2017; 10(3): 1013. CrossRef

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Original Articles

Prospective Study on the Incidence of Postoperative Venous Thromboembolism in Korean Patients with Colorectal Cancer: Eunyoung Lee, Sung-Bum Kang, Sang Il Choi, Eun Ju Chun, Min Jeong Kim, Duck-Woo Kim, Heung-Kwon Oh, Myong Hoon Ihn, Jin Won Kim, Soo-Mee Bang, Jeong-Ok Lee, Yu Jung Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, Jong Seok Lee, Keun-Wook Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):978-989. Published online November 17, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.311

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis is routinely recommended for Western cancer patients undergoing major surgery for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). However, it is uncertainwhetherroutine administration of pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis is necessary in all Asian surgical cancer patients. This prospective study was conducted to examine the incidence of and risk factors for postoperative VTE in Korean colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Materials and Methods This study comprised two cohorts, and none of patients received perioperative pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. In cohort A (n=400), patients were routinely screened for VTE using lower-extremity Doppler ultrasonography (DUS) on postoperative days 5-14. In cohort B (n=148), routine DUS was not performed, and imaging was only performed when there were symptoms or signs that were suspicious for VTE. The primary endpoint was the VTE incidence at 4 weeks postoperatively in cohort A.
Results
The postoperative incidence of VTE was 3.0% (n=12) in cohort A. Among the 12 patients, eight had distal calf vein thromboses and one had symptomatic thrombosis. Age ≥ 70 years (odds ratio [OR], 5.61), ≥ 2 comorbidities (OR, 13.42), and white blood cell counts of > 10,000/μL (OR, 17.43) were independent risk factors for postoperative VTE (p < 0.05). In cohort B, there was one case of VTE (0.7%). Conclusion The postoperative incidence of VTE, which included asymptomatic cases, was 3.0% in Korean CRC patients who did not receive pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis. Perioperative pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis should be administered to Asian CRC patients on a riskstratified basis.

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Joshua W. Hayes, Éanna J. Ryan, Patrick A. Boland, Ben Creavin, Michael E. Kelly, David Beddy
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European guidelines on perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
Sibylle Kozek-Langenecker, Christian Fenger-Eriksen, Emmanuel Thienpont, Giedrius Barauskas
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The identification of risk factors for venous thromboembolism in gastrointestinal oncologic surgery
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Gefitinib-Induced Interstitial Lung Disease in Korean Lung Cancer Patients: Seung-Hoon Beom, Dong-Wan Kim, Sung Hoon Sim, Bhumsuk Keam, Jin Hyun Park, Jeong-Ok Lee, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Dae Seog Heo; Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):88-97. Published online March 3, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.201

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a serious adverse effect of gefitinib. We examined the incidence and clinical characteristics of drug-induced ILD in Korean non-small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with gefitinib. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients who started gefitinib treatment at Seoul National University Hospital from January 2002 through December 2011. Patients who developed new abnormal radiologic findings with respiratory symptoms after gefitinib treatment were defined as having possible adverse pulmonary reactions. The patients’ medical records were reviewed independently by investigators to identify the causes of pulmonary toxicities. Results Among the 1,114 patients evaluated, 128 patients (11.5%) developed pulmonary adverse reactions after taking gefitinib. An infectious complication occurred in 98 patients (8.8%) and 15 patients (1.3%) developed ILD. Nine of the 15 patients (60.0%) with gefitinib-induced ILD experienced a fatal clinical course that met either the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 4 (n=3) or grade 5 (n=6). In the multivariate analysis, a lower serum albumin level (≤ 3.0 g/dL) at baseline was significantly associated with the development of gefitinib-induced ILD (odds ratio, 3.91; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 12.71). Conclusion The incidence of gefitinib-induced ILD in Korean NSCLC patients was similar to that reported worldwide, but lower than values reported for Japanese population. ILD was usually a lifethreatening adverse effect of gefitinib, and the development of ILD was significantly associated with a lower baseline serum albumin level.

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Michioki Endo, Masahiro Kami
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Dimitrios Komninos, Emmanouil Psarros, Eva Theochari, George Tsirikos, Fotios Sampsonas, Argyrios Tzouvelekis
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Il-Hyung Hwang, Seung Hyeun Lee, Hankil Lee
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Valsartan prevents gefitinib-induced lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and alteration of plasma metabolites in rats
Wael A. Alanazi, Hussain N. Alhamami, Ali A. Alshamrani, Faleh Alqahtani, Abdulrahman Alshammari, Khalid Alhazzani, Mohammed Alswayyed
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Osimertinib for Japanese patients with T790M‐positive advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer: A pooled subgroup analysis
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Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités.2016; 8(5): 325. CrossRef

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p21-Activated Kinase 4 (PAK4) as a Predictive Marker of Gemcitabine Sensitivity in Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines: Sung-Ung Moon, Jin Won Kim, Ji Hea Sung, Mi Hyun Kang, Se-Hyun Kim, Hyun Chang, Jeong-Ok Lee, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Soo-Mee Bang, Jong Seok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(3):501-508. Published online November 24, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.054

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are involved in cytoskeletal reorganization, gene transcription, cell proliferation and survival, and oncogenic transformation. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAK expression levels could predict the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine treatment, and PAKs could be therapeutic targets.
Materials and Methods
Cell viability inhibition by gemcitabine was evaluated in human pancreatic cancer cell lines (Capan-1, Capan-2, MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, Aspc-1, SNU-213, and SNU-410). Protein expression and mRNA of molecules was detected by immunoblot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. To define the function of PAK4, PAK4 was controlled using PAK4 siRNA.
Results
Capan-2, PANC-1, and SNU-410 cells were resistant to gemcitabine treatment. Immunoblot analysis of signaling molecules reported to indicate gemcitabine sensitivity showed higher expression of PAK4 and lower expression of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1), a well-known predictive marker for gemcitabine activity, in the resistant cell lines. Knockdown of PAK4 using siRNA induced the upregulation of hENT1. In resistant cell lines (Capan-2, PANC-1, and SNU-410), knockdown of PAK4 by siRNA resulted in restoration of sensitivity to gemcitabine.
Conclusion
PAK4 could be a predictive marker of gemcitabine sensitivity and a potential therapeutic target to increase gemcitabine sensitivity in pancreatic cancer.

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Tianqi Lu, Yongqi Song, Keke Liang, Zhongbo Zhang, Yang Li, Xiaodong Tan, Xiaodong Li, Feng Li
Communications Biology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Decoding P21 Activated Kinase‐1 (PAK1) and Drug‐Resistance Enigma
Sambuddha Sengupta, Ganesh Venkatraman
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Kajal Kaliya, Neha Bhardwaj, Ruchika, Ankit Saneja
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Knockout of p21-Activated Kinase 4 Stimulates MHC I Expression of Pancreatic Cancer Cells via an Autophagy-Independent Pathway
Yi Ma, Chelsea Dumesny, Li Dong, Ching-Seng Ang, Mehrdad Nikfarjam, Hong He
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Md. Mozibullah, Md. Junaid
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Expression Patterns of PAK4 and PHF8 Are Associated with the Survival of Gallbladder Carcinoma Patients
Ae Ri Ahn, Maryam Karamikheirabad, Min Su Park, Junyue Zhang, Hyun Sun Kim, Ji Su Jeong, Kyoung Min Kim, Ho Sung Park, Kyu Yun Jang
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PAK4 inhibition significantly potentiates Gemcitabine activity in PDAC cells via inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin, p-ERK/MAPK and p-AKT/PI3K pathways
Charudatt Samant, Ramesh Kale, Anand Bokare, Mahip Verma, K. Sreedhara Ranganath Pai, Mandar Bhonde
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A novel PAK4 inhibitor suppresses pancreatic cancer growth and enhances the inhibitory effect of gemcitabine
Hong He, Chelsea Dumesny, Ching-Seng Ang, Li Dong, Yi Ma, Jun Zeng, Mehrdad Nikfarjam
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 7H-pyrrolo [2,3-d] pyrimidine derivatives as potential p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) inhibitors
Cong Wang, Jiawei Xia, Yan Lei, Rui Lu, Mingliang Zhang, He Lv, Qianqian Hong, Tao Lu, Yadong Chen, Hongmei Li
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Yi Ma, Mehrdad Nikfarjam, Hong He
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Exosome-mediated RNAi of PAK4 prolongs survival of pancreatic cancer mouse model after loco-regional treatment
Lizhou Xu, Farid N. Faruqu, Yau M. Lim, Kee Y. Lim, Revadee Liam-Or, Adam A. Walters, Paul Lavender, David Fear, Claire M. Wells, Julie Tzu-Wen Wang, Khuloud T. Al-Jamal
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Long noncoding RNA LINC00657 enhances the malignancy of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by acting as a competing endogenous RNA on microRNA-433 to increase PAK4 expression
Shasha Bi, Yan Wang, Hu Feng, Qingchang Li
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p21-Activated Kinases in Thyroid Cancer
Luis Bautista, Christina M Knippler, Matthew D Ringel
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Rakesh Kumar, Aswathy Mary Paul, Ravikumar Amjesh, Bijesh George, M. Radhakrishna Pillai
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Antitumor effects of all-trans retinoic acid and its synergism with gemcitabine are associated with downregulation of p21-activated kinases in pancreatic cancer
Kai Wang, Graham S. Baldwin, Mehrdad Nikfarjam, Hong He
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Kiruthikah Thillai, Debashis Sarker, Claire Wells
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Kai Wang, Graham S Baldwin, Mehrdad Nikfarjam, Hong He
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PAK4 confers the malignance of cervical cancers and contributes to the cisplatin-resistance in cervical cancer cells via PI3K/AKT pathway
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Five-Year Follow-up Study of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance in a Korean Elderly Urban Cohort: Yun-Gyoo Lee, Soo-Mee Bang, Jeong-Ok Lee, Jin Won Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Jung Han Song, Tae-Hee Kim, Ki Woong Kim, Jong-Seok Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(2):215-220. Published online August 29, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.262

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
We previously reported the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to be 3.3% among an elderly Korean urban cohort recruited during 2005-2006. Here, we report a 5-year follow-up study of the previously identified MGUS cohort.
Materials and Methods
The 680 participants from the initial cohort were followed-up for a median of 5 years. Sera were collected between 2010 and 2011. Two-step screening was performed with standard serum electrophoresis followed by immunofixation and determination of the serum concentration of monoclonal-protein (M-protein).
Results
Of the 680 participants (21 with MGUS), 348 (51%) agreed to participate in the follow-up study and 10 were found to have MGUS. Among the 21 MGUS patients initially identified, nine were followed-up, six had persistent M-protein, and one patient had progressed to multiple myeloma (progression rate, 1.0%/yr). The M-protein disappeared in the remaining two individuals. Among the 339 participants without MGUS who were followed-up, four developed an M-protein. There was no significant difference in survival with respect to the presence of MGUS (p=0.66).
Conclusion
The 5-year follow-up data show that the natural clinical course of MGUS in Korea is similar to that in Western countries. MGUS was not associated with an increased risk of death over the 5-year study period.

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Prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in Shenzhen, China
Anping Xu, Tong Guo, Shuping Zhang, Houlong Luo, Mengxue Shen, Yinghui Ye, Ling Ji
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International Journal of Hematology.2022; 116(4): 553. CrossRef
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Jin Seok Kim, Sung-Soo Yoon, Chang-Ki Min, Je-Jung Lee, Dok Hyun Yoon, Kihyun Kim
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Jian-hua Han, Ji-nuo Wang, Yue-lun Zhang, Xin-xin Cao, Dao-bin Zhou, Teng-da Xu, Wei Su, Jian Li
Blood Cancer Journal.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance in Chinese population: A prospective epidemiological study
Ling Ma, Shuang Xu, Jianhua Qu, Jian Hou, Yang Wang, Lei Wen, Yang Liu, Ying Kang, Ming Jiang, Weijun Fu, Juan Du, Lin Zhou, Xiaojun Huang, Zhaoxia Zhang, Jin Lu
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Ling Ma, Shuang Xu, Lei Wen, Yang Liu, Ying Kang, Xiaojun Huang, Jin Lu
Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases.2018; 73: 9. CrossRef
Recent advances in multiple myeloma: a Korean perspective
Junshik Hong, Jae Hoon Lee
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2016; 31(5): 820. CrossRef

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Nomogram Predicting Clinical Outcomes in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Bhumsuk Keam, Dong-Wan Kim, Jin Hyun Park, Jeong-Ok Lee, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Doo Hyun Chung, Dae Seog Heo; Cancer Res Treat. 2014;46(4):323-330. Published online July 14, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.120

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Purpose
The aim of this study was to develop a pragmatic nomogram for prediction of progressionfree survival (PFS) for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Materials and Methods
A total of 306 recurred or metastatic NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation, who received EGFR TKIs, were enrolled in this study. We developed the nomogram, using a Cox proportional hazard regression model for PFS.
Results
The median PFS was 11.2 months. Response rate to EGFR TKI was 71.9%. Multivariate Cox model identified disease status, performance status, chemotherapy line, response to EGFR TKI, and bone metastasis as independent prognostic factors, and the nomogram for PFS was developed, based on these covariates. The concordance index for a nomogram was 0.708, and the calibration was also good.
Conclusion
We developed a nomogram, based on clinical characteristics, for prediction of the PFS to EGFR TKI in NSCLC patients with EGFR mutation.

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How Molecular Understanding Affects to Prescribing Patterns and Clinical Outcome of Gefitinib in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer? 10 Year Experience of Single Institution: Bhumsuk Keam, Dong-Wan Kim, Jin Hyun Park, Jeong-Ok Lee, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Doo Hyun Chung, Dae Seog Heo; Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(3):178-185. Published online September 30, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.3.178

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

PURPOSE
Gefitinib was introduced in 2002 for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, it is not clear whether its use in daily practice has changed the outcome of patients. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the question of how molecular understanding regarding gefitinib and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation affect the prescribing patterns and clinical outcomes of treatment with gefitinib in NSCLC, in a real practical field.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted a retrospective analysis of the consecutive database of NSCLC patients who were treated with gefitinib at Seoul National University Hospital between January 2002 and December 2011. Prescribing patterns and clinical outcomes were analyzed by year.
RESULTS
A total of 1,115 NSCLC patients, who received gefitinib at recurred or metastatic setting, were included in this study. Proportion of patients receiving gefitinib, for the first line, showed a gradual increase, from 5.2% in 2002-2003 to 30.6% in 2010-2011. Proportion of patients who underwent EGFR mutation testing showed a rapid increase, from 0.6% in 2004-2005 to 73.5% in 2010-2011. The response rate also showed a gradual increase, from 17.2% in 2002-2003 to 57.1% in 2010-2011 (p<0.001). The median progression-free survival of gefitinib was increased with statistical significance from 2.8 months in 2002-2003 to 9.1 months in 2010-2011 (p<0.001).
CONCLUSION
We demonstrated that molecular understanding and practical use of EGFR mutation testing have resulted in a change in the prescription patterns of gefitinib. Use of an enrichment strategy can lead to improvement in the efficacy of gefitinib in real practice.

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