Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Correlation of AR, EGFR, and HER2 Expression Levels in Prostate Cancer: Immunohistochemical Analysis and Chromogenic In Situ Hybridization: Kwang Hyun Baek, Min Eui Hong, Yoon Yang Jung, Chung Hun Lee, Tae Jin Lee, Eon Sub Park, Mi Kyung Kim, Jae Hyung Yoo, Soo Whan Lee; Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(1):50-56. Published online March 31, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.1.50

PURPOSE
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a central role in prostate cancer. Evidence from several groups indicates that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) may enhance AR activity in prostate cancer cell lines. This study was designed to investigate the protein expression of AR, EGFR, and HER2 and to determine whether the EGFR and HER2 genes are amplified in prostate cancer tissues.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The protein expression levels of AR, EGFR, and HER2 in a tissue microarray block of 66 prostate cancer samples were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis and chromogenic in situ hybridization was used to determine whether the EGFR and HER2 genes were amplified in these tissues.
RESULTS
The AR and EGFR proteins were expressed in 59.1% and 40.9% of prostate cancers, respectively, but their expression levels were not significantly associated with clinicopathologic factors. Of the cases in which tissues were negative for EGFR protein expression, 69.2% were positive for AR protein expression; however, AR protein expression was significantly reduced (44.4%) in tissues in which EGFR protein was expressed. HER2 expression was detected in only 1 case (1.5%). No amplification of the EGFR or HER2 genes was found in prostate cancer specimens.
CONCLUSION
This study was limited by small number of subjects, but it can still be inferred that the expression levels of the AR and EGFR proteins are inversely correlated in prostate cancer patients. The potential utility of EGFR and HER2 as prognostic factors or therapeutic targets warrants further study.

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Expression of Prostatic Carcinoma Oncogene PTI - 1 in Prostatic Carcinoma , Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Using in situ PCR: Tae Jin Lee, Eon Sub Park, Jae Hyung Yoo; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 2000;32(1):136-147.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Prostatic tumor induced gene-1 (PTI-1) is a mutated human EF-la and putative prostatic carcinoma tumor-inducing oncogene, that is differently expressed in prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. And, it is more sensitive marker than prostate- specific antigen (PSA) for detecting human prostate cancer in the bloodstream. This study invastigated the expression of PTI-1 in paraffin embedded tissue of prostatic carcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and benign prostatic hyperplasia using in situ PCR.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
we evaluated expression of PTI-1 in prostatic carcinoma with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) of 32 cases, benign hyperplasia of 20 cases, high grade transitional cell carcinoma of 10 cases and colon cancer of 10 cases for control group. Also, the immunohistochemical staining for PSA was performed to comparison with clinical value of PSA.
RESULTS
The serum level of PSA was closely related to stage and Gleason score (p < 0.05). However, the results of immunohistochemical stains were variable to stage and Gleason score. PTI-1 using in situ PCR expressed in 50% of prostatic carcinoma, 41% of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, 10% of benign hyperplasia and colon cancer (p < 0.05). No expression is observed in transitional cell carcinoma. In prostatic carcinoma, PTI-1 expressed in 43.8% (7/16) of stage II, 50.0% (5/10) of stage III, and 66.7% (4/6) of stage IV (p<0.05). In PIN, expression of PTI-1 was similar to prostatic carcinoma (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
PTI-1 represented a relatively sensitive marker for prostatic carcinoma and PIN, indicator of prostatic carcinoma progression.

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Immunohistochemical Analysis of MHC Class 2 (HLA-DR / DP), ICAM-1, CD68(+) Macrophage Expression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Eon Sub Park, Seong Nam Kim, Tae Jin Lee, Im Joong Yoon, Yong Kyoo Shin, Jae Hyung Yoo; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1998;30(1):40-54.

Abstract PDF: PURPOSE
Gastric adenocarcinoma is the most common malignant tumor in Korea and immunochemotherapy can be alternative method of the treatment for it. So we evaluated several immunologic markers, Major Histocomatibility (MHC) Antigen and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-1 which play an important roles in cellular immune response of the host to the tumar cells, HLA-DR/DP antigens, one of the MHC class II which is expressed in various conditions, CD 68 antigen which are also important factor in immune response to the tumor cells.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We compared the expression of MHC class II (HLA-DR/DP) antigens, ICAM-1 and the number of tumor-infiltrating macrophages presenting CD68 antigen in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 95 gastric adenocarcinomas using immunohistochemistry. In addition to analyze the relationship between expression of these antigens in gastric adenocarcinoma, histolopathologic findings such as tumor invasion, regional lymph node metastasis and histologic differentiation are evaluated.
RESULTS
The rate of HLA-DR/DP expression was 60% and strongly associated with tumor differentiation, invasion and regional lymph node metastasis. ICAM-1 was expressed in 15% and slightly increased in well-differentiated carcinoma. The lack of expression of ICAM-1 was observed in high invasive tumor (T 4). CD 68(+) macrophages counts were significantly increased in around the tumor cells, compared to normal epithelia. HLA-DR/DP expression and infiltrating CD 68(+) macrophage numbers were significantly associated (p<0.05), but there was no correlationship between ICAM-1 and CD 68(+) macrophage numbers.
CONCLUSION
It was considered that enhanced expression of HLA-DR/DP antigens, ICAM-1 and CD68(+) macrophages in gastric adenocarcinomas may be an immunophenotypic deviation. HLA-DR/DP and CD68(+) macrophages infiltration showed correlationship with tumor invasion and regional lymph node metastasis, that they may be used as a prognostic factor of the tumor growth.

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Renal Cell Carcinomas with Odd Pattern of Metastasis: Jung Sik Oh, Hyun Muck Lim, Sun Taik Chang, Yong Wook Park, Jae Hyung Yoo, Woo Chul Moon; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1994;26(2):351-360.

Abstract PDF: Patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma(RCC) usually have a dismal prognosis with a median survival duration of 12 months despite intensive systemic therapy of varioue modalities. The role of surgical removal of metastatic tumor is controversial, RCC usually shows predictable pattern of metastasis, preferentially to lung, lymph node, bone, liver and adrenaL It is rare for general surgeon to have a chance to see and operate the metastatic RCC. We herein report two cases of RCC which produced metastaaes of odd pattern and were treated by surgical removal of the metastatic organ at the department of general surgery with good outcomes. One patient presented with RCC with metastasis to gall bladder, which was treated by radical nephrectomy and cholecystectomy. The other patient presented with thyroid mass, which was confirmed as metastatic RCC after thyroidectomy. He had history of surgery for metastatic RCC to skin, lung and ethmoid bone sequentially every 2 years during past 9 years after nephrectomy. The 2 cases suggest that RCC can produce metastases of very unusuall location, induding gall bladder and thyroid and preaentation long time after nephrectomy, and in which cases ag- gressive surgical removal of the metaatatic tumor may be of benefit.

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Immunohistochemical Analysis of Transforming Growth Factor - β Isoforms ( TGF-β1 , TGF-β2 , TGF-β3 ) Expression in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: Jae Hyung Yoo, Weon Sub Park, Mi Kyung Kim, Tae Jin Lee, Sang Jun Lee; J Korean Cancer Assoc. 1996;28(6):1040-1050.

Abstract PDF: Immunohistochemical studies using polyclonal antibodies to transforming growth factor beta isoforms(TGF-￥a1, TGF-￥a2 & TGF-￥a3), a multifunctional regulatory proteins which hoave effects on normal and transformed cells, were performed on 66 cases of gastric adenocarcinomas in order to analyze the relationship between expression of these isoforms in gastric cancer cells, adjacent mucosa of the cancer and normal control gastric mucosa. In addition to determine the relationship between expression of TGF-￥a isoforms and various clinicopathological states, including tumor location, histologic types, regional lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion of tumors were carried out. The positive staining reactivity was detected within the cytoplasm and on the cell membrane. The rate of TGF-￥a isoforms expression in gastric adenocarcinomas were 47% in TGF-￥a1, 83% in TGF-￥a2, and 27% in TGF-3, respectively. The adjacent gastric mucosa from adenocarcinomas and normal control mucosa were 40 % in TGF-￥a1, 40% and 55% in TGF-￥a2, 20% and 33% in TGF-￥a3, respectively. Among the TGF-￥a isoforms, TGF-￥a2 was strongly associated with histologic differentiation and regional lymph node metastasis. No significant association was found between expression of TGF-￥a isoforms and tumor location, histologic types and T-stages. From these results, we can postulate that the altered expression of TGF-￥a isoforms, especially TGF-￥a2, play an important role in histogenesis and gastric cancer progression and regional lymph node metastasis.

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