Cancer Research and Treatment

Original Articles

Predictive Value of the nProfiler 1 Assay for the Efficacy of Adjuvant S-1-Based Doublet Chemotherapy in Stage III Gastric Cancer: A Post-Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Phase III Trial: Dong Ki Lee, Choong-kun Lee, Hyo Song Kim, Sun Jin Sym, Dae Young Zang, Ki Hyang Kim, Joo Han Lim, Hae Su Kim, Kyung Hee Lee, Heon Yung Gee, Sun Young Rha, Hyunki Kim, Minkyu Jung; Received July 25, 2024 Accepted November 9, 2024 Published online November 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.705 [Accepted]

Abstract PDF: Purpose
The nProfiler 1 Stomach Cancer Assay (nProfiler1), designed to predict responses to fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy, measures the expression of four gastric cancer target genes (GZMB, WARS, SFRP4, and CDX1). The randomized phase III POST trial aimed to compare the efficacies of two adjuvant S-1-based doublet chemotherapies: S-1 plus cisplatin (SP) and S-1 plus docetaxel (DS). This study aimed to validate the nProfiler1 assay using a distinct cohort from the POST trial.
Materials and Methods
The nProfiler1 assay stratifies patients into three groups (low-risk, intermediate-risk, and high-risk) using the prognostic single-patient classifier and two groups (chemotherapy-benefit and no-benefit) using the predictive single-patient classifier. The nProfiler1 assay was applied to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded slides obtained from the POST trial. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), including 5-year survival rates, were calculated for the enrolled patients.
Results
Of the 153 patients in the POST trial, 118 were included in the post-hoc analysis. With a median follow-up of 57.9 months, no significant difference in DFS or OS was observed between the SP and DS groups. The prognostic single-patient classifier predicted the OS in the SP group (p=0.0425) but not in the DS group (p=0.5940). The chemotherapy-benefit group exhibited numerically longer DFS than the no-benefit group in the SP and DS groups.
Conclusion
The nProfiler1 assay offers valuable insights into the prognosis and efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy based on fluorouracil plus platinum doublet regimens but not docetaxel-containing regimens. Further validation with larger patient cohorts and different regimens is warranted.

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Gastrointestinal cancer

Varlitinib and Paclitaxel for EGFR/HER2 Co-expressing Advanced Gastric Cancer: A Multicenter Phase Ib/II Study (K-MASTER-13): Dong-Hoe Koo, Minkyu Jung, Yeul Hong Kim, Hei-Cheul Jeung, Dae Young Zang, Woo Kyun Bae, Hyunki Kim, Hyo Song Kim, Choong-kun Lee, Woo Sun Kwon, Hyun Cheol Chung, Sun Young Rha; Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1136-1145. Published online April 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1324

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Purpose
Varlitinib is a pan-human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) inhibitor targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and HER4. We present a phase Ib/II study of a combination of varlitinib and weekly paclitaxel as a second-line treatment for patients with EGFR/HER2 co-expressing advanced gastric cancer (AGC).
Materials and Methods
Patients whose tumors with EGFR and HER2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry (≥ 1+) were enrolled. Varlitinib and paclitaxel were investigated every 4 weeks. After determining the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) in phase Ib, a phase II study was conducted to evaluate the antitumor activity.
Results
RP2D was treated with a combination of varlitinib (300 mg twice daily) and paclitaxel. Among 27 patients treated with RP2D, the median progression-free survival and overall survival (OS) were 3.3 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 4.9) and 7.9 months (95% CI, 5.0 to 10.8), respectively, with a median follow-up of 15.7 months. Among 16 patients with measurable disease, the objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate were 31% and 88%, respectively. Patients with strong HER2 expression (n=8) had a higher ORR and longer OS, whereas those with strong EGFR expression (n=3) had poorer outcomes. The most common adverse events (AEs) of any grade were neutropenia (52%), diarrhea (27%), aspartate aminotransferase/alanine transaminase elevation (22%), and nausea (19%). No treatment-related deaths or unexpected AEs resulting from treatment cessation were observed in patients with RP2D.
Conclusion
A combination of varlitinib and paclitaxel displayed manageable toxicity and modest antitumor activity in patients with EGFR/HER2 co-expressing AGC who progressed after first-line chemotherapy.

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Unraveling the future: Innovative design strategies and emerging challenges in HER2-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy
Sixiang Zheng, Ruixian Chen, Lele Zhang, Lun Tan, Lintao Li, Fangyi Long, Ting Wang
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2024; 276: 116702. CrossRef

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Inter-observer Reproducibility in the Pathologic Diagnosis of Gastric Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Early Carcinoma in Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Specimens: A Multi-center Study: Joon Mee Kim, Jin Hee Sohn, Mee-Yon Cho, Woo Ho Kim, Hee Kyung Chang, Eun Sun Jung, Myeong-Cherl Kook, So-Young Jin, Yang Seok Chae, Young Soo Park, Mi Seon Kang, Hyunki Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Do Youn Park, Kyoung Mee Kim, Hoguen Kim, Young Ju Suh, Sang Yong Seol, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Deuck–Hwa Kim, Na Rae Lee, Seung-Hee Park, Ji Hye You; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1568-1577. Published online April 1, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.019

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Purpose
The diagnostic criteria of gastric intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) are controversial across the world. We investigated how many discrepancies occur in the pathologic diagnosis of IEN and early gastric carcinoma in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) specimens, and evaluated the reasons of the discordance.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 1,202 ESD specimens that were originally diagnosed as gastric IEN and early carcinoma at 12 institutions.
Results
The final consensus diagnosis of carcinoma were 756 cases, which were originally 692 carcinomas (91.5%), 43 high-grade dysplasias (5.7%), 20 low-grade dysplasias (2.6%), and 1 others (0.1%), respectively. High- and low-grade dysplasia were finally made in 63 and 342 cases, respectively. The diagnostic concordance with the consensus diagnosis was the highest for carcinoma (91.5%), followed by low-grade dysplasia (86.3%), others (63.4%) and high-grade dysplasia (50.8%). The general kappa value was 0.83, indicating excellent concordance. The kappa values of individual institutions ranged from 0.74 to 1 and correlated with the proportion of carcinoma cases. The cases revised to a final diagnosis of carcinoma exhibited both architectural abnormalities and cytologic atypia. The main differential points between low- and high-grade dysplasias were the glandular distribution and glandular shape. Additional features such as the glandular axis, surface maturation, nuclear stratification and nuclear polarity were also important.
Conclusion
The overall concordance of the diagnosis of gastric IEN and early carcinoma in ESD specimens was excellent. It correlated with the proportion of carcinoma cases, demonstrating that the diagnostic criteria for carcinoma are more reproducible than those for dysplasia.

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Seeing the random forest through the decision trees. Supporting learning health systems from histopathology with machine learning models: Challenges and opportunities
Ricardo Gonzalez, Ashirbani Saha, Clinton J.V. Campbell, Peyman Nejat, Cynthia Lokker, Andrew P. Norgan
Journal of Pathology Informatics.2024; 15: 100347. CrossRef
A new, simplified endoscopic scoring system for predicting clinical outcome in gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia: the “e-cout system”
Nanjun Wang, Xiaotong Niu, Longsong Li, Jing Tang, Yawei Bi, Shengzhen Liu, Ke Han, Yaxuan Cheng, Zhaobei Cai, Ningli Chai, Enqiang Linghu
Neoplasia.2024; 56: 101030. CrossRef
A Prediction Model Based on the Risk Factors Associated with Pathological Upgrading in Patients with Early-Stage Gastric Neoplasms Diagnosed by Endoscopic Forceps Biopsy
Yu Han Zhao, Yu Zheng, Jie Sha, Hong Jin Hua, Ke Dong Li, Yu Lu, Yi Ni Dang, Guo Xin Zhang
Gut and Liver.2023; 17(1): 78. CrossRef
A standardized pathology report for gastric cancer: 2nd edition
Young Soo Park, Myeong-Cherl Kook, Baek-hui Kim, Hye Seung Lee, Dong-Wook Kang, Mi-Jin Gu, Ok Ran Shin, Younghee Choi, Wonae Lee, Hyunki Kim, In Hye Song, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Guhyun Kang, Do Youn Park, So-Young Jin, Joon Mee Kim, Yoon Jung Choi,
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2023; 57(1): 1. CrossRef
Tumor heterogeneity and carcinoma in resected specimens of gastric low-grade dysplasia: A retrospective single center study
Ga-Yeong Shin, Jun Young Park, Sung Hak Lee, Yu Kyung Cho, Myung-Gyu Choi, Jae Myung Park, Alessandro Rizzo
PLOS ONE.2023; 18(1): e0280735. CrossRef
A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer: 2nd Edition
Young Soo Park, Myeong-Cherl Kook, Baek-hui Kim, Hye Seung Lee, Dong-Wook Kang, Mi-Jin Gu, Ok Ran Shin, Younghee Choi, Wonae Lee, Hyunki Kim, In Hye Song, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Hee Sung Kim, Guhyun Kang, Do Youn Park, So-Young Jin, Joon Mee Kim, Yoon Jung Choi,
Journal of Gastric Cancer.2023; 23(1): 107. CrossRef
Accuracy of administrative claim data for gastric adenoma after endoscopic resection
Ga-Yeong Shin, Hyun Ho Choi, Jae Myung Park, Sang Yoon Kim, Jun Young Park, Donghoon Kang, Yu Kyung Cho, Sung Soo Kim, Myung-Gyu Choi
Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(3): 325. CrossRef
Artificial Intelligence in the Pathology of Gastric Cancer
Sangjoon Choi, Seokhwi Kim
Journal of Gastric Cancer.2023; 23(3): 410. CrossRef
Establishment and validation of a clinical diagnostic model for gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia
Ting Sun, Xi-quan Ke, Meng Wang, Qi-zhi Wang
Medicine.2023; 102(46): e35515. CrossRef
Assessment of deep learning assistance for the pathological diagnosis of gastric cancer
Wei Ba, Shuhao Wang, Meixia Shang, Ziyan Zhang, Huan Wu, Chunkai Yu, Ranran Xing, Wenjuan Wang, Lang Wang, Cancheng Liu, Huaiyin Shi, Zhigang Song
Modern Pathology.2022; 35(9): 1262. CrossRef
Deep learning for automatic diagnosis of gastric dysplasia using whole-slide histopathology images in endoscopic specimens
Zhongyue Shi, Chuang Zhu, Yu Zhang, Yakun Wang, Weihua Hou, Xue Li, Jun Lu, Xinmeng Guo, Feng Xu, Xingran Jiang, Ying Wang, Jun Liu, Mulan Jin
Gastric Cancer.2022; 25(4): 751. CrossRef
Documento de posicionamiento de la AEG, la SEED y la SEAP sobre cribado de cáncer gástrico en poblaciones con baja incidencia
Joaquín Cubiella, Ángeles Pérez Aisa, Miriam Cuatrecasas, Pilar Díez Redondo, Gloria Fernández Esparrach, José Carlos Marín-Gabriel, Leticia Moreira, Henar Núñez, M. Luisa Pardo López, Enrique Rodríguez de Santiago, Pedro Rosón, José Miguel Sanz Anquela,
Gastroenterología y Hepatología.2021; 44(1): 67. CrossRef
Gastric cancer screening in low incidence populations: Position statement of AEG, SEED and SEAP
Joaquin Cubiella, Ángeles Pérez Aisa, Miriam Cuatrecasas, Pilar Díez Redondo, Gloria Fernández Esparrach, José Carlos Marín-Gabriel, Leticia Moreira, Henar Núñez, M. Luisa Pardo López, Enrique Rodríguez de Santiago, Pedro Rosón, José Miguel Sanz Anquela,
Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition).2021; 44(1): 67. CrossRef

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Immunohistochemistry Biomarkers Predict Survival in Stage II/III Gastric Cancer Patients: From a Prospective Clinical Trial: Min Hwan Kim, Xianglan Zhang, Minkyu Jung, Inkyung Jung, Hyung Soon Park, Seung-Hoon Beom, Hyo Song Kim, Sun Young Rha, Hyunki Kim, Yoon Young Choi, Taeil Son, Hyoung-Il Kim, Jae-Ho Cheong, Woo Jin Hyung, Sung Hoon Noh, Hyun Cheol Chung; Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(2):819-831. Published online September 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.331

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Purpose
Identification of biomarkers to predict recurrence risk is essential to improve adjuvant treatment strategies in stage II/III gastric cancer patients. This study evaluated biomarkers for predicting survival after surgical resection.
Materials and Methods
This post-hoc analysis evaluated patients from the CLASSIC trial who underwent D2 gastrectomy with or without adjuvant chemotherapy (capecitabine plus oxaliplatin) at the Yonsei Cancer Center. Tumor expressions of thymidylate synthase (TS), excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (ERCC1), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were evaluated by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining to determine their predictive values.
Results
Among 139 patients, IHC analysis revealed high tumor expression of TS (n=22, 15.8%), ERCC1 (n=23, 16.5%), and PD-L1 (n=42, 30.2%) in the subset of patients. Among all patients, high TS expression tended to predict poor disease-free survival (DFS; hazard ratio [HR], 1.80; p=0.053), whereas PD-L1 positivity was associated with favorable DFS (HR, 0.33; p=0.001) and overall survival (OS; HR, 0.38; p=0.009) in multivariate Cox analysis. In the subgroup analysis, poor DFS was independently predicted by high TS expression (HR, 2.51; p=0.022) in the adjuvant chemotherapy subgroup (n=66). High PD-L1 expression was associated with favorable DFS (HR, 0.25; p=0.011) and OS (HR, 0.22; p=0.015) only in the surgery-alone subgroup (n=73). The prognostic impact of high ERCC1 expression was not significant in the multivariate Cox analysis.
Conclusion
This study shows that high TS expression is a predictive factor for worse outcomes on capecitabine plus oxaliplatin adjuvant chemotherapy, whereas PD-L1 expression is a favorable prognostic factor in locally advanced gastric cancer patients.

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Utility of TMPRSS4 as a Prognostic Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Hirofumi Tazawa, Takahisa Suzuki, Akihisa Saito, Akira Ishikawa, Toshiaki Komo, Haruki Sada, Norimitsu Shimada, Naoto Hadano, Takashi Onoe, Takeshi Sudo, Yosuke Shimizu, Kazuya Kuraoka, Hirotaka Tashiro
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Scoring systems for PD-L1 expression and their prognostic impact in patients with resectable gastric cancer
Marina Alessandra Pereira, Marcus Fernando Kodama Pertille Ramos, André Roncon Dias, Renan Ribeiro, Leonardo Cardili, Bruno Zilberstein, Ivan Cecconello, Ulysses Ribeiro, Evandro Sobroza de Mello, Tiago Biachi de Castria
Virchows Archiv.2021; 478(6): 1039. CrossRef
Epstein–Barr Virus Positive Gastric Cancer: A Distinct Subtype Candidate for Immunotherapy
Marina Alessandra Pereira, Daniel Amadeus Molon Batista, Marcus Fernando Kodama Pertille Ramos, Leonardo Cardili, Renan Ribeiro e Ribeiro, Andre Roncon Dias, Bruno Zilberstein, Ulysses Ribeiro Jr, Ivan Cecconello, Venâncio Avancini Ferreira Alves, Evandro
Journal of Surgical Research.2021; 261: 130. CrossRef
Cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein 4 in gastric cancer: Prognosis and association with PD‐L1 expression
Marina Alessandra Pereira, Tiago Biachi de Castria, Marcus Fernando Kodama Pertille Ramos, André Roncon Dias, Leonardo Cardili, Rafael Dyer Rodrigues de Moraes, Bruno Zilberstein, Sergio Carlos Nahas, Ulysses Ribeiro, Evandro Sobroza de Mello
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Remnant gastric cancer: a neglected group with high potential for immunotherapy
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Cancers.2019; 11(4): 530. CrossRef

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Prognostic Significance of Defining L-Cell Type on the Biologic Behavior of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors in Relation with Pathological Parameters: The Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of Korean Society of Pathologists, Jin Hee Sohn, Mee-Yon Cho, Yangsoon Park, Hyunki Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Joon Mee Kim, Eun Sun Jung, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Jae Hyuk Lee, Hee Kyung Chan, Do Youn Park, Mee Joo, Sujin Kim, Woo Sung Moon, Mi Seon Kang, So-Young Jin, Yun Kyung Kang, Sun Och Yoon, HyeSeung Han, EunHee Choi; Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):813-822. Published online February 26, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.238

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Purpose
In 2010, the World Health Organization categorized L-cell type neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) as tumors of uncertain malignancy, while all others were classified as malignant. However, the diagnostic necessity of L-cell immunophenotyping is unclear, as are tumor stage and grade that may guide diagnosis and management. To clarify the predictive markers of rectal neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), 5- and 10-year overall survival (OS) was analyzed by pathological parameters including L-cell phenotype. Materials and Methods A total of 2,385 rectal NENs were analyzed from our previous multicenter study and a subset of 170 rectal NENs was immunophenotyped.
Results
In univariate survival analysis, tumor grade (p < 0.0001), extent (p < 0.0001), size (p < 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (p=0.0063), and L-cell phenotype (p < 0.0001) showed significant correlation with the prognosis of rectal NENs; however, none of these markers achieved independent significance in multivariate analysis. The 10-year OS of tumors of NET grade 1, < 10 mm, the mucosa/submucosa was 97.58%, 99.47%, and 99.03%, respectively. L-Cell marker, glucagon II (GLP-1&2), with a cut off score of > 10, is useful in defining L-Cell type. In this study, an L-cell immunophenotype was found in 83.5% of all rectal NENs and most, but not all L-cell type tumors were NET G1, small (< 10 mm) and confined to the mucosa/submucosa. Conclusion From these results, the biological behavior of rectal NENs does not appear to be determined by L-cell type alone but instead by a combination of pathological parameters.

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Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression is associated with better clinical outcome and prognosis in rectal neuroendocrine tumors
Joo Young Kim, Jisup Kim, Yong-il Kim, Dong-Hoon Yang, Changhoon Yoo, In Ja Park, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Jin-Sook Ryu, Seung-Mo Hong
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
The Clinicopathological Significance of Tumor Cell Subtyping in Appendiceal Neuroendocrine Tumors: A Series of 135 Tumors
Ozgur Mete, David W. Dodington, Daniel L. Shen, Sylvia L. Asa
Endocrine Pathology.2024; 35(2): 107. CrossRef
Cauda Equina Neuroendocrine Tumors
Sylvia L. Asa, Ozgur Mete, Ulrich Schüller, Biswarathan Ramani, Kanish Mirchia, Arie Perry
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2023; 47(4): 469. CrossRef
Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Role of Ki67 Proliferative Index in Neuroendocrine and Endocrine Neoplasms: Past, Present, and Future
Stefano La Rosa
Endocrine Pathology.2023; 34(1): 79. CrossRef
Clinicopathologic Impact of Peptide Hormonal Expression in Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Jisup Kim, Dong-Hoon Yang, HaeSung Jung, HyungJun Cho, Hyeung-Jin Jang, Changhoon Yoo, In Ja Park, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Jin-Sook Ryu, Seung-Mo Hong
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2023; 147(7): 797. CrossRef
Rectal Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Why Is There a Global Variation?
Jack Cope, Raj Srirajaskanthan
Current Oncology Reports.2022; 24(3): 257. CrossRef
Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Guido Rindi, Ozgur Mete, Silvia Uccella, Olca Basturk, Stefano La Rosa, Lodewijk A. A. Brosens, Shereen Ezzat, Wouter W. de Herder, David S. Klimstra, Mauro Papotti, Sylvia L. Asa
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Mayur Virarkar, Dheeraj R. Gopireddy, Ajaykumar C. Morani, Ahmad Alkhasawneh, Sergio Piotr Klimkowski, Sindhu Kumar, Chandana Lall, Priya Bhosale
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Zhi-Yan Fu, Michel Kmeid, Mahmoud Aldyab, Stephen M Lagana, Hwajeong Lee
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Stefano La Rosa, Silvia Uccella
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Sylvia L. Asa, Ozgur Mete, Michael D. Cusimano, Ian E. McCutcheon, Arie Perry, Shozo Yamada, Hiroshi Nishioka, Olivera Casar-Borota, Silvia Uccella, Stefano La Rosa, Ashley B. Grossman, Shereen Ezzat, International Pituitary Pathology, Sofia Asioli, Sühe
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Chromogranin A Expression in Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Is Associated With More Aggressive Clinical Behavior and a Poorer Prognosis
Jisup Kim, Joo Young Kim, Eun Hye Oh, Changhoon Yoo, In Ja Park, Dong-Hoon Yang, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Jin-Sook Ryu, Seung-Mo Hong
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Zhiyan Fu, Chunlai Zuo, Christine E. Sheehan, Deepa T. Patil, Jingmei Lin, Zhaohai Yang, Hwajeong Lee
Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology.2019; 27(6): 454. CrossRef
Ki67 labeling index: assessment and prognostic role in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
Günter Klöppel, Stefano La Rosa
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Silvia Uccella, Stefano La Rosa, Marco Volante, Mauro Papotti
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Kai Duan, Ozgur Mete
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Joo Young Kim, Seung-Mo Hong
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Current Trends of the Incidence and Pathological Diagnosis of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) in Korea 2000-2009: Multicenter Study: Mee-Yon Cho, Joon Mee Kim, Jin Hee Sohn, Mi-Jung Kim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Hyunki Kim, Myeong-Cherl Kook, Do Youn Park, Jae Hyuk Lee, HeeKyung Chang, Eun Sun Jung, Hee Kyung Kim, So-Young Jin, Joon Hyuk Choi, Mi Jin Gu, Sujin Kim, Mi Seon Kang, Chang Ho Cho, Moon-Il Park, Yun Kyung Kang, Youn Wha Kim, Sun Och Yoon, Han Ik Bae, Mee Joo, Woo Sung Moon, Dae Young Kang, Sei Jin Chang; Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(3):157-165. Published online September 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.3.157

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PURPOSE
As a result of various independently proposed nomenclatures and classifications, there is confusion in the diagnosis and prediction of biological behavior of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). A comprehensive nationwide study is needed in order to understand the biological characteristics of GEP-NETs in Korea.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We collected 4,951 pathology reports from 29 hospitals in Korea between 2000 and 2009. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to determine the prognostic significance of clinicopathological parameters.
RESULTS
Although the GEP-NET is a relatively rare tumor in Korea, its incidence has increased during the last decade, with the most significant increase found in the rectum. The 10-year survival rate for well-differentiated endocrine tumor was 92.89%, in contrast to 85.74% in well differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma and 34.59% in poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma. Disease related death was most common in the biliary tract (62.2%) and very rare in the rectum (5.2%). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, tumor location, histological classification, extent, size, mitosis, Ki-67 labeling index, synaptophysin expression, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymph node metastasis showed prognostic significance (p<0.05), however, chromogranin expression did not (p=0.148). The 2000 and 2010 World Health Organization (WHO) classification proposals were useful for prediction of the prognosis of GEP-NET.
CONCLUSION
The incidence of GEP-NET in Korea has shown a remarkable increase during the last decade, however, the distribution of tumors in the digestive system differs from that of western reports. Assessment of pathological parameters, including immunostaining, is crucial in understanding biological behavior of the tumor as well as predicting prognosis of patients with GEP-NET.

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Annals of Surgical Oncology.2024; 31(4): 2414. CrossRef
Somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) expression is associated with better clinical outcome and prognosis in rectal neuroendocrine tumors
Joo Young Kim, Jisup Kim, Yong-il Kim, Dong-Hoon Yang, Changhoon Yoo, In Ja Park, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Jin-Sook Ryu, Seung-Mo Hong
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2024; 39(2): 238. CrossRef
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Wenhao Ge, Dongkai Zhou, Shaoyan Xu, Weilin Wang, Shusen Zheng
International Journal of Surgery.2017; 39: 127. CrossRef
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Joo Young Kim, Seung-Mo Hong, Jae Y. Ro
Annals of Diagnostic Pathology.2017; 29: 11. CrossRef
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Yu-ki Takemoto, Tomoyuki Abe, Hironobu Amano, Keiji Hanada, Akihito Okazaki, Tomoyuki Minami, Tsuyoshi Kobayashi, Masahiro Nakahara, Shuji Yonehara, Hideki Ohdan, Toshio Noriyuki
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2017; 39: 29. CrossRef
Loss of Progesterone Receptor Expression Is an Early Tumorigenesis Event Associated with Tumor Progression and Shorter Survival in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Patients
Sung Joo Kim, Soyeon An, Jae Hoon Lee, Joo Young Kim, Ki-Byung Song, Dae Wook Hwang, Song Cheol Kim, Eunsil Yu, Seung-Mo Hong
Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine.2017; 51(4): 388. CrossRef
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Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology.2017; 80(4): 799. CrossRef
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De-Jun Liu, Xue-Liang Fu, Wei Liu, Lu-Ying Zheng, Jun-Feng Zhang, Yan-Miao Huo, Jiao Li, Rong Hua, Qiang Liu, Yong-Wei Sun
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2017; 23(3): 516. CrossRef
Is endoscopic ultrasonography essential for endoscopic resection of small rectal neuroendocrine tumors?
Su Bum Park, Dong Jun Kim, Hyung Wook Kim, Cheol Woong Choi, Dae Hwan Kang, Su Jin Kim, Hyeong Seok Nam
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2017; 23(11): 2037. CrossRef
Predictive Factors for Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognostic Factors for Survival in Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Beonghoon Sohn, Yoomin Kwon, Seung-Bum Ryoo, Inho Song, Yoon-Hye Kwon, Dong Woon Lee, Sang Hui Moon, Ji Won Park, Seung-Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2017; 21(12): 2066. CrossRef
Efficacy of Precut Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for Treatment of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Hoonsub So, Su Hyun Yoo, Seungbong Han, Gwang-un Kim, Myeongsook Seo, Sung Wook Hwang, Dong-Hoon Yang, Jeong-Sik Byeon
Clinical Endoscopy.2017; 50(6): 585. CrossRef
Gastroenteropancreatic—origin neuroendocrine carcinomas
Yong Gyun Won, Kyung-Jin Seo, Jiyeon Hyeon, Ok Ran Shin, Eundeok Chang, Der Sheng Sun, Hae Sung Won, Yoon Ho Ko, Sae Jung Na, Su Lim Lee, Young Mi Ku, Dong Soo Lee
Medicine.2017; 96(49): e9009. CrossRef
Sex comb on midleg like-2 is a novel specific marker for the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Jiao-Jiao Yang, Hua Huang, Ming-Bing Xiao, Feng Jiang, Wen-Kai Ni, Yi-Fei Ji, Cui-Hua Lu, Run-Zhou Ni
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine.2017; 14(2): 1749. CrossRef
A nation-wide retrospective epidemiological study of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms in china
Jin-Hu Fan, Yu-Qing Zhang, Su-Sheng Shi, Yuan-Jia Chen, Xing-Hua Yuan, Li-Ming Jiang, Shao-Ming Wang, Li Ma, Yu-Tong He, Chang-Yan Feng, Xi-Bin Sun, Qing Liu, Katrina Deloso, Yihebali Chi, You-Lin Qiao
Oncotarget.2017; 8(42): 71699. CrossRef
Irinotecan plus cisplatin followed by octreotide long-acting release maintenance treatment in advanced gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma: IPO-NEC study
Jie Li, Ming Lu, Zhihao Lu, Zhongwu Li, Yiqiang Liu, Li Yang, Jian Li, Xiaotian Zhang, Jun Zhou, Xicheng Wang, Jifang Gong, Jing Gao, Yan Li, Lin Shen
Oncotarget.2017; 8(15): 25669. CrossRef
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Dong-Hoon Yang, Yangsoon Park, Sang Hyoung Park, Kyung-Jo Kim, Byong Duk Ye, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Seung-Jae Myung, Suk-Kyun Yang
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2016; 83(5): 1015. CrossRef
Surgical Treatment as a Principle for Patients with High-Grade Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Nordic Multicenter Comparative Study
Sven-Petter Haugvik, Eva Tiensuu Janson, Pia Österlund, Seppo W. Langer, Ragnhild Sørum Falk, Knut Jørgen Labori, Lene Weber Vestermark, Henning Grønbæk, Ivar Prydz Gladhaug, Halfdan Sorbye
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2016; 23(5): 1721. CrossRef
Evaluation of the risk factors associated with rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a big data analytic study from a health screening center
Jeung Hui Pyo, Sung Noh Hong, Byung-Hoon Min, Jun Haeng Lee, Dong Kyung Chang, Poong-Lyul Rhee, Jae Jun Kim, Sun Kyu Choi, Sin-Ho Jung, Hee Jung Son, Young-Ho Kim
Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 51(12): 1112. CrossRef
Recent Updates on Neuroendocrine Tumors From the Gastrointestinal and Pancreatobiliary Tracts
Joo Young Kim, Seung-Mo Hong
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine.2016; 140(5): 437. CrossRef
Metronomic temozolomide as second line treatment for metastatic poorly differentiated pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma
C. De Divitiis, C. von Arx, A. M. Grimaldi, D. Cicala, F. Tatangelo, A. Arcella, G. M. Romano, E. Simeone, R. V. Iaffaioli, P. A. Ascierto, S. Tafuto
Journal of Translational Medicine.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Epidemiological features of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors in Chengdu city with a population of 14 million based on data from a single institution
Lin-Jie Guo, Chun-Hui Wang, Cheng-Wei Tang
Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology.2016; 12(3): 284. CrossRef
The Clinicopathologic Features and Treatment of 607 Hindgut Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET) Patients at a Single Institution
Seung Tae Kim, Sang Yun Ha, Jeeyun Lee, Sung No Hong, Dong Kyung Chang, Young Ho Kim, Yoon Ah Park, Jung Wook Huh, Yong Beom Cho, Seong Hyeon Yun, Woo Yong Lee, Hee Cheol Kim, Young Suk Park
Medicine.2016; 95(19): e3534. CrossRef
Clinicopathological Profile of Pure Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Esophagus: A South Indian Center Experience
Govind Babu Kanakasetty, Loknatha Dasappa, Kuntegowdanahalli Chinnagiriyappa Lakshmaiah, Mangesh Kamath, Linu Abraham Jacob, Suresh Babu Mallekavu, Lakkavalli Krishnappa Rajeev, Rudresha Antapura Haleshappa, Lokesh Kadabur Nagendrappa, Smitha Carol Saldan
Journal of Oncology.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef
Endoscopic treatments for rectal neuroendocrine tumors smaller than 16 mm: a meta-analysis
Hai-Ping Zhang, Wei Wu, Sheng Yang, Jun Lin
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 51(11): 1345. CrossRef
Lymph node size is not a reliable criterion for predicting nodal metastasis in rectal neuroendocrine tumours
B. C. Kim, Y. E. Kim, H. J. Chang, S. H. Lee, E. G. Youk, D.‐S. Lee, J. B. Lee, E.‐J. Lee, M. J. Kim, D. K. Sohn, J. H. Oh
Colorectal Disease.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Prognostic Validity of the American Joint Committee on Cancer and the European Neuroendocrine Tumors Staging Classifications for Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Jae Hee Cho, Ji Kon Ryu, Si Young Song, Jin-Hyeok Hwang, Dong Ki Lee, Sang Myung Woo, Young-Eun Joo, Seok Jeong, Seung-Ok Lee, Byung Kyu Park, Young Koog Cheon, Jimin Han, Tae Nyeun Kim, Jun Kyu Lee, Sung-Hoon Moon, Hyunjin Kim, Eun Taek Park, Jae Chul Hw
Pancreas.2016; 45(7): 941. CrossRef
Endoscopic Resection for Small Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Comparison of Endoscopic Submucosal Resection with Band Ligation and Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Byoung Wook Bang, Jin Seok Park, Hyung Kil Kim, Yong Woon Shin, Kye Sook Kwon, Joon Mee Kim
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef
Surgical treatment and prognosis of gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms: a single-center experience
Chaoyong Shen, Huijiao Chen, Haining Chen, Yuan Yin, Luyin Han, Jiaju Chen, Sumin Tang, Xiaonan Yin, Zongguang Zhou, Bo Zhang, Zhixin Chen
BMC Gastroenterology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
The clinicopathological significance of angiogenesis in hindgut neuroendocrine tumors obtained via an endoscopic procedure
Yoichiro Okubo, Osamu Motohashi, Norisuke Nakayama, Ken Nishimura, Rika Kasajima, Yohei Miyagi, Manabu Shiozawa, Emi Yoshioka, Masaki Suzuki, Kota Washimi, Kae Kawachi, Madoka Nito, Yoichi Kameda, Tomoyuki Yokose
Diagnostic Pathology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
A Case of Endoscopically Complete Remission of Esophageal Neuroendocrine Tumors by Concurrent Chemoradiation Therapy
Myung Hee Kim, Hyun Yong Jeong, Jae Kyu Seong, Hee Seok Moon, Sun Hyung Kang, Duk Ki Kim
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 68(5): 265. CrossRef
Outcomes after local excision for rectal neuroendocrine tumor
Yoomin Kwon, Seung-Bum Ryoo, Inho Song, Yoon-Hye Kwon, Dong Woon Lee, Sang Hui Moon, Ji Won Park, Seung-Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park
Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology.2016; 12(2): 104. CrossRef
Multivariate analysis of metastasis-related risk factors for patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors based on clinicopathological and endoscopic features
Caiyun Tang, Lingqi Gong, Wenli Zou, Jie Zhang, Yuqian Zhou, Xiaoping Wu, Fanggen Lu, Chunhui Ouyang, Xiaowei Liu
Oncology Reports.2016; 36(6): 3343. CrossRef
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Yuichi Sato, Satoru Hashimoto, Ken-ichi Mizuno, Manabu Takeuchi, Shuji Terai
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 22(30): 6817. CrossRef
Surgical management for non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with synchronous liver metastasis: A consensus from the Chinese Study Group for Neuroendocrine Tumors (CSNET)
Kaizhou Jin, Jin Xu, Jie Chen, Minhu Chen, Rufu Chen, Ye Chen, Zhiyu Chen, Bin Cheng, Yihebali Chi, Shi-Ting Feng, Deliang Fu, Baohua Hou, Dan Huang, Heguang Huang, Qiang Huang, Jie Li, Ying Li, Houjie Liang, Rong Lin, An'an Liu, Jixi Liu, Xubao Liu, Ming
International Journal of Oncology.2016; 49(5): 1991. CrossRef
ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for the Management of Patients with Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors and Non-Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
M. Falconi, B. Eriksson, G. Kaltsas, D.K. Bartsch, J. Capdevila, M. Caplin, B. Kos-Kudla, D. Kwekkeboom, G. Rindi, G. Klöppel, N. Reed, R. Kianmanesh, R.T. Jensen
Neuroendocrinology.2016; 103(2): 153. CrossRef
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Tetsuhide Ito, Hisato Igarashi, Kazuhiko Nakamura, Hironobu Sasano, Takuji Okusaka, Koji Takano, Izumi Komoto, Masao Tanaka, Masayuki Imamura, Robert T. Jensen, Ryoichi Takayanagi, Akira Shimatsu
Journal of Gastroenterology.2015; 50(1): 58. CrossRef
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the extrahepatic bile duct: radiologic and clinical characteristics
Nurhee Hong, Hyoung Jung Kim, Jae Ho Byun, So Yeon Kim, Kyoung Won Kim, Jin Hee Kim, Seung-Mo Hong
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Circumferential submucosal incision prior to endoscopic mucosal resection provides comparable clinical outcomes to submucosal dissection for well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors of the rectum
Dae Young Cheung, Soo Kyoung Choi, Hyung-Keun Kim, Sung Soo Kim, Hiun-Suk Chae, Kyung Jin Seo, Young-Seok Cho
Surgical Endoscopy.2015; 29(6): 1500. CrossRef
Non-L-cell Immunophenotype and Large Tumor Size in Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Are Associated With Aggressive Clinical Behavior and Worse Prognosis
Joo Young Kim, Ki-Suk Kim, Kyung-Jo Kim, In Ja Park, Jong Lyul Lee, Seung-Jae Myung, Yangsoon Park, Young Soo Park, Chang Sik Yu, Jin Cheon Kim, Eunsil Yu, Hyeung-Jin Jang, Seung-Mo Hong
American Journal of Surgical Pathology.2015; 39(5): 632. CrossRef
Aggressive Locoregional Treatment Improves the Outcome of Liver Metastases from Grade 3 Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
Shunda Du, Jianjiao Ni, Linqian Weng, Fei Ma, Shaohua Li, Wenze Wang, Xinting Sang, Xin Lu, Shouxian Zhong, Yilei Mao
Medicine.2015; 94(34): e1429. CrossRef
Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors with Liver Metastases in Korea: A Clinicopathological Analysis of 72 Cases in a Single Institute
Yooju Shin, Sang Yun Ha, Jiyeon Hyeon, Boram Lee, Jeeyun Lee, Kee-Taek Jang, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Young Suk Park, Cheol-Keun Park
Cancer Research and Treatment.2015; 47(4): 738. CrossRef
Prognostic Significance of Defining L-Cell Type on the Biologic Behavior of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors in Relation with Pathological Parameters
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Cancer Research and Treatment.2015; 47(4): 813. CrossRef
Neuroendocrine Carcinomas of the Gastroenteropancreatic System: A Comprehensive Review
Emma Ilett, Seppo Langer, Ingrid Olsen, Birgitte Federspiel, Andreas Kjær, Ulrich Knigge
Diagnostics.2015; 5(2): 119. CrossRef
A Re-evaluation of Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Based on WHO 2010
Akira Watanabe, Mitsuyoshi Ota, Yusuke Suwa, Shinsuke Suzuki, Atsushi Ishibe, Jun Watanabe, Kazuteru Watanabe, Yasushi Ichikawa, Kingo Hirasawa, Mikiko Tanabe, Itaru Endo
Nippon Daicho Komonbyo Gakkai Zasshi.2015; 68(2): 61. CrossRef
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Halfdan Sorbye, Jonathan Strosberg, Eric Baudin, David S. Klimstra, James C. Yao
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Mixed Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma with Spindle Cell and Clear Cell Features in the Extrahepatic Bile Duct
John Wysocki, Rishi Agarwal, Laura Bratton, Jeremy Nguyen, Mandy Crause Weidenhaft, Nathan Shores, Hillary Z. Kimbrell
Case Reports in Pathology.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Spectrum of Gastroenteropancreatic NENs in Routine Histological Examinations of Bioptic and Surgical Specimen: A Study of 161 Cases Collected from 17 Departments of Pathology in the Czech Republic
Václav Mandys, Tomáš Jirásek
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2014; 2014: 1. CrossRef
Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) position statement: a stepwise clinical approach to the diagnosis of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms
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Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2014; 37(9): 875. CrossRef
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Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 7(5): 381. CrossRef
Diagnosis and Treatment of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumor
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Korean Journal of Medicine.2014; 87(4): 415. CrossRef
Clinical, pathological and prognostic characteristics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms in China: a retrospective study
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BMC Endocrine Disorders.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
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BMC Cancer.2014;[Epub] CrossRef
A Modified Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumor Staging Schema Better Defines the Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis and Disease-free Survival
Swapnil D. Kachare, Kendall R. Liner, Nasreen A. Vohra, Emmanuel E. Zervos, Timothy L. Fitzgerald
The American Surgeon™.2014; 80(8): 821. CrossRef
A Case of Small Cell Neuroendocrine Tumor Occurring at Hilar Bile Duct
Bum Chul Kim, Tae Jun Song, Hyuk Lee, Mee Joo, Won Ki Bae, Nam-Hoon Kim, Kyung-Ah Kim, June Sung Lee
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2013; 62(5): 301. CrossRef
Neuroendocrine Tumors
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Korean Journal of Medicine.2013; 85(4): 354. CrossRef
Role of radiotherapy for pancreatobiliary neuroendocrine tumors
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Radiation Oncology Journal.2013; 31(3): 125. CrossRef
Proposal for a Standardized Pathology Report of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Prognostic Significance of Pathological Parameters
Mee-Yon Cho, Jin Hee Sohn, So Young Jin, Hyunki Kim, Eun Sun Jung, Mi-Jung Kim, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Woo Ho Kim, Joon Mee Kim, Yun Kyung Kang, Joon Hyuk Choi, Dae Young Kang, Youn Wha Kim, Eun Hee Choi
Korean Journal of Pathology.2013; 47(3): 227. CrossRef
Multiple Neuroendocrine Tumor of the Distal Ileum
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The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2013; 61(2): 110. CrossRef
The Epidemiology of Neuroendocrine Tumors in Taiwan: A Nation-Wide Cancer Registry-Based Study
Hui-Jen Tsai, Chun-Chieh Wu, Chia-Rung Tsai, Sheng-Fung Lin, Li-Tzong Chen, Jeffrey S. Chang, Olga Y. Gorlova
PLoS ONE.2013; 8(4): e62487. CrossRef
Which endoscopic treatment is the best for small rectal carcinoid tumors?
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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2013; 5(10): 487. CrossRef
Prognostic impact of p16 and p21 on gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
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Oncology Letters.2013; 6(6): 1641. CrossRef
Epidemiology of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours
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Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology.2012; 26(6): 691. CrossRef

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