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26 "Hong-Gyun Wu"
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Original Articles
Lung and Thoracic cancer
Intrathoracic Progression Is Still the Most Dominant Failure Pattern after First-Line Chemo-immunotherapy in Extensive-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for Thoracic Radiotherapy
Dowook Kim, Hak Jae Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Joo Ho Lee, Suzy Kim, Tae Min Kim, Jin-Soo Kim, Byoung Hyuck Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):430-441.   Published online November 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.931
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to compare the failure patterns before and after the introduction of immunotherapy and to determine the role of thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (ES-SCLC) treatment.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed 294 patients with ES-SCLC, of which 62.2% underwent chemotherapy alone, 13.3% underwent chemotherapy followed by consolidative TRT (TRT group), and 24.5% underwent chemotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI group). We performed propensity-score matching (PSM) to compare each treatment group.
Results
The median follow-up duration was 10.4 months. At the first relapse, in the cohort showing objective response, the proportion of cases showing intrathoracic progression was significantly lower in the TRT group (37.8%) than in the chemotherapy-alone (77.2%, p < 0.001) and the ICI (60.3%, p=0.03) groups. Furthermore, in the subgroup analysis, TRT showed benefits related to intrathoracic progression-free survival (PFS) in comparison with ICI in patients with less than two involved extrathoracic sites (p=0.008) or without liver metastasis (p=0.02) or pleural metastasis (p=0.005) at diagnosis. After PSM, the TRT group showed significantly better intrathoracic PFS than both chemotherapy-alone and ICI groups (p < 0.001 and p=0.04, respectively), but showed no significant benefit in terms of PFS and overall survival in comparison with the ICI group (p=0.17 and p=0.31, respectively).
Conclusion
In ES-SCLC, intrathoracic progression was the most dominant failure pattern after immunotherapy. In the era of chemoimmunotherapy, consolidative TRT can still be considered a useful treatment strategy for locoregional control.

Citations

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  • Radiotherapy(R) Integration(I) Strategy for Small(S)-Cell Lung Cancer in Extensive(E) Stage (RISE) with up to 10 metastases- a study protocol of a randomized phase II trial
    Łukasz Kuncman, Jacek Fijuth, Damian Tworek, Ewa Sierko, Paweł Cisek, Michał Masłowski, Maja Lisik-Habib, Magdalena Orzechowska, Katarzyna Galwas-Kliber, Adam Antczak, Izabela Chmielewska, Barbara Ziółkowska, Marta Kurczewska-Michalak, Wojciech Kuźnicki,
    BMC Cancer.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Combining Immunotherapy with Anlotinib in Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Multicenter Analysis of Efficacy and Safety
    Guogang Gao, Meiling Sun, Zhongfei Yang, Jingyi Li, Huaijun Ji, Ge Yu
    Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Clinical outcomes and synergistic effect between radiotherapy and immunotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: a real-world study
    Meiling Sun, Huaijun Ji, Fang Deng, Jingyi Li, Ning Xu, Yu Li
    BMC Cancer.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 3,796 View
  • 186 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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Efficacy of Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation According to the Risk of Extracranial Recurrence in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
Tae Hoon Lee, Joo-Hyun Chung, Hong-Gyun Wu, Suzy Kim, Joo Ho Lee, Bhumsuk Keam, Jin-Soo Kim, Ki Hwan Kim, Byoung Hyuck Kim, Hak Jae Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):875-884.   Published online February 24, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1583
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) for “early brain metastasis”, which occurs before extracranial recurrence (ECR), and “late brain metastasis”, which occurs after ECR, in limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC).
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 271 LS-SCLC patients who underwent definitive chemoradiation. All patients were initially staged with brain magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Intracranial recurrence (ICR), ECR, progression-free rate (PFR), and overall survival (OS) were analyzed as clinical endpoints. The competing risk of the first recurrence with ICR (ICRfirst) was evaluated. Significantly associated variables in multivariate analysis of ECR were considered as ECR risk factors. Patients were stratified according to the number of ECR risk factors.
Results
The application of PCI was associated with higher PFR (p=0.008) and OS (p=0.045). However, PCI was not associated with any of the clinical endpoints in multivariate analysis. The competing risk of ICRfirst was significantly decreased with the application of PCI (hazard ratio, 0.476; 95% confidence interval, 0.243 to 0.931; p=0.030). Stage III disease, sequential, and stable disease after thoracic radiation were selected as ECR risk factors. For patients without these risk factors, the application of PCI was significantly associated with increased OS (p=0.048) and a decreased risk of ICRfirst (p=0.026).
Conclusion
PCI may play a role in preventing early brain metastasis rather than late brain metastasis after ECR, suggesting that only patients with a low risk of ECR may currently benefit from PCI.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Efficacy evaluation of prophylactic cranial irradiation for limited stage small‑cell lung cancer in the magnetic resonance imaging era: A meta‑analysis
    Lihua Shao, Yumei Dong, Meiqiao Jiang, Haixia Song, Yuexiao Qi, Liyun Guo, Jinhui Tian, Shihong Wei
    Oncology Letters.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 3,736 View
  • 143 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
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Predictors of Post-chemoradiotherapy Pulmonary Complication in Locally Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Tae Hoon Lee, Byung-Hee Kang, Hak Jae Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Joo Ho Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):865-874.   Published online January 19, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1538
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We investigated the clinical effects and predictive factors of severe post-chemoradiotherapy pulmonary complications (PCPC) in locally advanced non–small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC).
Materials and Methods
Medical records of 317 patients who underwent definitive concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) for LA-NSCLC were reviewed retrospectively. PCPC was defined as an event of admission or emergency department visit for acute or subacute pulmonary inflammatory complications, including pneumonitis and pneumonia, within 6 months after CCRT initiation. Patient characteristics, baseline lung function tests, radiation dosimetric parameters, and laboratory tests were analyzed to investigate their association with PCPC. Prognostic endpoints were disease progression rate (DPR) and overall survival (OS).
Results
PCPC was reported in 53 patients (16.7%). The OS of patients with PCPC was significantly worse (35.0% in 2 years) than that of patients without PCPC (67.0% in 2 years, p < 0.001). However, 2-year DPRs were 77.0% and 70.7% in patients with and without PCPC, respectively, which were not significantly different (p=0.087). In multivariate logistic regression, PCPC was independently associated with grade ≥ 1 hypoalbuminemia during CCRT (odds ratio [OR], 5.670; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.487 to 13.40; p < 0.001), lower diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) (per mL/min/mmHg; OR, 0.855; 95% CI, 0.743 to 0.974; p=0.022), and higher lung V5 (per 10%; OR, 1.872; 95% CI, 1.336 to 2.699; p < 0.001).
Conclusion
PCPC might be a clinical endpoint to evaluate complications and predict the survival of patients subjected to CCRT for LA-NSCLC. Hypoalbuminaemia, DLCO, and lung V5 might predict PCPC in LA-NSCLC.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Pneumonitis Risk After Chemoradiotherapy With and Without Immunotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Chong Han, Jingping Qiu, Lu Bai, Tingting Liu, Jun Chen, He Wang, Jun Dang
    International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics.2024; 119(4): 1179.     CrossRef
  • Prognostic Biomarkers of Systemic Inflammation in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Narrative Review of Challenges and Opportunities
    Mark Stares, Leo R. Brown, Dhruv Abhi, Iain Phillips
    Cancers.2024; 16(8): 1508.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of post-chemoradiotherapy pneumonitis between Asian and non-Asian patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Tingting Liu, Sihan Li, Silu Ding, Jingping Qiu, Chengbo Ren, Jun Chen, He Wang, Xiaoling Wang, Guang Li, Zheng He, Jun Dang
    eClinicalMedicine.2023; 64: 102246.     CrossRef
  • 3,785 View
  • 153 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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General
Identification of Genes Involved in EGF-induced Apoptosis Using CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Screening: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Targets in EGFR-Overexpressing Cancers
Jae Sik Kim, Joo Ho Lee, Sang-Rok Jeon, Yongsub Kim, Seung Hyuck Jeon, Hong-Gyun Wu
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):737-745.   Published online January 4, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1414
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) causes apoptosis in EGF receptor (EGFR)–overexpressing cell lines. The apoptosis-inducing factors could be a therapeutic target. We aimed to determine the mechanism of EGF-induced apoptosis using a genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based knockout screen.
Materials and Methods
Two-vector system of the human genome-scale CRISPR knockout library v2 was used to target 19,050 genes using 123,411 single guide RNAs (sgRNAs). Recombinant human EGF (100 nM) or distilled water four times was administered to the experimental and control groups, respectively. The read counts of each sgRNA obtained from next-generation sequencing were analyzed using the edgeR algorithm. We used another EGFR-overexpressing cell line (A549) and short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting five EGF-resistance genes for validation. DUSP1 expression in A431, A549, and HEK293FT cells was calculated using reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction.
Results
We found 77 enriched and 189 depleted genes in the experimental group using the CRISPR-based knockout screen and identified the top five EGF-resistance genes: DDX20, LHFP, REPS1, DUSP1, and KRTAP10-12. Transfecting shRNAs targeting these genes into A549 cells significantly increased the surviving fractions after EGF treatment, compared with those observed in the control shRNA-transfected cells. The expression ratio of DUSP1 (inhibits ERK signaling) increased in A431 and A549 cells after EGF treatment. However, DUSP1 expression remained unchanged in HEK293FT cells after EGF treatment.
Conclusion
The CRISPR-based knockout screen revealed 266 genes possibly responsible for EGF-induced apoptosis. DUSP1 might be a critical component of EGF-induced apoptosis and a novel target for EGFR-overexpressing cancers.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Uncovering the bookshelves of CRISPR-based libraries: Advances and applications in cancer studies
    Nathalia Quintero-Ruiz, Wesley de Lima Oliveira, Marcos Vinicius Esteca, Daniela Campos Granato, Fernando Moreira Simabuco
    Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2024; 196: 104287.     CrossRef
  • CRISPR-Cas and CRISPR-based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy
    Mingming Qin, Chunhao Deng, Liewei Wen, Guoqun Luo, Ya Meng
    Journal of Translational Medicine.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 5,717 View
  • 278 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Lung and Thoracic cancer
Analysis of Once-Daily Thoracic Radiotherapy Dose According to the Underlying Lung Disease in Patients with Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Undergoing Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
Byoung Hyuck Kim, Joo-Hyun Chung, Jaeman Son, Suzy Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Hak Jae Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(1):73-82.   Published online March 14, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1202
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
In the treatment of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) in limited-stage small cell lung cancer, the optimal once-daily radiotherapy (RT) dose/fractionation remain unclear although it is the most frequently used. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes and toxicities of modest dose RT (≤ 54 Gy) with those of standard dose RT (> 54 Gy) and investigate the benefit of the high dose based on patient factors.
Materials and Methods
Since 2004, our institution has gradually increased the thoracic RT dose. Among the 225 patients who underwent CCRT, 84 patients (37.3%) received > 54 Gy. Because the patients treated with RT > 54 Gy were not randomly assigned, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed.
Results
The proportion of patients treated with > 54 Gy increased over time (p=0.014). Multivariate analysis revealed that the overall tumor stage and dose > 54 Gy (hazard ratio, 0.65; p=0.029) were independent prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). PSM confirmed that thoracic RT doses of > 54 Gy showed significantly improved progression-free survival (3-year, 42.7% vs. 24.0%; p < 0.001) and OS (3-year, 56.2% vs. 38.5%; p=0.003). Sensitivity analysis also showed that 60 Gy resulted in better survival than 54 Gy. However, in patients with underlying lung disease, OS benefit from > 54 Gy was not observed but considerable rates of severe pulmonary toxicities were observed (p=0.001).
Conclusion
Our analysis supports that the 60 Gy RT dose should be considered in the once-daily regimen of CCRT for limited-stage small cell lung cancer without underlying lung disease, but RT dose > 54 Gy did not seem to benefit for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or interstitial lung disease. Further study is needed to validate these results.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Dose/Fractionation Debate in Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer
    Kaixin Du, Xuehong Liao, Kazushi Kishi
    Cancers.2024; 16(10): 1908.     CrossRef
  • Outcome of dose-escalated intensity-modulated radiotherapy for limited disease small cell lung cancer
    Eunyeong Yang, Young Seob Shin, Ji Hyeon Joo, Wonsik Choi, Su Ssan Kim, Eun Kyung Choi, Jaeha Lee, Si Yeol Song
    Radiation Oncology Journal.2023; 41(3): 199.     CrossRef
  • 4,682 View
  • 140 Download
  • 2 Crossref
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Head and Neck cancer
Radiotherapy versus Surgery in Early-Stage HPV-Positive Oropharyngeal Cancer
Dong-Yun Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Jin Ho Kim, Joo Ho Lee, Soon-Hyun Ahn, Eun-Jae Chung, Keun-Yong Eom, Young Ho Jung, Woo-Jin Jeong, Tack-Kyun Kwon, Suzy Kim, Chan Woo Wee
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):406-416.   Published online June 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.441
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to compare the outcomes of primary radiotherapy (RT) versus surgery in early-stage human papilloma virus–positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (hpv+OPC), and investigate the preoperative clinical factors that can predict the requirement for postoperative adjuvant treatment.
Materials and Methods
This multicenter study included 166 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition-Stages I-II hpv+OPC. Sixty (36.1%) and 106 (63.9%) patients underwent primary (concurrent chemo)radiotherapy [(CC)RT] and surgery, respectively. Seventy-eight patients (73.6%) in the surgery group received postoperative (CC)RT.
Results
With a median follow-up of 45.6 months for survivors, the 2-year overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional control (LC) for RT/surgery were 97.8%/96.4%, 91.1%/92.0%, and 92.9%/93.3%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, patients with synchronous radiologic extranodal extension and conglomeration (ENEcong) of metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) showed significantly poorer OS (p=0.047), PFS (p=0.001), and LC (p=0.003). In patients undergoing primary surgery, two or more clinically positive LN metastases (odds ratio [OR], 5.15; p=0.004) and LN metastases with ENEcong (OR, 3.75; p=0.009) were predictors of postoperative chemoradiotherapy. No patient in the primary RT group demonstrated late severe toxicity whereas three (2.8%), one (0.9%), and one (0.9%) patient in the surgery group showed grade 3 dysphagia, grade 3 xerostomia, and fatal oral cavity bleeding.
Conclusion
We found no differences in OS, PFS, and LC between upfront RT and surgery in stage I-II hpv+OPC which warrants comparison through a prospective trial in the treatment de-escalation era. However, most early-stage hpv+OPC patients undergoing surgery received adjuvant (CC)RT. Pretreatment LN findings were prognostic and predictive for adjuvant treatment.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Definitive radio(chemo)therapy versus upfront surgery in the treatment of HPV-related localized or locally advanced oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
    Jérémy Baude, Caroline Guigou, David Thibouw, Noémie Vulquin, Mireille Folia, Guillaume Constantin, Jihane Boustani, Christian Duvillard, Sylvain Ladoire, Gilles Truc, Aurélie Bertaut, Cédric Chevalier, Scott M. Langevin
    PLOS ONE.2024; 19(7): e0307658.     CrossRef
  • INFLUENCE OF CONFORMAL RADIOTHERAPY IN COMBINATION WITH RADIOMODIFIERS ON THE CONTENT OF VEGF, COX-2, AND PGE-2 IN BLOOD SERUM OF PATIENTS WITH HEAD AND NECK SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
    N. MITRYAYEVA, L. GREBINYK, S. ARTIUKH, N. BILOZOR, V. STARENKIY
    Experimental Oncology.2024; 46(3): 253.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Radiologic Extranodal Extension Using Combinatorial Analysis of Nodal Margin Breakdown and Metastatic Burden in Oropharyngeal Cancer
    Sungryeal Kim, Hannah Park, Se Hyun Yeou, Jin Roh, Yoo Seob Shin, Chul-Ho Kim, Eun Ju Ha, Jeon Yeob Jang
    Cancers.2023; 15(13): 3276.     CrossRef
  • Expanding the role of combined immunochemotherapy and immunoradiotherapy in the management of head and neck cancer (Review)
    Chun Wei, Xiaojun Lan, Maona Qiu, Ran Cui, Qiuxia Fu, Shafiu Umar Shinge, Tobias Muluh, Ou Jiang
    Oncology Letters.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 7,900 View
  • 222 Download
  • 3 Web of Science
  • 4 Crossref
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Special Articles
Technological Advances in Charged-Particle Therapy
Jong Min Park, Jung-in Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu
Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(3):635-640.   Published online June 21, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.706
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Charted-particle therapy (CPT) benefits cancer patients by localizing doses in the tumor volume while minimizing the doses delivered to normal tissue through its unique physical and biological characteristics. The world’s first CPT applied on humans was proton beam therapy (PBT), which was performed in the mid-1950s. Among heavy ions, carbon ions showed the most favorable biological characteristics for the treatment of cancer patients. Carbon ions show coincidence between the Bragg peak and maximum value of relative biological effectiveness. In addition, they show low oxygen enhancement ratios. Therefore, carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) has become mainstream in the treatment of cancer patients using heavy ions. CIRT was first performed in 1977 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. The CPT technology has advanced in the intervening decades, enabling the use of rotating gantry, beam delivery with fast pencil-beam scanning, image-guided particle therapy, and intensity-modulated particle therapy. As a result, as of 2019, a total of 222,425 and 34,138 patients with cancer had been treated globally with PBT and CIRT, respectively. For more effective and efficient CPT, many groups are currently conducting further studies worldwide. This review summarizes recent technological advances that facilitate clinical use of CPT.

Citations

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  • Efficacy and safety of proton radiotherapy in treating choroidal melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Yuxin Miao, Tingwei Zheng, Qiuning Zhang, Meixuan Li, Qihang Lei, Qin Liu, Hongtao Luo, Huiling Bai
    Radiation Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Comparing efficacy of charged-particle therapy with brachytherapy in treatment of uveal melanoma
    Yu-Hsuan Tseng, Chia-An Hsu, Yu-Bai Chou
    Eye.2024; 38(10): 1882.     CrossRef
  • Clinical Viability of an Active Spot Scanning Beam Delivery System With a Newly Developed Carbon-Ion Treatment Planning System
    Yixiao Guo, Zhiqiang Liu, Shifang Feng, Hongyi Cai, Qiuning Zhang
    Advances in Radiation Oncology.2024; 9(7): 101503.     CrossRef
  • Particle radiotherapy for breast cancer
    Hanguang Ruan, Masahiko Okamoto, Tatsuya Ohno, Yang Li, Yuan Zhou
    Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cellular irradiations with laser-driven carbon ions at ultra-high dose rates
    Pankaj Chaudhary, Giuliana Milluzzo, Aodhan McIlvenny, Hamad Ahmed, Aaron McMurray, Carla Maiorino, Kathryn Polin, Lorenzo Romagnani, Domenico Doria, Stephen J McMahon, Stanley W Botchway, Pattathil P Rajeev, Kevin M Prise, Marco Borghesi
    Physics in Medicine & Biology.2023; 68(2): 025015.     CrossRef
  • A qualitative exploration of fear of progression in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with proton and heavy ion therapy
    Mimi Zheng, Shuman Wang, Yu Zhu, Hongwei Wan
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • DNA Damage Clustering after Ionizing Radiation and Consequences in the Processing of Chromatin Breaks
    Veronika Mladenova, Emil Mladenov, Martin Stuschke, George Iliakis
    Molecules.2022; 27(5): 1540.     CrossRef
  • Utilizing Carbon Ions to Treat Medulloblastomas that Exhibit Chromothripsis
    Hannah Sophia Schreiber, Milena Simovic, Aurélie Ernst
    Current Stem Cell Reports.2022; 8(3): 119.     CrossRef
  • The Rise of Particle Beam Therapy: Are We Ready for The Potential Game-Changer?
    Eui Kyu Chie, Yong Chan Ahn
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(3): 609.     CrossRef
  • 7,508 View
  • 231 Download
  • 11 Web of Science
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Who Will Benefit from Charged-Particle Therapy?
Kyung Su Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu
Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(3):621-634.   Published online June 21, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.299
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Charged-particle therapy (CPT) such as proton beam therapy (PBT) and carbon-ion radiotherapy (CIRT) exhibit substantial physical and biological advantages compared to conventional photon radiotherapy. As it can reduce the amount of radiation irradiated in the normal organ, CPT has been mainly applied to pediatric cancer and radioresistent tumors in the eloquent area. Although there is a possibility of greater benefits, high set-up cost and dearth of high level of clinical evidence hinder wide applications of CPT. This review aims to present recent clinical results of PBT and CIRT in selected diseases focusing on possible indications of CPT. We also discussed how clinical studies are conducted to increase the number of patients who can benefit from CPT despite its high cost.

Citations

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  • Cost-effectiveness analysis for multi adverse events of proton beam therapy for pediatric medulloblastoma in Japan
    Takaaki Yoshimura, Yasuhiro Morii, Honoka Tamori, Ryuki Kita, Takayuki Hashimoto, Hidefumi Aoyama, Katsuhiko Ogasawara
    Journal of Radiation Research.2025; 66(1): 31.     CrossRef
  • Radiation-targeted immunotherapy: A new perspective in cancer radiotherapy
    Lihui Xuan, Chenjun Bai, Zhao Ju, Jinhua Luo, Hua Guan, Ping-Kun Zhou, Ruixue Huang
    Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews.2024; 75: 1.     CrossRef
  • Radioresistance-related gene signatures identified by transcriptomics characterize the prognosis and immune landscape of pancreatic cancer patients
    Dandan Wang, Jun Cao, Yanhui Chen, Lisha Zhang, Chan Zhou, Litao Huang, Yanliang Chen
    BMC Cancer.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cellular irradiations with laser-driven carbon ions at ultra-high dose rates
    Pankaj Chaudhary, Giuliana Milluzzo, Aodhan McIlvenny, Hamad Ahmed, Aaron McMurray, Carla Maiorino, Kathryn Polin, Lorenzo Romagnani, Domenico Doria, Stephen J McMahon, Stanley W Botchway, Pattathil P Rajeev, Kevin M Prise, Marco Borghesi
    Physics in Medicine & Biology.2023; 68(2): 025015.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and safety of particle therapy for inoperable stage II-III non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Yanliang Chen, Hongtao Luo, Ruifeng Liu, Mingyu Tan, Qian Wang, Xun Wu, Tianqi Du, Zhiqiang Liu, Shilong Sun, Qiuning Zhang, Xiaohu Wang
    Radiation Oncology.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Particle radiotherapy in the era of radioimmunotherapy
    Zihan Zhou, Bingjie Guan, Huang Xia, Rong Zheng, Benhua Xu
    Cancer Letters.2023; 567: 216268.     CrossRef
  • The Rise of Particle Beam Therapy: Are We Ready for The Potential Game-Changer?
    Eui Kyu Chie, Yong Chan Ahn
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(3): 609.     CrossRef
  • 7,513 View
  • 241 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
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Original Articles
The Feasibility of Spinal Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Spinal Metastasis with Epidural Cord Compression
Yi-Jun Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Kyubo Kim, Hak Jae Kim, Eui Kyu Chie, Kyung Hwan Shin, Hong-Gyun Wu, Il Han Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1324-1335.   Published online January 29, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.653
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of spinal stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in treating spinal metastasis with epidural spinal cord compression (ESCC).
Materials and Methods
During 2013-2016, 149 regions of spinal metastasis in 105 patients treated with singlefraction (12-24 Gy) spinal SRS were reviewed. Cord compression of Bilsky grade 2 (with visible cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) or 3 (no visible CSF) was defined as ESCC. Local progression (LP) and vertebral compression fracture (VCF) rates after SRS were evaluated using multivariate competing-risk regression analysis.
Results
The 1-year cumulative incidences of LP for Bilsky grades 0 (n=80), 1 (n=39), 2 (n=21), and 3 (n=9) were 3.0%, 8.4%, 0%, and 24.9%, respectively. Bilsky grade 2 ESCC did not significantly increase the LP rate (no LP for grade 2). The 1-year cumulative incidences of VCF for Bilsky grades 0, 1, 2, and 3 were 6.6%, 5.2%, 17.1%, and 12.1%, respectively. ESCC may increase VCF risk (subhazard ratio [SHR] for grade 2, 5.368; p=0.035; SHR for grade 3, 2.215; p=0.460). Complete or partial pain response rates after SRS were 79%, 78%, 53%, and 63% for Bilsky grades 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively (p=0.008). No neurotoxicity of grade ≥ 3 was observed.
Conclusion
Spinal SRS for spinal metastasis with Bilsky grade 2 ESCC did not increase the LP rate, was not associated with severe neurotoxicity, and showed moderate VCF and pain response rates. Bilsky grade 3 had a high LP rate.

Citations

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  • Efficacy and safety of SBRT for spine metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis for preparation of an ESTRO practice guideline
    R.S. Guninski, F. Cuccia, F. Alongi, N. Andratschke, C. Belka, D. Bellut, M. Dahele, M. Josipovic, T.E. Kroese, P. Mancosu, G. Minniti, M. Niyazi, U Ricardi, P. Munck af Rosenschold, A. Sahgal, Y. Tsang, W.F.A.R. Verbakel, M. Guckenberger
    Radiotherapy and Oncology.2024; 190: 109969.     CrossRef
  • Metastatic Spinal Lesion with Minimal Epidural Compression: Surgical Treatment or Stereotactic Radiotherapy?
    O. I. Kit, D. E. Zakondyrin, A. A. Grin, E. E. Rostorguev, Y. V. Przhedetskiy, P. G. Sakun, V. I. Voshedskii, B. V. Matevosian, T. S. Shepelya
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The Prognostic Value of Albumin-to-Alkaline Phosphatase Ratio before Radical Radiotherapy in Patients with Non-metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Jae Sik Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Dae Seog Heo, Doo Hee Han, Chae-Seo Rhee, Ji-hoon Kim, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Hong-Gyun Wu
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(4):1313-1323.   Published online January 29, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.503
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We first analyzed the prognostic power of albumin-to-alkaline phosphatase ratio (AAPR) before radical radiotherapy (RT) in non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients.
Materials and Methods
The records of 170 patients with biopsy-proven, non-metastatic NPC treated by radical RT between 1998 and 2016 at our institution were retrospectively reviewed. Median follow-up duration was 50.6 months. All patients received intensity-modulated RT and cisplatin based chemotherapy before, during, or after RT. The major treatment of patients was based on concurrent chemoradiotherapy (92.4%). The AAPR was calculated by the last value of both albumin and alkaline phosphatase within 1 month immediately preceding RT. The optimal cut-off level of AAPR was determined by using Cutoff Finder, a web-based system. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was performed.
Results
The optimal cut-off level of AAPR was 0.4876. After PSM analysis of whole cohort, an AAPR was not related to survival outcomes. In PSM analysis for patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC), an AAPR ≥ 0.4876 was related to better overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and locoregional relapse–free survival (LRRFS) (OS: hazard ratio [HR], 0.341; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.144 to 0.805; p=0.014; PFS: HR, 0.416; 95% CI, 0.189 to 0.914; p=0.029; and LRRFS: HR, 0.243; 95% CI, 0.077 to 0.769; p=0.016, respectively).
Conclusion
The AAPR, inexpensive and readily derived from a routine blood test, could be an independent prognostic factor for patients with LA-NPC. And it might help physicians determine treatment plans by identifying the patient's current status. Future prospective clinical trials to validate its prognostic value are needed.

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The Effect of Hospital Case Volume on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Analysis (KROG-1106)
Boram Ha, Kwan Ho Cho, Sung Ho Moon, Chang-Geol Lee, Ki Chang Keum, Yeon-Sil Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Jin Ho Kim, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, Jae Myoung Noh, Jong Hoon Lee, Sung Hwan Kim, Won Taek Kim, Young-Taek Oh, Min Kyu Kang, Jin Hee Kim, Ji-Yoon Kim, Moon-June Cho, Chul Seoung Kay, Jin Hwa Choi
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(1):12-23.   Published online February 5, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.273
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of hospital case volume on clinical outcomes in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
Materials and Methods
Data on 1,073 patients with cT1-4N0-3M0 NPC were collected from a multi-institutional retrospective database (KROG 11-06). All patients received definitive radiotherapy (RT) either with three-dimensional-conformal RT (3D-CRT) (n=576) or intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) (n=497). The patients were divided into two groups treated at high volume institution (HVI) (n=750) and low volume institution (LVI) (n=323), defined as patient volume ≥ 10 (median, 13; range, 10 to 18) and < 10 patients per year (median, 3; range, 2 to 6), respectively. Endpoints were overall survival (OS) and loco-regional progression-free survival (LRPFS).
Results
At a median follow-up of 56.7 months, the outcomes were significantly better in those treated at HVI than at LVI. For the 614 patients of propensity score-matched cohort, 5-year OS and LRPFS were consistently higher in the HVI group than in the LVI group (OS: 78.4% vs. 62.7%, p < 0.001; LRPFS: 86.2% vs. 65.8%, p < 0.001, respectively). According to RT modality, significant difference in 5-year OS was observed in patients receiving 3D-CRT (78.7% for HVI vs. 58.9% for LVI, p < 0.001) and not in those receiving IMRT (77.3% for HVI vs. 75.5% for LVI, p=0.170).
Conclusion
A significant relationship was observed between HVI and LVI for the clinical outcomes of patients with NPC. However, the difference in outcome becomes insignificant in the IMRT era, probably due to the standardization of practice by education.

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Comparison of the Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Tonsil Receiving Postoperative Ipsilateral Versus Bilateral Neck Radiotherapy: A Propensity Score Matching Analysis (KROG 11-07)
Youngkyong Kim, Kwan Ho Cho, Sung Ho Moon, Chang Geol Lee, Ki Chang Keum, Sang-wook Lee, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, Yeon-Sil Kim, Yong Kyun Won, Hong-Gyun Wu, J. Hun Hah, Young-Taek Oh
Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(4):1097-1105.   Published online February 9, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.425
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The impact of postoperative ipsilateral neck radiotherapy (INRT) versus bilateral neck radiotherapy (BNRT) on the clinical outcomes of patients with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma was analyzed retrospectively.
Materials and Methods
Between October 2001 and June 2012, 241 patients with T1-2 and N0-N2b tonsillar carcinoma from 16 institutes underwent postoperative INRT (n=84) or BNRT (n=157) following a tonsillectomy. Seventy patientswere identified from each group by propensity score matching and compared in terms of the overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) rates calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method with a log-rank test.
Results
The median follow-up was 55 months (range, 3 to 133 months). The survival outcomes in the INRT and BNRT groupswere similar: 5-year OS (92.8% vs. 94.0%, p=0.985), DFS (80.5% vs. 94.2%. p=0.085), LRRFS (88.1% vs. 97.1%, p=0.083), and DMFS (92.7% vs. 97.0%, p=0.370). Subgroup analysis revealed no contralateral neck recurrence in 61 patients with T1-2N0-2a regardless of the treatment groups. For 79 patients with N2b, contralateral neck recurrence was more common in the INRT group than in the BNRT group (7.9% vs. 0.0%), but the difference was not significant (p=0.107). The overall grade ≥ 2 toxicities were lower in the INRT group: acute (45.7% vs. 74.3%, p=0.001) and late (4.3% vs. 31.4%, p < 0.001), respectively.
Conclusion
INRT is an attractive strategy for patients with T1-2N0-2a tonsillar carcinoma compared to BNRT. For patients with N2b, there was a small risk of contralateral neck recurrence when treated with INRT, but its impact on the OS was limited with successful salvage treatment.

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Erratum
ERRATUM: Role of Chemotherapy in Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Curative Radiotherapy
Min Kyu Kang, Dongryul Oh, Kwan Ho Cho, Sung Ho Moon, Hong-Gyun Wu, Dae-Seog Heo, Yong Chan Ahn, Keunchil Park, Hyo Jung Park, Jun Su Park, Ki Chang Keum, Jihye Cha, Jun Won Kim, Yeon-Sil Kim, Jin Hyoung Kang, Young-Taek Oh, Ji-Yoon Kim, Sung Hwan Kim, Jin-Hee Kim, Chang Geol Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(1):425-425.   Published online January 10, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.141.2
Corrects: Cancer Res Treat 2015;47(4):871
PDFPubReaderePub
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Original Articles
The Role of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A Multi-institutional Retrospective Study (KROG 11-06) Using Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Jin Ho Song, Hong-Gyun Wu, Bhum Suk Keam, Jeong Hun Hah, Yong Chan Ahn, Dongryul Oh, Jae Myoung Noh, Hyo Jung Park, Chang Geol Lee, Ki Chang Keum, Jihye Cha, Kwan Ho Cho, Sung Ho Moon, Ji-Yoon Kim, Woong-Ki Chung, Young Taek Oh, Won Taek Kim, Moon-June Cho, Chul Seung Kay, Yeon-Sil Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(3):917-927.   Published online December 28, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.265
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We compared the treatment results and toxicity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy (CCRT) alone (the CRT arm) or neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by CCRT (the NCT arm). Materials and Methods A multi-institutional retrospective study was conducted to review NPC patterns of care and treatment outcome. Data of 568 NPC patients treated by CCRT alone or by neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by CCRT were collected from 15 institutions. Patients in both treatment arms were matched using the propensity score matching method, and the clinical outcomes were analyzed.
Results
After matching, 300 patients (150 patients in each group) were selected for analysis. Higher 5-year locoregional failure-free survival was observed in the CRT arm (85% vs. 72%, p=0.014). No significant differences in distant failure-free survival (DFFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival were observed between groups. In subgroup analysis, the NCT arm showed superior DFFS and DFS in stage IV patients younger than 60 years. No significant difference in compliance and toxicity was observed between groups, except the radiation therapy duration was slightly shorter in the CRT arm (50.0 days vs. 53.9 days, p=0.018). Conclusion This study did not show the superiority of NCT followed by CCRT over CCRT alone. Because NCT could increase the risk of locoregional recurrences, it can only be considered in selected young patients with advanced stage IV disease. The role of NCT remains to be defined and should not be viewed as the standard of care.

Citations

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The Effect of Chemoradiotherapy with SRC Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor, PP2 and Temozolomide on Malignant Glioma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo
Keun-Yong Eom, Bong Jun Cho, Eun Jung Choi, Jin-Ho Kim, Eui Kyu Chie, Hong-Gyun Wu, Il Han Kim, Sun Ha Paek, Jae-Sung Kim, In Ah Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):687-697.   Published online June 4, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.320
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We investigated the effect of chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and temozolomide (TMZ) on malignant glioma cells using clonogenic assays and in vivo brain tumor model.
Materials and Methods
The effect of PP2 on radiosensitivity of U251 and T98G cells was investigated using clonogenic assays. The expression of E-cadherin, matrix metalloproteinases 2 (MMP2), Ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by Western blotting and an accumulation of γH2AX foci 6 hours after radiotherapy was measured after PP2 treatment. The effect of PP2 on migration, invasion, and vasculogenic mimicry formation (VMF) of U251 cells was evaluated. In an orthotopical brain tumor model with U251 cells, PP2 was injected intraperitoneally with or without oral TMZ before, during and after whole brain radiotherapy. Bioluminescence images were taken to visualize in vivo tumors and immunohistochemical staining of VEGF, CD31, EphA2, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1a was performed.
Results
PP2 increased radiosensitivity of U251 and T98G cells without decreasing survival of normal human astrocytes. Chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and TMZ resulted in increased accumulation of γH2AX foci. PP2 induced overexpression of E-cadherin and suppression of MMP2, VEGF, and EphA2. PP2 also compromised invasion, migration, and VMF of U251 cells. In brain tumors, chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and TMZ decreased tumor volume best, but not statistically significantly compared with chemoradiotherapy with TMZ. The expression of VEGF and CD31 was suppressed in PP2-treated tumors.
Conclusion
PP2 enhances radiosensitivity of malignant glioma cells and suppresses invasion and migration of U251 cells. Chemoradiotherapy with PP2 and TMZ resulted in non-significant tumor volume decrease.

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Long-Term Outcome of Definitive Radiotherapy for Early Glottic Cancer: Prognostic Factors and Patterns of Local Failure
Yu Jin Lim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Tack-Kyun Kwon, J. Hun Hah, Myung-Whun Sung, Kwang Hyun Kim, Charn Il Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):862-870.   Published online February 13, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.203
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study evaluates the long-term results of definitive radiotherapy (RT) for early glottic cancer. Clinical and treatment factors related to local control and patterns of failure are analyzed. Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed 222 patients with T1-2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with definitive RT from 1981 to 2010. None of the patients received elective nodal RT or combined chemotherapy. The median total RT dose was 66 Gy. The daily fraction size was < 2.5 Gy in 69% and 2.5 Gy in 31% of patients. The RT field extended from the hyoid bone to the cricoid cartilage.
Results
The median age was 60 years, and 155 patients (70%) had T1 disease. The 5-year rates of local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and ultimate LRFS with voice preservation were 87.8% and 90.3%, respectively. T2 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08 to 4.94) and anterior commissural involvement (HR, 3.37; 95% CI, 1.62 to 7.02) were significant prognostic factors for LRFS. In 34 patients with local recurrence, tumors recurred in the ipsilateral vocal cord in 28 patients. There were no contralateral vocal cord recurrences. Most acute complications included grade 1-2 dysphagia and/or hoarseness. There was no grade 3 or greater chronic toxicity.
Conclusion
Definitive RT achieved a high cure rate, voice preservation, and tolerable toxicity in early glottic cancer. T2 stage and anterior commissural involvement were prognostic factors for local control. Further optimization of the RT method is needed to reduce the risk of ipsilateral tumor recurrence.

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Role of Chemotherapy in Stage II Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Treated with Curative Radiotherapy
Min Kyu Kang, Dongryul Oh, Kwan Ho Cho, Sung Ho Moon, Hong-Gyun Wu, Dae-Seog Heo, Yong Chan Ahn, Keunchil Park, Hyo Jung Park, Jun Su Park, Ki Chang Keum, Jihye Cha, Jun Won Kim, Yeon-Sil Kim, Jin Hyoung Kang, Young-Taek Oh, Ji-Yoon Kim, Sung Hwan Kim, Jin-Hee Kim, Chang Geol Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):871-878.   Published online February 13, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.141
Correction in: Cancer Res Treat 2016;48(1):425
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
To define the role of neoadjuvant and concurrent chemotherapy in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we compared the treatment outcomes of patients treated with curative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy. Materials and Methods From 2004 to 2011, 138 patients with American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 2002 stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma were treated with curative radiotherapy in 12 hospitals in South Korea. Treatment methods included radiotherapy alone in 34 patients, neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy alone in seven, concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 80, and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiotherapy in 17. Adjuvant chemotherapy was used in 42 patients. Total radiation dose ranged from 64 Gy to 74.2 Gy (median, 70 Gy).
Results
Median follow-up was 48 months (range, 7 to 97 months) for all patients. At the last followup, 13 patients had died and 32 had experienced treatment failure; locoregional failure occurred in 14, distant failure in 16, and both in two. Five-year locoregional relapse-free survival, distant metastasis-free survival, progression-free survival, and overall survival were 86.2%, 85.5%, 74.4%, and 88.2%, respectively. Multivariate analyses showed that the significant prognostic factors were concurrent chemotherapy and N stage for locoregional relapse-free survival, concurrent chemotherapy for progression-free survival, and age and N stage for overall survival. Neither neoadjuvant nor concurrent chemotherapy improved distant metastasis-free survival. Conclusion Concurrent chemotherapy significantly improved 5-year locoregional relapse-free survival and progression-free survival in stage II nasopharyngeal carcinoma. However, neoadjuvant chemotherapy failed to improve either.

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Tumor Growth Suppression and Enhanced Radioresponse by an Exogenous Epidermal Growth Factor in Mouse Xenograft Models with A431 Cells
Yu Jin Lim, Sang-Rok Jeon, Jae Moon Koh, Hong-Gyun Wu
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(4):921-930.   Published online January 7, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.153
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) could induce anti-tumor and radiosensitizing effects in vivo.
Materials and Methods
BALB/c-nu mice that were inoculated with A431 (human squamous cell carcinoma) cells in the right hind legs were divided into five groups: I (no treatment), II (EGF for 6 days), III (EGF for 20 days), IV (radiotherapy [RT]), and V (RT plus concomitant EGF). EGF was administered intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg) once a day and the RT dose was 30 Gy in six fractions. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained sections of tumor, liver, lung, and kidney tissues were investigated. Additionally, tumors were subjected to immunohistochemistry staining with caspase-3.
Results
EGF for 6 days decreased tumor volume, but it approached the level of the control group at the end of follow-up (p=0.550). The duration of tumor shrinkage was prolonged in group V while the slope of tumor re-growth phase was steeper in group IV (p=0.034). EGF for 20 days decreased tumor volume until the end of the observation period (p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry revealed that mice in group V showed stronger intensity than those in group IV. There were no abnormal histological findings upon H&E staining of the normal organs.
Conclusion
EGF-induced anti-tumor effect was ascertained in the xenograft mouse models with A431 cells. Concomitant use of EGF has the potential role as a radiosensitizer in the design of fractionated irradiation.

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Influence of Comorbidities on the Efficacy of Radiotherapy with or without Chemotherapy in Elderly Stage III Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients
Joo Ho Lee, Hong-Gyun Wu, Hak Jae Kim, Dong-Wan Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Tae Min Kim, Young Whan Kim, Dae Seog Heo
Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(4):242-250.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.4.242
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
The current study was conducted in order to evaluate the clinical outcome of radical radiotherapy (RT) with or without chemotherapy for elderly patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between 1990 and 2010, 125 patients, aged 70 years or more, received radical RT with or without chemotherapy for treatment of stage III NSCLC. We reviewed the patients' prognostic factors, including comorbidities. Comorbidity status was evaluated using a simplified comorbidity score (SCS). Of the patients reviewed, 82 received radical RT alone, whereas the other 43 patients underwent chemoradiotherapy (CRT). A platinum-based chemotherapy regimen was most commonly used (42/43).
RESULTS
The two-year overall-survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) rates were 32.2% and 21.8%, respectively. SCS was the independent prognostic factor for OS. In the frail elderly subgroup with a SCS of > or =10, CRT demonstrated a significant difference in PFS, but not in OS. In contrast, OS and PFS following CRT were significantly superior to RT in the fit elderly subgroup with a SCS of <10. The incidence of severe pulmonary toxicities in the frail elderly subgroup was significantly higher than that in the fit elderly subgroup.
CONCLUSION
Multiple comorbidities evaluated according to the SCS are related to poor OS in elderly patients with stage III NSCLC. CRT improved clinical outcome when compared to RT in the fit elderly subgroup, however, the gain from this treatment was negated in the frail elderly subgroup with multiple comorbidities. Therefore, evaluation of comorbidity is necessary in order to determine whether chemotherapy should be combined with RT in elderly patients with stage III NSCLC.

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Definitive Radiotherapy versus Postoperative Radiotherapy for Tonsil Cancer
Tae Ryool Koo, Hong-Gyun Wu, J. Hun Hah, Myung-Whun Sung, Kwang-Hyun Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Tae Min Kim, Se-Hoon Lee, Dong-Wan Kim, Dae-Seog Heo, Charn Il Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(4):227-234.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.4.227
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to analyze treatment outcome of radiotherapy (RT) in patients with stage III-IV tonsil cancer managed by surgery followed by postoperative RT (SRT) and definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT), and to thereby evaluate the most feasible treatment modality.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Of 124 patients, 67 underwent CRT, and 57 underwent SRT. We compared survival and complication rates in both groups.
RESULTS
The median follow-up time was 57 months (range, 19 to 255 months) for surviving patients. At five years, locoregional progression-free survival (LRPFS) and overall survival (OS) were 88% and 80%, respectively. No significant difference in LRPFS (p=0.491) and OS (p=0.177) was observed between CRT and SRT. In multivariate analysis, old age and higher T stage showed a significant association with poor LRPFS, PFS, and OS; higher N stage showed an association with poor PFS and a trend of poor LRPFS, while no association with OS was observed; treatment modality (CRT and SRT) showed no association with LRFPS, PFS, and OS. Grade 3 or higher mucositis was observed in 12 patients (21%) in the SRT group, and 25 patients (37%) in the CRT group.
CONCLUSION
Definitive CRT and SRT have similar treatment outcomes for patients with stage III-IV tonsil cancer. Although acute complication rate appears to be higher in the CRT group, it should be noted that not all data on complications were included in this retrospective study. To determine the most feasible treatment modality, not only mucositis and xerostomia, but also emotional aspect and quality of life, should be considered.

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Apoptosis and Expression of AQP5 and TGF-β in the Irradiated Rat Submandibular Gland
Jin Hwa Choi, Hong-Gyun Wu, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Seung Hee Lee, Eun Kyung Kwon
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):145-154.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.145
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

To evaluate the effect of X-ray irradiation on apoptosis and change of expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) in the rat submandibular gland (SMG).

Materials and Methods

SMGs of 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated with a single X-ray dose (3, 10, 20, or 30 Gy). At the early and late post-irradiation phase, apoptosis was measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, and expression of AQP5 and TGF-β was determined by immunohistochemical staining.

Results

At the late post-irradiation phase, increased apoptosis was evident and marked decreases of expression of AQP5 expression by acinar cells and TGF-β expression by ductal cells were evident.

Conclusion

Apoptosis after X-ray irradiation develops relatively late in rat SMG. Irradiation reduces AQP5 and TGF-β expression in different SMG cell types.

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    NH Mohamed, S. Shawkat, MS Moussa, NEB Ahmed
    Tissue and Cell.2022; 76: 101780.     CrossRef
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    Hitoshi Uchida, Matthew H. Ingalls, Eri O. Maruyama, Carl J. Johnston, Eric Hernady, Roberta C. Faustoferri, Catherine E. Ovitt
    Disease Models & Mechanisms.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Cells.2020; 9(6): 1547.     CrossRef
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    Kazuo Hosoi
    Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology.2016; 468(4): 519.     CrossRef
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    Christine Delporte, Angélic Bryla, Jason Perret
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2016; 17(2): 166.     CrossRef
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    Y.-B. Li, Sheng-Rong Sun, X.-H. Han
    Folia Biologica.2016; 62(3): 131.     CrossRef
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    Lichi Han, Lei Wang, Fuyin Zhang, Ke Jian Liu, Bin Xiang
    Radiation Research.2015; 183(6): 693.     CrossRef
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    Christine Delporte
    Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects.2014; 1840(5): 1524.     CrossRef
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    TAO SHAN, XIJUAN CUI, WEI LI, WANRUN LIN, YIMING LI
    Oncology Reports.2014; 32(4): 1564.     CrossRef
  • Underlying protective mechanism of α1-adrenoceptor activation against irradiation-induced damage in rat submandibular gland
    Bin Xiang, Xiu-xiu Li, Fu-yin Zhang
    Archives of Oral Biology.2013; 58(9): 1238.     CrossRef
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Patterns of Failure after Postoperative Radiation Therapy for Endometrial Carcinoma
Suzy Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Hyo-Pyo Lee, Soon-Beom Kang, Yong-Sang Song, Noh-Hyun Park, Sung Whan Ha
Cancer Res Treat. 2006;38(3):133-138.   Published online June 30, 2006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2006.38.3.133
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

We tried to investigate the outcome and patterns of failure of endometrial cancer patients who were treated with surgery and postoperative radiation therapy (RT).

Materials and Methods

Eighty-three patients with endometrial cancer who received postoperative RT between May 1979 and August 2000 were included in this retrospective study. Forty-one patients received total abdominal hysterectomy, 41 patients received Wertheim's operation and 1 underwent vaginal hysterectomy. Pelvic lymph node dissection or pelvic lymph node sampling was done in 56 patients and peritoneal cytology was done in 35. All the patients were staged according to 1988 FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) staging system; 2 were stage IA, 23 were stage IB, 20 were stage IC, 4 were stage IIA, 5 were stage IIB, 9 were stage IIIA, 2 were stage IIIB and 18 were stage IIIC. The histologic diagnoses were adenocarcinoma in seventy-four patients (89%). The histologic grades were Grade 1, 2 and 3 in 21 (25%), 43 (52%) and 10 (12%) patients, respectively. All the patients received external beam RT (EBRT) with a median dose of 5,040 cGy (range: 4,500~5,075 cGy) to the whole pelvis. Five patients with pathologically confirmed paraaortic lymph node metastasis received 4500 cGy to the paraaortic lymph nodes. Fifteen patients received low-dose intracavitary brachytherapy after their EBRT. A total dose of 7,500~9,540 cGy (median dose: 8511) was prescribed to the vaginal surface.

Results

Overall, 11 patients (13%) experienced disease relapse: 4 with initial stage I or II disease and 7 with initial stage III disease. Among the 54 stage I or II patients, 1 (2%) relapsed in the pelvis only, 2 (4%) relapsed in the vagina and distant organs, and 1 (2%) relapsed in the paraaortic lymph nodes (PANs). Among the 29 stage III patients, 1 (3%) relapsed in the vagina. The most common sites of failure for the stage III patients were the peritoneum (3 patients, 10%), PANs (2 patients, 7%), and lung (2 patients, 7%). With a median follow-up period of 86 months, the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates at 5 years were 87% for both. The five-year DFS rate was 93%, 100% and 74% for the stage I, II and III patients, respectively. Three patients experienced severe radiation-related late complications: RTOG (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group) grade 3 radiation cystitis was seen in one patient, and grade 3 bowel obstruction was seen in two patients.

Conclusions

Postoperative RT was useful for controlling pelvic disease. The major patterns of failure for stage III patients were peritoneal seeding and distant metastasis. Selective use of whole abdominal radiotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy may improve the therapeutic outcome of these patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Pattern of care and clinical outcome of patients with carcinoma endometrium and the impact of central histopathological review on management: A tertiary cancer centre experience
    Rakhi Verma, Ajeet K. Gandhi, Madhup Rastogi, Vachaspati K. Mishra, Vikas Sharma, Akash Agarwal, Saumya Shukla, Rohini Khurana, Rahat Hadi, Anoop K. Srivastava, Nuzhat Husain
    Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2024; 20(5): 1557.     CrossRef
  • Does Prophylactic Paraortic Lymph Node Irradiation Improve Outcomes in Women With Stage IIIC1 Endometrial Carcinoma?
    Jennifer Yoon, Halle Fitzgerald, Yaqun Wang, Qingyang Wang, Irina Vergalasova, Mohamed A. Elshaikh, Irina Dimitrova, Shari Damast, Jessie Y. Li, Emma C. Fields, Sushil Beriwal, Andrew Keller, Elizabeth A. Kidd, Melissa Usoz, Shruti Jolly, Elizabeth Jawors
    Practical Radiation Oncology.2022; 12(2): e123.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of Para-Aortic Lymphadenectomy in Early-Stage Endometrioid Uterine Corpus Cancer
    Seo-Yun Tong, Jong-Min Lee, Jae-Kwan Lee, Jae Weon Kim, Chi-Heum Cho, Seok-Mo Kim, Sang-Yoon Park, Chan-Yong Park, Ki-Tae Kim
    Annals of Surgical Oncology.2011; 18(5): 1425.     CrossRef
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    Nan-Hee Jeong, Jong-Min Lee, Seon-Kyung Lee
    Journal of Gynecologic Oncology.2010; 21(3): 151.     CrossRef
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Enhancement of Radiation Effects by Flavopiridol in Uterine Cervix Cancer Cells
Suzy Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Jin Hee Shin, Hye Jin Park, In Ah Kim, Il Han Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(3):191-195.   Published online June 30, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.3.191
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

To determine the effects of combinations of radiation and flavopiridol, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and global transcription, in a human uterine cervix cancer cell line.

Materials and Methods

Human uterine cervix cancer cells (HeLa), cultured to the mid-log phase, were exposed to X-rays, flavopiridol, and combinations of X-rays and flavopiridol in various sequences. The end point in this study was the clonogenic survival, which was measured via clonogenic assays. In order to determine the intrinsic cytotoxicity of flavopiridol, 0, 5, 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 and 100 nM of flavopiridol were added to cell culture media. In the combination treatment, four different schedules of flavopiridol and irradiation combinations were tested: treatment of flavopiridol for 24 hours followed by irradiation, simultaneous administration of flavopiridol and irradiation, and irradiation followed by flavopiridol (for 24 hours) at intervals of 6 and 24 hours. The fraction of cells surviving after the combination treatment with 2 Gy of radiation (SF2) was compared with that of the fraction of cells surviving after treatment with irradiation alone.

Results

The cytotoxicity of flavopiridol was found to be dose-dependent, with an IC50 of 80 nM. No cytotoxic enhancements were observed when flavopiridol and radiation were administered simultaneously. Flavopiridol, administered either 24 hours before or 6 hours after irradiation, exerted no sensitizing effects on the cells. Only one protocol resulted in a radiosensitizing effect: the administration of flavopiridol 24 hours after irradiation.

Conclusion

Flavopiridol enhanced the effects of radiation on a uterine cervix cancer cell line in vitro, and this enhancement was both sequence- and time-dependent.

Citations

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  • Flavopiridol: a promising cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in cancer treatment
    Uttam Singh Baghel, Priyanka Kriplani, Neelam M. Patel, Manpreet Kaur, Kapil Sharma, Monika Meghani, Abhay Sharma, Deeksha Singh, Bhawani Singh, William N. Setzer, Javad Sharifi-Rad, Daniela Calina
    Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Braden Chow, Brad Warkentin, Kareena Nanda, Sunita Ghosh, Fleur Huang, Armin M Gamper, Geetha Menon
    Physics in Medicine & Biology.2022; 67(4): 045012.     CrossRef
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    Hyun-Gyo Lee, Jong-Woo Baek, So-Jin Shin, Sang-Hoon Kwon, Soon-Do Cha, Won-Jin Park, Rosa Chung, Eun-Som Choi, Gun-Ho Lee, Chi-Heum Cho
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    Suzy Kim
    The Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.2011; 29(2): 83.     CrossRef
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    Devika B. Chithrani, Salomeh Jelveh, Farid Jalali, Monique van Prooijen, Christine Allen, Robert G. Bristow, Richard P. Hill, David A. Jaffray
    Radiation Research.2010; 173(6): 719.     CrossRef
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Retrospective Analysis of the Treatment Results for Patients with Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Tonsil
Ah Ram Chang, Hong-Gyun Wu, Charn Il Park, Kwang-Hyun Kim, Myung-Whun Sung, Dae-Seog Heo
Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(2):92-97.   Published online April 30, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.2.92
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

There has been no definitive randomized study to identify the optimal therapeutic regimen for treating squamous cell carcinoma of tonsil. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the treatment outcome according to various combinations of surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

Materials and Methods

Fifty-six patients with tonsillar carcinoma, who were treated at Seoul National University Hospital from March 1985 to August 2001, were the subjects of this study. Twenty-one patients received surgery followed by radiation therapy (SRT), 16 patients underwent radiation therapy alone (RT), and 19 patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy (CRT). The median radiation dose was 66.6 Gy for the SRT group and 70.2 Gy for the RT and CRT groups. Surgery comprised extended tonsillectomy and modified radical neck dissection of the involved neck. Cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil were used every three weeks for 3 cycles in the SRT group. The median follow-up was 73.2 months.

Results

The distribution of T-stage was 4 cases of T1, 14 cases of T2, 1 case of T3 and 2 cases of T4 staging in the SRT group, 2 cases of T1, 6 cases of T2, 5 cases of T3 and 3 cases of T4 staging in the RT group and 0 cases of T1, 7 cases of T2, 9 cases of T3 and 3 cases of T4 staging in the CRT group. The distribution of N-stage was 5 cases of N0, 2 cases of N1, 13 cases of N2 and 1 case of N3 staging in the SRT group, 6 cases of N0, 5 cases of N1, 5 cases of N2 and 0 cases of N3 staging in the RT group, and 2 cases of N0, and 7 cases of N1, 9 cases of N2 and 1 case of N3 staging in the CRT group. The five-year overall survival rate (OSR) for all patients was 78%. The five-year OSR was 80% for the SRT group, 71% for the RT group, and 80% for the CRT group (p=ns). The five-year disease-free survival rate was 93% for the CRT group and 71% for the RT group (p=0.017). Four patients developed local failure and one patient failed at a regional site in the RT group, and one patient failed at a primary site in the CRT group. The five-year DFS was 84% for patients who had undergone neck dissection and 76% for patients who had not undergone neck dissection (p=ns). Treatment-related complications of grade 3 or 4 occurred in 15 patients, and the incidence of complication was not different between each of the treatment methods.

Conclusion

Although the patients with more advanced T stage were included in the RT and CRT groups, the OSR was not statistically different according to the treatment methods. In the radical radiation therapy group, the addition of neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed an improvement in the disease-free survival. Because of the retrospective nature of our study and the small number of patients, this study cannot draw any definite conclusions, but it suggests that radiation therapy with chemotherapy can be a good alternative option for squamous cell carcinoma of tonsil. Controlled randomized study is necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Citations

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    Tae Ryool Koo, Hong-Gyun Wu
    Radiation Oncology Journal.2013; 31(2): 66.     CrossRef
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A Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Trichostatin A, Enhances Radiosensitivity by Abrogating G2/M Arrest in Human Carcinoma Cells
In Ah Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Jin Hee Shin, Il Han Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Eui Kyu Chie, Yong Ho Kim, Bo-Kyung Kim, Semie Hong, Seok Won Park, Sung Whan Ha, Charn Il Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2005;37(2):122-128.   Published online April 30, 2005
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2005.37.2.122
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are emerging as potentially useful components in anticancer therapy. In this study, we tried to confirm the radiosensitizing effect of trichostatin A (TSA) on a panel of human carcinoma cell lines and elucidate its mechanism of interaction.

Materials and Methods

A549, HeLa and Caski cells were exposed to TSA for 18 hr prior to irradiation, and the cell survival then measured using a clonogenic assay. Western blot and flow cytometric analyses, for histone acetylation, and cell cycle and apoptosis, respectively, were also performed.

Results

TSA increased the acetylation of histone H3. The pretreatment of TSA consistently radiosensitized all three cell lines. The SF2 (surviving fraction at 2 Gy) of TSA-treated cells was significantly lower than that of mock treated cells. The SER (sensitizer enhancement ratio) increased in all 3 cell lines, in concentration dependent manners. The TSA treated cells showed abrogation of radiation-induced G2/M arrest, in a concentration dependent manner.

Conclusion

The pretreatment of TSA enhanced the radiosensitivity of a panel of human carcinoma cells, which was attributed, in part, to the abrogation of radiation-induced G2/M arrest.

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    Abdelhakim Bouyahya, Nasreddine El Omari, Mohamed Bakha, Tarik Aanniz, Naoual El Menyiy, Naoufal El Hachlafi, Aicha El Baaboua, Mohamed El-Shazly, Mohammed Merae Alshahrani, Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh, Learn-Han Lee, Taoufiq Benali, Mohammad S. Mubarak
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    Manuela Terranova-Barberio, Biagio Pecori, Maria Serena Roca, Serena Imbimbo, Francesca Bruzzese, Alessandra Leone, Paolo Muto, Paolo Delrio, Antonio Avallone, Alfredo Budillon, Elena Di Gennaro
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    Fengqiu Zhang, Qing Huang, Jingwen Yan, Zhu Chen
    Analytical Chemistry.2016; 88(8): 4179.     CrossRef
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    Vincent Zwick, Claudia Simões-Pires, Muriel Cuendet
    Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry.2016; 31(sup1): 209.     CrossRef
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    Fengqiu Zhang, Qing Huang, Jingwen Yan, Xin Zhang, Jianxin Li
    Analytical Chemistry.2015; 87(4): 2511.     CrossRef
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    Ahrum Min, Seock-Ah Im, Debora Keunyoung Kim, Sang-Hyun Song, Hee-Jun Kim, Kyung-Hun Lee, Tae-Yong Kim, Sae-Won Han, Do-Youn Oh, Tae-You Kim, Mark J O’Connor, Yung-Jue Bang
    Breast Cancer Research.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    WeiWei Xiao, Peter H. Graham, Carl A. Power, Jingli Hao, John H. Kearsley, Yong Li
    Clinical & Experimental Metastasis.2012; 29(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Identification of a radiosensitivity signature using integrative metaanalysis of published microarray data for NCI-60 cancer cells
    Han Sang Kim, Sang Cheol Kim, Sun Jeong Kim, Chan Hee Park, Hei-Cheul Jeung, Yong Bae Kim, Joong Bae Ahn, Hyun Cheol Chung, Sun Young Rha
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    Eui Kyu Chie, Jin Hee Shin, In Ah Kim, Il Han Kim
    The Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.2010; 28(4): 219.     CrossRef
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    In Ah Kim, Mina No, Jang Mi Lee, Jin Hee Shin, Jee Sun Oh, Eun Jung Choi, Il Han Kim, Peter Atadja, Eric J. Bernhard
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    In Ah Kim, Jin Hee Shin, Il Han Kim, Jin Ho Kim, Jae Sung Kim, Hong Gyun Wu, Eui Kyu Chie, Sung Whan Ha, Charn Il Park, Gary D. Kao
    Clinical Cancer Research.2006; 12(3): 940.     CrossRef
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Expression of Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 as a Prognostic Factor in Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Kyubo Kim, Hong-Gyun Wu, Suk Won Park, Chong Jai Kim, Charn Il Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2004;36(3):187-191.   Published online June 30, 2004
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2004.36.3.187
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

To evaluate the relationship between treatment failure and COX-2 expression in nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods

The subjects of this study were 22 nasopharyngeal cancer patients. The patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by radiotherapy, or with radiotherapy alone. The formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of 11 patients who developed a locoregional recurrence (n=7) or distant metastasis (n=4) were compared with those of 11 disease free patients. Prognostic factors, including histological type, stage, radiation dose and chemotherapy, were well balanced between the two groups. The COX-2 expression was determined immunohistochemically.

Results

COX-2 expression was stronger in the patients with a locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis than in those free of disease. The COX-2 distribution scores of the control group were as follows: 0 in 7, 1 in 2 and 2 in 2 patients. In the recurrence group, the scores were as follows; 0 in 3, 1 in 1, 2 in 2 and 3 in 5 patients. COX-2 expression was shown to have a statistically significant influence on the treatment failure by the Mann-Whitney U test (p=0.024) and Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square test (p=0.018). It also significantly influenced the treatment failure when an analysis was performed within patients with a undifferentiated histology (p=0.039 by the Mann-Whitney U test, p=0.037 by the Mantel-Haenszel Chi-Square test).

Conclusion

COX-2 expression is believed to be one of the important factors associated with a locoregional recurrence or distant metastasis.

Citations

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    Bin Yang, Lin Jia, Qiaojuan Guo, Hui Ren, Yanping Hu, Tao Xie
    Oncotarget.2016; 7(30): 47265.     CrossRef
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    Jianji Pan, Tianlan Tang, Luying Xu, Jiade J. Lu, Senan Lin, Sufang Qiu, Gang Chen, Ivan W. K. Tham
    Head & Neck.2013; 35(9): 1238.     CrossRef
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    Yeon‐Joo Kim, Heounjeong Go, Hong‐Gyun Wu, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Suk Won Park, Seung Hee Lee
    Head & Neck.2011; 33(10): 1458.     CrossRef
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    Yeon-Joo Kim, Seung Hee Lee, Hong-Gyun Wu, Heounjeong Go, Yoon Kyung Jeon
    The Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.2010; 28(2): 57.     CrossRef
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