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Special Articles
Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2023
Eun Hye Park, Kyu-Won Jung, Seo Hyun Choi, Nam Ju Park, Mee Joo Kang, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Kui Son Choi, Han-Kwang Yang, The Community of Population-Based Regional Cancer Registries
Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(2):349-367.   Published online March 23, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2026.298
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The current study provides national cancer statistics and their secular trends in Korea, including incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2023, with international comparisons.
Materials and Methods
Cancer incidence, survival, and prevalence rates were calculated using the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database (1999-2023), with survival follow-up until December 31, 2024. Mortality data were obtained from the Ministry of Data and Statistics, while international comparisons were based on GLOBOCAN data.
Results
In 2023, 288,613 newly diagnosed cancer cases (age-standardized rate [ASR], 288.6 per 100,000) and 85,271 deaths from cancer (ASR, 64.3 per 100,000) were reported. Among the incident cases, 145,452 (50.4%) were aged 65 years or older. Prostate cancer became the most common cancer among men for the first time. The proportion of localized-stage cancers increased from 45.6% in 2005 to 51.8% in 2023. Korea had the lowest cancer mortality among countries with similar incidence rates and the lowest mortality-to-incidence ratios for stomach, colorectal, and breast cancer. The 5-year relative survival rate (2019-2023) was 73.7% overall and 92.7% for localized-stage cancers. Over 2.73 million prevalent cases were identified in 2023, representing 5.3% of the Korean population.
Conclusion
These findings indicate that Korea’s cancer control efforts have contributed to early detection and improved survival outcomes. As Korea enters a super-aged society in 2025, cancer burden will continue to increase, requiring sustained and adaptive cancer control strategies.

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  • Epidemiological Trends, Inter-Cancer Correlations, and Incidence Projections for 61 Cancer Types in Korea, 1999–2028: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
    Hyeran Jung, Minsun Jung
    Cancers.2026; 18(14): 2341.     CrossRef
  • Single-port robotic areolar surgery for thyroid and neck procedures: a 3-year, 500-case single-surgeon experience using the da-Vinci SP system
    Myeong Ho Shin, Gi Tae Kim, Seung Hwan Lim, Jin Wook Yi
    Updates in Surgery.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Shifting Cancer Landscapes in Korea: Divergent Incidence Trajectories, Sex-Specific Burdens, and Projected Case Counts for 24 Major Cancer Types from 1999 to 2023, with Forecasts to 2030
    Hyeran Jung, Minsun Jung
    Current Oncology.2026; 33(8): 444.     CrossRef
  • 6,260 View
  • 274 Download
  • 3 Crossref
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Prediction of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Korea, 2026
Kyu-Won Jung, Mee Joo Kang, Eun Hye Park, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Kui Sun Choi, Han-Kwang Yang
Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(2):368-375.   Published online March 23, 2026
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2026.289
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to project cancer incidence and mortality for 2026 to estimate Korea’s current cancer burden.
Materials and Methods
Cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2023 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, while cancer mortality data from 1993 to 2024 were acquired from the Ministry of Data and Statistics. Cancer incidence and mortality were projected by fitting a linear regression model to observed age-specific cancer rates against their respective years and then by the projected age-specific rates by the anticipated age-specific population for 2026. A joinpoint regression model was applied to identify significant changes in trends, using only the most recent trend data for predictions.
Results
A total of 308,876 new cancer cases and 86,317 cancer deaths are expected in Korea in 2026. The most commonly diagnosed cancer is projected to be thyroid cancer, followed by the colorectal, lung, breast, prostate and stomach cancers. These six cancers are expected to account for 63.5% of all newly diagnosed cancers. Lung cancer is expected to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, followed by liver, colorectal, pancreatic, gallbladder, and stomach cancers, together comprising 65.9% of all cancer deaths.
Conclusion
Korea’s cancer burden continues to shift toward malignancies prevalent in older populations. The sustained increase in prostate cancer among men and the rising mortality impact of pancreatic cancer reflect structural changes in the national cancer profile amid rapid population aging.

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  • Longitudinal Analysis of Testicular Cancer Patient Volume and Co-Occurring Urological Conditions Using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) Database in South Korea (2020–2024) with Exploratory Forecasts for 2026–2028
    Hyeran Jung, Minsun Jung
    Cancers.2026; 18(14): 2325.     CrossRef
  • 4,372 View
  • 144 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
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Original Article
Trajectory of Lymph Node Metastasis Reflects the Molecular Features of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Jiho Park, Seong Yong Park, Ha Eun Kim, Se-Young Jo, Jeongsoo Won, Dae Joon Kim, Sangwoo Kim
Received March 5, 2025  Accepted October 14, 2025  Published online October 15, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.257    [Epub ahead of print]
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is frequently accompanied by lymph node metastasis (LNM) to the neck, chest, and abdomen. Despite its significance as a key prognostic factor, the genomic trajectory of LNM remains poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the underlying patterns and genomic characteristics of LNM.
Materials and Methods
Whole-exome sequencing and transcriptome sequencing were performed on 45 multiregional samples (10 primary tumors, 10 normal esophageal tissues, and 25 lymph node tumors) from 10 ESCC patients who underwent esophagectomy with three-field lymphadenectomy. The temporal trajectory of metastasis was reconstructed through phylogenetic analysis, leveraging somatic mutations identified in the primary tumor and lymph nodes.
Results
Somatic mutations preceding metastasis included major driver mutations, such as TP53 and KMT2D, and displayed a mutational process associated with alcohol consumption (SBS16), emphasizing its influence on early tumorigenesis. In contrast, post–lymph node metastatic mutations were sporadic. Lymph nodes seeded later acquired mutations at a faster rate, suggesting increased genomic instability. In three of nine patients (33.3%), nodal skip metastasis (NSM) was observed, including two cases detected exclusively via genomic analysis, highlighting the necessity of phylogenetic assessment to avoid misclassification. Transcriptome analysis revealed activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and KRAS signaling pathways in NSM tumors, indicative of poor prognostic outcomes.
Conclusion
Our study provides a molecular understanding of LNM, emphasizes the potential importance of node-skipping patterns in ESCC, and underscores the utility of genomic analysis in elucidating the connection between LNM.
  • 1,594 View
  • 83 Download
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Special Articles
Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2022
Eun Hye Park, Kyu-Won Jung, Nam Ju Park, Mee Joo Kang, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Hyun-Joo Kong, Kui Son Choi, Han-Kwang Yang, The Community of Population-Based Regional Cancer Registries
Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):312-330.   Published online March 11, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.264
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The current study provides national cancer statistics and their secular trends in Korea, including incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2022, with international comparisons.
Materials and Methods
Cancer incidence, survival, and prevalence rates were calculated using the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database (1999-2022), with survival follow-up until December 31, 2023. Mortality data obtained from Statistics Korea, while international comparisons were based on GLOBOCAN data.
Results
In 2022, 282,047 newly diagnosed cancer cases (age-standardized rate [ASR], 287.0 per 100,000) and 83,378 deaths from cancer (ASR, 65.7 per 100,000) were reported. The proportion of localized-stage cancers increased from 45.6% in 2005 to 50.9% in 2022. Stomach, colorectal, and breast cancer showed increased localized-stage diagnoses by 18.1, 18.5, and 9.9 percentage points, respectively. Compared to 2001-2005, the 5-year relative survival (2018-2022) increased by 20.4 percentage points for stomach cancer, 7.6 for colorectal cancer, and 5.6 for breast cancer. Korea had the lowest cancer mortality among countries with similar incidence rates and the lowest mortality-to-incidence (M/I) ratios for these cancers. The 5-year relative survival (2018-2022) was 72.9%, contributing to over 2.59 million prevalent cases in 2022.
Conclusion
Since the launch of the National Cancer Screening Program in 2002, early detection has improved, increasing the diagnosis of localized-stage cancers and survival rates. Korea recorded the lowest M/I ratio among major comparison countries, demonstrating the effectiveness of its National Cancer Control Program.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    International Journal of Medical Informatics.2026; 205: 106125.     CrossRef
  • From Laparoscopy to Robotics: Navigating the Learning Curve in Colon Cancer Surgery Within a High-Volume East London District General Hospital
    Valentin Butnari, Jatinder Hayre, Olivia Pestrin, Ahmer Mansuri, Sandeep Kaul, Richard Boulton, Joseph Huang, Nirooshun Rajendran
    Surgical Innovation.2026; 33(2): 100.     CrossRef
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    Nursing Research.2026; 75(1): 48.     CrossRef
  • Threshold Dose-Response Association Between Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Young-Onset Pancreatic Cancer: A Nationwide Korean Cohort Study of Young Adults Age 20-39 Years
    Joo-Hyun Park, Jung Yong Hong, Kyungdo Han, Jay J. Shen, Joon Oh Park, Young Suk Park, Ho Yeong Lim
    Journal of Clinical Oncology.2026; 44(9): 762.     CrossRef
  • Prostate cancer in Korea: Nationwide trends in prevalence and medication use during 2011–2021
    Jaehee Jung, Hyunha Kang, Eunjung Choo, Hye-Young Kang, Chang Wook Jeong, Ha-Lim Jeon, Hankil Lee
    Cancer Epidemiology.2026; 101: 102987.     CrossRef
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    Se Ik Kim, Jae-Weon Kim, Janice S. Kwon, Sarah E. Ferguson, Alexandra Sebastianelli, Paul Bessette, Sven Mahner, Tristan Gauthier, Cor de Kroon, Willemien van Driel, Karin Williamson, Frederic Goffin, Stephan Polterauer, Brynhildur Eyjólfsdóttir, Jung-Yun
    Gynecologic Oncology.2026; 205: 37.     CrossRef
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    Anuj Kishor Patel, Nilay S. Sethi, Haeseong Park
    JAMA.2026; 335(5): 439.     CrossRef
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    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Is Heavy Alcohol Use Associated With Young-Onset Pancreatic Cancer?
    Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
    Journal of Clinical Oncology.2026; 44(9): 730.     CrossRef
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    Sun Young Lee, Hyun Bae Yoon
    Korean Medical Education Review.2026; 28(1): 42.     CrossRef
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    Seok-Joo Chun, Hyunkyung Kim, Jiyun Jung, Sun Hyun Bae, Mi-Sook Kim
    Scientific Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jae Won Lee, Jae-Hoon Lee, Eun-Suk Cho, Su-Jin Shin, Hye Sun Lee, Kang Young Lee, Jeonghyun Kang
    Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2026; 110(3): 170.     CrossRef
  • Nationwide Survey on Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer in Korea: Results From the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research (KCHUGR) 2023 Survey
    Jae Yong Park, Jeong Hoon Lee, Tae-Se Kim, Da Hyun Jung, Bong Eun Lee, Yonghoon Choi, Wan-Sik Lee, Young-Il Kim, Sun Hyung Kang, Hyunsoo Chung, Su Jin Kim, Joon Sung Kim, Donghoon Kang, Su Youn Nam, Seung Han Kim, Hyo-Joon Yang, Hyun Lim, Jin Lee, Seon-Yo
    The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2026; 26(1): 50.     CrossRef
  • Nationwide Survey on Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer in Korea: Results From the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research (KCHUGR) 2023 Survey
    Jae Yong Park, Jeong Hoon Lee, Tae-Se Kim, Da Hyun Jung, Bong Eun Lee, Yonghoon Choi, Wan-Sik Lee, Young-Il Kim, Sun Hyung Kang, Hyunsoo Chung, Su Jin Kim, Joon Sung Kim, Donghoon Kang, Su Youn Nam, Seung Han Kim, Hyo-Joon Yang, Hyun Lim, Jin Lee, Seon-Yo
    Journal of Gastric Cancer.2026; 26(2): 169.     CrossRef
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    Ye Jin Moon, Woo Sun Kwon, Chan Hee Park, Jinsoo Jang, Juin Park, Byeong Gyu Yoon, Han Byeol Mun, Namju Kim, Choong-kun Lee, Hei Cheul Jeung, Su-Jin Shin, Tae Soo Kim, Sun Young Rha
    Journal of Gastric Cancer.2026; 26(2): 260.     CrossRef
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    EunKyo Kang, Jae Myung Cha, Seo Young Kang, Kiheon Lee, Su Young Kim, Younghoon Kim, An Na Seo, Hyo-Jin Kang, Jong Keon Jang, Kwang-Pil Ko, Aesun Shin, Dae Kyung Sohn, Youngki Hong, Eun-Jung Cho, Minje Han, Soo Young Kim, Hyeon Ji Lee, Chang Kyun Choi, Mi
    Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2026; 69(3): 268.     CrossRef
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    Marco Roccetti
    Informatics in Medicine Unlocked.2026; 62: 101752.     CrossRef
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    Mohamed M. Tawengi, Jawaher Baraka, Rafal Al Shibly, Mohammed I. Danjuma
    Systematic Reviews.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2023
    Eun Hye Park, Kyu-Won Jung, Seo Hyun Choi, Nam Ju Park, Mee Joo Kang, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Kui Son Choi, Han-Kwang Yang
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2026; 58(2): 349.     CrossRef
  • Advancing Gastric Cancer Prevention in Korea: Current Strategies and Future Directions
    Jin Young Park, Il Ju Choi
    Helicobacter.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Treatment decision-making for patients with cancer aged 75 and older: perspectives from focus group interviews with patients, family caregivers, and healthcare providers
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    Supportive Care in Cancer.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Cancer Innovation.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk of Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Cancers in Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea, 2005–2023
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    Liver International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Achievements and Future Directions of the National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Korea
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    The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 86(2): 104.     CrossRef
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    Haein Lee, Bo Gyeong Lee
    Quality of Life Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 86(2): 76.     CrossRef
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    Cancer Medicine.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Journal of Cancer Prevention.2026; 31(2): 82.     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Oncology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of Traditional Korean Medicine Use on Medical Costs in Patients with Cancer in Korea
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    Complementary Medicine Research.2026; 33(3): 211.     CrossRef
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    Supportive Care in Cancer.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Latency period of lung cancer in relation to tobacco smoking in Korea
    Thi Tra Bui, Hee-Yeon Kang, Eunjung Park, Jin-Kyoung Oh
    Epidemiology and Health.2026; 48: e2026014.     CrossRef
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    Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    European Journal of Radiology.2026; 203: 112966.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Medical Economics.2026; 29(1): 1579.     CrossRef
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    Journal of Gastric Cancer.2026; 26(3): 408.     CrossRef
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    John Hee Park
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    Journal of Gastric Cancer.2026; 26(3): 433.     CrossRef
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    Molecular Medicine Reports.2026; 34(2): 1.     CrossRef
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    Current Medical Research and Opinion.2026; 42(5): 1031.     CrossRef
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    Nutrients.2026; 18(13): 2172.     CrossRef
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    Toxicological Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Onam Ok, Kyeong Sug Kim, Seyoung Lee, Sun Young Hong, Junsung Im, Minsun Nam, Genehee Lee, In Gak Kwon
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2026; 26(2): 95.     CrossRef
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    Jung Yeon Lee, Seungpil Jung, Sung-Soo Park, Seonggyu Byeon, Seung-Hwan Shin, Young-Woo Jeon, Seung-Ah Yahng, Suein Choi, Jin Seok Kim, Chang-Ki Min
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  • High prevalence of non-receipt of cancer-directed therapy among the oldest old persists independent of healthcare accessibility: A population-based analysis of 82,864 patients
    Se-Il Go, Rock Bum Kim, Mi-Ji Kim, Ki-Soo Park, Byeong Sun Moon, Woo Je Lee, Jung Hun Kang
    Cancer Epidemiology.2026; : 103174.     CrossRef
  • Epidemiological Trends, Inter-Cancer Correlations, and Incidence Projections for 61 Cancer Types in Korea, 1999–2028: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
    Hyeran Jung, Minsun Jung
    Cancers.2026; 18(14): 2341.     CrossRef
  • Screening Eligibility and Survival Among Patients With Lung Cancer in Korea
    Yeon Wook Kim, Tae Ho Yoon, Kyeong Im Kwak, Minji Han, Eung Joo Park, Choon-Taek Lee
    JAMA Network Open.2026; 9(7): e2624143.     CrossRef
  • Neoadjuvant Paclitaxel–Carboplatin Chemotherapy Followed by Cesarean Radical Hysterectomy in Pregnant Patients With Cervical Cancer: Obstetric, Neonatal, and Surgical Outcomes
    Ok‐Ju Kang, Ji‐Hye Koh, Shin‐Wha Lee, Jeoung‐Yeol Park, Mi‐Young Lee, Jin Hoon Chung, Hye‐Sung Won, Dae‐Yeon Kim
    Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Shifting Cancer Landscapes in Korea: Divergent Incidence Trajectories, Sex-Specific Burdens, and Projected Case Counts for 24 Major Cancer Types from 1999 to 2023, with Forecasts to 2030
    Hyeran Jung, Minsun Jung
    Current Oncology.2026; 33(8): 444.     CrossRef
  • A Two‐Hit Hypothesis for Chemotherapy‐Induced Primary Ovarian Insufficiency in Asian Populations: A Population‐Specific Mechanistic Framework Linking Genetic Susceptibility and Cytotoxic Stress via the PI3K‐AKT‐FOXO3 Axis
    Zahra Dashti, Baisakhi Banerjee
    BioMed Research International.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Wonjeong Jeong, Woorim Kim, Kyu-Tae Han
    Frontiers in Public Health.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Impact of Advanced Care Planning on Hospice Utilization in Patients with Cancer: A Nationwide Analysis in Korea
    Woorim Kim, Boram Kim, Minju Kim, Jin Young Choi
    Cancers.2025; 17(9): 1471.     CrossRef
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    Geehyun Song, Whi-An Kwon, Eui Hyun Jung, Dai Hong Phuc Vo, Ho Trong Tan Truong, Ho Kyung Seo
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    International Urology and Nephrology.2025; 58(1): 91.     CrossRef
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    Annals of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery.2025; 29(3): 343.     CrossRef
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    Gastric Cancer.2025; 28(6): 1144.     CrossRef
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    Nutrients.2025; 17(22): 3502.     CrossRef
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    Jin-young Park, Yeunhee Kwak, Jiwoo Jung, Seoung-Wha Lim
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    Eun Young Kim, Sujeong Shin, Yoosoo Chang, Seungho Ryu
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    Joonki Lee, Aesun Shin
    Discover Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Hye-Sun Lee, Gyeong-U Hong, Wonjeong Jeong, Kyounghee Oh, Jae Kwan Jun
    Health Communication.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
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    Seokin Kang
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    Seon Young Hong, Ahyoung Cho, Chang-Suk Chae, Hye Jin You
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    Chang-In Choi, Jae-Kyun Park, Tae Yong Jeon, Dae-Hwan Kim
    Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology.2025; 21(3): 130.     CrossRef
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    Myeongjee Lee
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    Kabsoo Shin
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  • Fraction of cancer incidence and mortality attributable to dietary factors in Korea from 2015 to 2030
    Hyun Jeong Cho, Jin Young Yoo, Ga-Eun Yie, An Na Kim, Soseul Sung, Sungji Moon, Youjin Hong, Sangjun Lee, Inah Kim, Kwang-Pil Ko, Sun-Seog Kweon, Jung Eun Lee, Sue K. Park
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    Cancer Research and Treatment.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jinnan Wan, Yang Li, Zhimin Liu
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jiahn Choi, Jeonghyun Kang
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Covert Promotional Cancer-Related Content in Korean Search Engines: Computational Content Analysis of Naver and Google (Preprint)
    Kyung Han You, Ho Young Yoon, Dalyong Kim, Joo Han Lim, Wonyoung Choi, Hyun Woo Lee, Sang-Cheol Lee
    Journal of Medical Internet Research.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Prediction of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Korea, 2025
Kyu-Won Jung, Mee Joo Kang, Eun Hye Park, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Hyun-Joo Kong, Kui Son Choi, Han-Kwang Yang
Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(2):331-338.   Published online March 11, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2025.263
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to project cancer incidence and mortality for 2025 to estimate Korea’s current cancer burden.
Materials and Methods
Cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2022 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, while cancer mortality data from 1993 to 2023 were acquired from Statistics Korea. Cancer incidence and mortality were projected by fitting a linear regression model to observed age-specific cancer rates against their respective years and then by multiplying the projected age-specific rates by the anticipated age-specific population for 2025. A joinpoint regression model was applied to identify significant changes in trends, using only the most recent trend data for predictions.
Results
A total of 304,754 new cancer cases and 84,019 cancer deaths are expected in Korea in 2025. The most commonly diagnosed cancer is projected to be thyroid cancer, followed by the colorectal, lung, breast, prostate and stomach cancers. These six cancers are expected to account for 63.8% of the total cancer burden. Lung cancer is expected to be the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, followed by liver, colorectal, pancreatic, stomach, and gallbladder cancers, together comprising 66.6% of total cancer deaths.
Conclusion
The increasing incidence of female breast cancer and the rise in prostate and pancreatic cancers are expected to continue. As aging accelerates, cancer commonly found in older adults are projected to rise significantly.

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    Kyung-Sook Cha, Dohyun Lee, Su-Mi Im
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Original Articles
Gastrointestinal cancer
Detection Ability of Quality of Life Changes and Responsiveness of the KOQUSS-40 and the EORTC QLQ-C30/STO22 in Patients Who Underwent Gastrectomy: A Prospective Comparative Study
Bang Wool Eom, Keun Won Ryu, Ji Yeong An, Yun-Suhk Suh, In Cho, Sung Geun Kim, Ji-Ho Park, Hoon Hur, Hyung-Ho Kim, Sang-Hoon Ahn, Sun-Hwi Hwang, Hong Man Yoon, Ki Bum Park, Hyoung-Il Kim, In-Gyu Kwon, Han-Kwang Yang, Byoung-Jo Suh, Sang-Ho Jeong, Tae-Han Kim, Oh Kyoung Kwon, Hye-Seong Ahn, Ji Yeon Park, Ki Young Yoon, Myoung Won Son, Seong-Ho Kong, Young-Gil Son, Geum Jong Song, Jong Hyuk Yun, Jung-Min Bae, Do Joong Park, Sol Lee, Jun-Young Yang, Kyung Won Seo, You-Jin Jang, So Hyun Kang, Joongyub Lee, Hyuk-Joon Lee, on behalf of KOrean QUality of life in Stomach cancer patients Study group (KOQUSS)
Cancer Res Treat. 2026;58(1):221-231.   Published online March 5, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1104
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The aim of this study is to compare the detection ability of quality of life (QoL) changes and responsiveness of the KOrean QUality of life in Stomach cancer patients Study group (KOQUSS)-40 and European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ).
Materials and Methods
A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted to evaluate QoL changes after various gastrectomies between January 2021 and April 2022. Participants were instructed to complete the KOQUSS-40 and EORTC QLQ-C30/STO22 preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. QoL changes over time and QoL responsiveness were assessed for each questionnaire.
Results
Data from 491 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer at 22 institutions were analyzed. The summary scores of the KOQUSS-40 and EORTC QLQ-STO22 showed significant differences between the total and proximal gastrectomy groups (p=0.044 and p=0.038, respectively), but no difference was observed for the EORTC QLQ-C30. Dysphagia on the KOQUSS-40 was significantly different between the total and proximal gastrectomy groups (p=0.031); however, dysphagia on the EORTC QLQ-STO22 did not differ. The responsiveness of the KOQUSS-40 was similar to that of the EORTC QLQ in patients who experienced ≥ 10% body weight loss, but approximately 10% less in patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy than the EORTC QLQ.
Conclusion
KOQUSS-40 has several advantages over EORTC QLQ-C30/STO22 when comparing QoL between the total and proximal gastrectomy groups. The findings provide information for researchers investigating the QoL of patients who have undergone curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Long-term quality of life, financial toxicity, and decision regret following therapeutic and prophylactic gastrectomy for cancer
    Frank G. Lee, Jack W. Sample, Chun Fan, Robert A. Vierkant, Sara K. Daniel, Steven Bowers, Nabil Wasif, Mark J. Truty, Michael L. Kendrick, Cornelius A. Thiels, Travis E. Grotz
    Gastric Cancer.2026; 29(3): 635.     CrossRef
  • The efficacy of early progressive resistance exercise in the postoperative management of pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic cancer: a randomized controlled trial
    Xuexue Liu, Neng Shi, Rui Li, Yuan Song
    Frontiers in Surgery.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Improvement in Quality of Life After Early Interactive Human Coaching via a Mobile App in Postgastrectomy Patients With Gastric Cancer: Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial
    Bang Wool Eom, Mira Han, Hong Man Yoon, Young-Woo Kim, So Young Kim, Jin Myoung Oh, Gyung Ah Wie, Keun Won Ryu
    JMIR mHealth and uHealth.2025; 13: e75445.     CrossRef
  • 4,621 View
  • 182 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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General
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Aberrations Identified by Next-Generation Sequencing in Patients with Metastatic Cancers
Minkyue Shin, Dae-Ho Choi, Jaeyun Jung, Deok Geun Kim, Minae An, Sung Hee Lim, Seung Tae Kim, Jung Yong Hong, Se Hoon Park, Joon Oh Park, Kyoung-Mee Kim, Jeeyun Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):932-941.   Published online February 21, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.564
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target with confirmed clinical efficacy for several cancer types. We aimed to identify EGFR aberrations and their associations with other genomic alterations in patients with metastatic diseases of various cancers.
Materials and Methods
We used real-world data from the next-generation sequencing (NGS) of 3,286 patients with metastatic cancer at the Samsung Medical Center. We analyzed the distribution of EGFR amplification, mutation, and fusion, as well as their correlations with microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB), and other gene aberrations.
Results
A total of 3,286 patients were tested using NGS of a panel covering 523 cancer-related genes (TSO500, Illumina) as part of clinical practice between October 2019 and October 2022. Patients with lung cancer and gliomas were not included in the analysis. Of the 3,286 patients, 175 (5.3%) had EGFR amplification, 38 (1.2%) had EGFR mutations, and eight (0.2%) had EGFR fusion. All 175 patients with EGFR amplifications had microsatellite-stable tumors, but 102 had co-amplifications in other cancer-related genes, and 78 had mutations with clinical significance (tier I/II). Among the 38 patients with EGFR mutations, three (8%) showed MSI-high status, and 11 (29%) demonstrated high TMB (≥ 10 mutations/Mb). Among eight patients with EGFR fusion, three exhibited possible functionalities of the EGFR gene.
Conclusion
EGFR aberrations, mainly amplification, followed by mutation and fusion, were present in 6.4% of patients with metastatic solid tumors.
  • 3,788 View
  • 136 Download
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Gastrointestinal cancer
Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy versus Surgery in Patients with Pulmonary Metastases from Colorectal Cancer
Byung min Lee, Ha Eun Kim, Young Ho Yang, Seung Yoon Yang, Han Sang Kim, Seo Hee Choi, Woong Sub Koom, Byung Jo Park, Jee Suk Chang
Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):1135-1143.   Published online February 6, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.1040
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
We compared the local control rate and toxicity of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) versus wedge resection for colorectal pulmonary metastases.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed medical charts and imaging of patients treated with SABR or wedge resection between 2010 and 2017 at a single institution.
Results
A total of 404 patients were treated with local therapy for 528 pulmonary metastatic lesions. While surgery was frequently used upfront for smaller, solitary metastases without other site involvement, SABR was often used for larger, multiple lesions and disease burdens beyond the lungs. The 3-year local control rate was 88.6% following surgery, which was not significantly different from that with SABR at 86.7% (p=0.174). No major postoperative complications or mortality were observed in the surgery group, and 2.8% of patients in the SABR group experienced grade 3-4 radiation pneumonitis.
Conclusion
SABR was used in patients with a higher risk of progression compared to those undergoing surgery, yet it has similar local control rates to wedge resection.

Citations

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  • Percutaneous Cryoablation Under Local Anesthesia for Pulmonary Metastases From Colorectal Cancer: Long‐Term Outcomes From a Single‐Institution Retrospective Cohort
    Shun Yorimori, Kaoru Kaseda, Yusuke Aoki, Kosuke Sugino, Takahiro Suzuki, Yu Okubo, Shigeki Suzuki, Kyohei Masai, Masashi Tamura, Masanori Inoue, Hideki Yashiro, Seishi Nakatsuka, Yoshikane Yamauchi, Yotaro Izumi, Masafumi Kawamura, Masahiro Jinzaki, Keis
    Cancer Reports.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Emerging Applications of Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy in Oligometastatic Colorectal Cancer
    Hasan Al-Sattar, Esele Okondo, Amir Mashia Jaafari, Inesh Sood, Jakob Hassan Dinif, Su Yin Lim, Charlotte Hafkamp, Irene Chong, Joao R. Galante, Sola Adeleke
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2025; 26(21): 10302.     CrossRef
  • 4,627 View
  • 204 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Clinical Characteristics of and Treatment Pattern for EGFR-Amplified Colorectal Cancer
Seong-Eun Kim, Hyehyun Jeong, Sun Young Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Deokhoon Kim, Jihun Kim, Ji Sung Lee, Tae Won Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(4):1104-1114.   Published online January 10, 2025
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.569
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to compare clinicopathologic features and clinical outcomes of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) based on epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification status.
Materials and Methods
Patients with mCRC who underwent next-generation sequencing using a targeted 244-gene panel from 2016 to 2021 were identified and screened for EGFR copy numbers. Cases with at least five copies were reviewed for tumor purity adjustment, and those with an adjusted copy number of ≥ 6 were defined as EGFR-amplified (EGFR amp+). Their clinical characteristics were compared with those without EGFR amplification (EGFR amp–).
Results
Among 2,421 patients, 35 (1.4%) were EGFR amp+. Clinical characteristics did not significantly differ according to EGFR amplification status, but EGFR amp+ cases had fewer instances of peritoneal seeding (8.6% vs. 21.8%). Overall survival (OS) tended to be better in EGFR amp+ patients compared with EGFR amp– patients (median OS [mOS], 76 vs. 37 months; p=0.145). Among 572 patients who received anti-EGFR antibody–based chemotherapy (anti-EGFR CTx) during disease course, mOS tended to be better in 16 EGFR amp+ patients (79 months) compared with 556 EGFR amp– patients (39 months, p=0.048). Seven out of 35 EGFR amp+ patients were treated with front-line anti-EGFR CTx, and their progression-free survival did not differ from that of EGFR amp– patients treated with front-line anti-EGFR CTx (20 vs. 14 months, p=0.344).
Conclusion
This study may suggest a favorable predictive impact of EGFR amplification in patients treated with anti-EGFR CTx. However, the benefit of front-line anti-EGFR antibody treatment in this group was not notable.
  • 4,411 View
  • 122 Download
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Palliative medicine
Factors Affecting Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions and Changes in Clinical Practice after Enforcement of the Life-Sustaining Treatment (LST) Decision Act: A Tertiary Hospital Experience in Korea
Yoon Jung Jang, Yun Jung Yang, Hoi Jung Koo, Hye Won Yoon, Seongbeom Uhm, Sun Young Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Jin Won Huh, Tae Won Kim, Seyoung Seo
Cancer Res Treat. 2025;57(1):280-288.   Published online July 1, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.360
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
In Korea, the Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment (LST) was implemented on February 4, 2018. We aimed to investigate relevant factors and clinical changes associated with LST decisions after law enforcement.
Materials and Methods
This single-center retrospective study included patients who completed LST documents using legal forms at Asan Medical Center from February 5, 2018, to June 30, 2020.
Results
5,896 patients completed LST documents, of which 2,704 (45.8%) signed the documents in person, while family members of 3,192 (54%) wrote the documents on behalf of the patients. Comparing first year and following year of implementation of the act, the self-documentation rate increased (43.9% to 47.2%, p=0.014). Moreover, the number of LST decisions made during or after intensive care unit admission decreased (37.8% vs. 35.2%, p=0.045), and the completion rate of LST documents during chemotherapy increased (6.6% vs. 8.9%, p=0.001). In multivariate analysis, age < 65 (odds ratio [OR], 1.724; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.538 to 1.933; p < 0.001), unmarried status (OR, 1.309; 95% CI, 1.097 to 1.561; p=0.003), palliative care consultation (OR, 1.538; 95% CI, 1.340 to 1.765; p < 0.001), malignancy (OR, 1.864; 95% CI, 1.628 to 2.133; p < 0.001), and changes in timing on the first year versus following year (OR, 1.124; 95% CI, 1.003 to 1.260; p=0.045) were related to a higher self-documentation rate.
Conclusion
Age < 65 years, unmarried status, malignancy, and referral to a palliative care team were associated with patients making LST decisions themselves. Furthermore, the subject and timing of LST decisions have changed with the LST act.

Citations

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  • Impact of Intensivist Authority on End-of-Life Practices in a Korean PICU
    Yeonhee Lee, Kyeong Hun Lee, Boyeon Gu, Dagam Kim, In Kyung Lee
    Clinical Pediatrics.2026; 65(4): 516.     CrossRef
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    Jooseon Lee, So-yun Kim, Duk-ki Kim, Green Hong, Song I Lee
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    Tak Kyu Oh, In-Ae Song
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    Songwu Luo, Dongje Cho, Jaehyun Cho
    BMC Medical Ethics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jung Sun Kim, Wan Taek Lee, Bhumsuk Keam, Jin-Ah Sim, Shin Hye Yoo
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 5,160 View
  • 137 Download
  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
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Review Article
Precision Oncology Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review of Phase II Clinical Trials with Biomarker-Driven, Adaptive Design
Hyerim Ha, Hee Yeon Lee, Jee Hyun Kim, Do Yeun Kim, Ho Jung An, SeungJin Bae, Hye-sung Park, Jin Hyoung Kang
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):991-1013.   Published online May 7, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.128
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Novel clinical trial designs are conducted in the precision medicine era. This study aimed to evaluate biomarker-driven, adaptive phase II trials in precision oncology, focusing on infrastructure, efficacy, and safety. We systematically reviewed and analyzed the target studies. EMBASE and PubMed searches from 2015 to 2023 generated 29 eligible trials. Data extraction included infrastructure, biomarker screening methodologies, efficacy, and safety profiles. Government agencies, cancer hospitals, and academic societies with accumulated experiences led investigator-initiated precision oncology clinical trials (IIPOCTs), which later guided sponsor-initiated precision oncology clinical trials (SIPOCTs). Most SIPOCTs were international studies with basket design. IIPOCTs primarily used the central laboratory for biomarker screening, but SIPOCTs used both central and local laboratories. Most of the studies adapted next-generation sequencing and/or immunohistochemistry for biomarker screening. Fifteen studies included an independent central review committee for outcome investigation. Efficacy assessments predominantly featured objective response rate as the primary endpoint, with varying results. Nine eligible studies contributed to the United States Food and Drug Administration’s marketing authorization. Safety monitoring was rigorous, but reporting formats lacked uniformity. Health-related quality of life and patient-reported outcomes were described in some protocols but rarely reported. Our results reveal that precision oncology trials with adaptive design rapidly and efficiently evaluate anticancer drugs’ efficacy and safety, particularly in specified biomarker-driven cohorts. The evolution from IIPOCT to SIPOCT has facilitated fast regulatory approval, providing valuable insights into the precision oncology landscape.

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    Paulina Czajka-Francuz, Chris Twelves, James Spicer, Archana Munje, Laura Vidal, Ruth Plummer, Dinesh Mistry, Maksym Novikov, Jim Bush, Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan, Soma Das, Sharan Sandhu, Vikram Bohra, Chinmayee Joshi, Ken Morrison, Suvarna Chavan, Fiona
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Original Articles
Gastrointestinal cancer
Longitudinal Comparative Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA and Matched Tumor Tissue DNA in Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Receiving Palliative First-Line Systemic Anti-Cancer Therapy
Seung-been Lee, Ji-Won Kim, Hong-Geun Kim, Sung-Hyun Hwang, Kui-Jin Kim, Ju Hyun Lee, Jeongmin Seo, Minsu Kang, Eun Hee Jung, Koung Jin Suh, Se Hyun Kim, Jin Won Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, Nak-Jung Kwon, Keun-Wook Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1171-1182.   Published online April 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.016
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to compare tumor tissue DNA (ttDNA) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) to explore the clinical applicability of ctDNA and to better understand clonal evolution in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer undergoing palliative first-line systemic therapy.
Materials and Methods
We performed targeted sequencing analysis of 88 cancer-associated genes using germline DNA, ctDNA at baseline (baseline-ctDNA), and ctDNA at progressive disease (PD-ctDNA). The results were compared with ttDNA data.
Results
Among 208 consecutively enrolled patients, we selected 84 (41 males; median age, 59 years; range, 35 to 90 years) with all four sample types available. A total of 202 driver mutations were found in 34 genes. ttDNA exhibited the highest mutation frequency (n=232), followed by baseline-ctDNA (n=155) and PD-ctDNA (n=117). Sequencing ctDNA alongside ttDNA revealed additional mutations in 40 patients (47.6%). PD-ctDNA detected 13 novel mutations in 10 patients (11.9%) compared to ttDNA and baseline-ctDNA. Notably, seven mutations in five patients (6.0%) were missense or nonsense mutations in APC, TP53, SMAD4, and CDH1 genes. In baseline-ctDNA, higher maximal variant allele frequency (VAF) values (p=0.010) and higher VAF values of APC (p=0.012), TP53 (p=0.012), and KRAS (p=0.005) mutations were significantly associated with worse overall survival.
Conclusion
While ttDNA remains more sensitive than ctDNA, our ctDNA platform demonstrated validity and potential value when ttDNA was unavailable. Post-treatment analysis of PD-ctDNA unveiled new pathogenic mutations, signifying cancer’s clonal evolution. Additionally, baseline-ctDNA’s VAF values were prognostic after treatment.

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    Rajalakshmi Geetha, Subramania Iyer
    Indian Journal of Precision Medicine and Molecular Medicine.2026; 2(1): 22.     CrossRef
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    Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, John Souglakos, Epameinondas Evangelos Kantidakis, Katerina Achilleos, Troye van Staden, Emmanuel Chrysos
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Association between Endoscopist Volume and Interval Cancers after Colonoscopy: Results from the National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Korea
Dong Jun Kim, Nan-He Yoon, Jae Kwan Jun, Mina Suh, Sunhwa Lee, Seongju Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Hooyeon Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(4):1164-1170.   Published online April 16, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.009
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The rate of interval colorectal cancer (iCRC) is now accepted as a key performance indicator of organized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs. We aimed to examine the association between endoscopist volumes and the rate of iCRC among individuals with a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) within a nationwide population-based CRC screening program.
Materials and Methods
Individuals aged ≥ 50 years who underwent colonoscopy after a positive FIT from January 1, 2019 until December 31, 2020 in the Korean National Cancer Screening Program (KNCSP) were enrolled. We converted the data into per-endoscopist screening results, calculated the iCRC rates per endoscopist, and compared them to the previous year’s annual volume that was divided into five groups (V1, 1-9; V2, 10-29; V3, 30-59; V4, 60-119; V5, ≥ 120).
Results
A total of 10,412 endoscopists performed 216,907 colonoscopies. Overall, the average rate of iCRC per endoscopist was 8.46 per 1,000 examinations. Compared with the group with the highest volume (V5 group), the rate of iCRC was 2.21 times higher in the V1 group. Similar trends were observed in the other groups (V2: relative risks [RR], 2.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57 to 2.94; V3: RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.13; V4: RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.67).
Conclusion
The findings emphasize that endoscopists with lower procedure volumes have higher risks of interval cancer being missed or undetected. To maximize the preventative impact of colonoscopy for CRC, this issue should be addressed by monitoring endoscopist volumes and variations in performances.

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  • Biennial Mammography Performance in the Korean National Cancer Screening Program From 2009 to 2020
    Dong Jun Kim, Nan-He Yoon, Jae Kwan Jun, Mina Suh, Sunhwa Lee, Seongju Kim, Horim A. Hwang, Seung Eun Jung, Hooyeon Lee
    Korean Journal of Radiology.2025; 26(4): 313.     CrossRef
  • Preliminary reports of lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography: a nationwide performance on the Korean population in 2019–2020
    Horim A. Hwang, Dong Jun Kim, Nan-He Yoon, Jae Kwan Jun, Mina Suh, Sunhwa Lee, Seongju Kim, Seung Eun Jung, Hooyeon Lee
    European Radiology.2025; 35(9): 5492.     CrossRef
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Special Articles
Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2021
Eun Hye Park, Kyu-Won Jung, Nam Ju Park, Mee Joo Kang, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Hyun-Joo Kong, Jeong-Soo Im, Hong Gwan Seo, The Community of Population-Based Regional Cancer Registries
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):357-371.   Published online March 13, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.253
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The current study provides national cancer statistics and their secular trends in Korea, including incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2021.
Materials and Methods
Incidence, survival, and prevalence rates of cancer were calculated using the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, from 1999 to 2021, with survival follow-up until December 31, 2022. Deaths from cancer were assessed using causes-of-death data obtained from Statistics Korea.
Results
The number of new cancer diagnoses in 2021 increased by 27,002 cases (10.8%) compared to 2020. In 2021, newly diagnosed cancer cases and deaths from cancer were reported as 277,523 (age-standardized rate [ASR], 289.3 per 100,000) and 82,688 (ASR, 67.6 per 100,000), respectively. The overall cancer incidence rates increased by 3.3% annually from 1999 to 2012, and decreased by 5.3% from 2012 to 2015, thereafter, followed by non-significant changes. Cancer mortality rates have been decreasing since 2002, with more rapid decline in recent years (annual decrease of 2.8% from 2002 to 2013; 3.2% from 2013 to 2021). The 5-year relative survival between 2017 and 2021 was 72.1%, which contributed to prevalent cases reaching over 2.4 million in 2021.
Conclusion
In 2021, the number of newly diagnosed cancer patients increased as healthcare utilization recovered from the coronavirus disease 2019–related declines of 2020. Revised cancer registration guidelines expanded the registration scope, particularly for stomach and colorectal cancer. Survival rates have improved over the years, leading to a growing population of cancer survivors, necessitating a comprehensive cancer control strategy. The long-term impact of the pandemic on cancer statistics requires future investigation.

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Prediction of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Korea, 2024
Kyu-Won Jung, Mee Joo Kang, Eun Hye Park, E Hwa Yun, Hye-Jin Kim, Jeong-Eun Kim, Hyun-Joo Kong, Jeong-Soo Im, Hong Gwan Seo
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):372-379.   Published online March 11, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2024.252
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to report the projected cancer incidence and mortality for the year 2024 to estimate Korea’s current cancer burden.
Materials and Methods
Cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2021 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and cancer mortality data from 1993 to 2022 were acquired from Statistics Korea. Cancer incidence and mortality were projected by fitting a linear regression model to observed age-specific cancer rates against their respective years and multiplying the projected age-specific rates by the anticipated age-specific population for 2024. A joinpoint regression model was used to determine the year in which the linear trend changed significantly; we only used the data of the latest trend for prediction.
Results
In total, 292,221 new cancer cases and 83,770 cancer deaths are expected to occur in Korea in 2024. The most common cancer site is expected to be the thyroid, followed by the colon and rectum, lung, breast, and stomach. These five cancers are expected to represent 55.7% of the overall burden of cancer in Korea. The most common type of cancer leading to death is expected to be lung cancer, followed by liver, colorectal, pancreatic, and stomach cancers.
Conclusion
The age-standardized incidence rates for female breast and prostate cancers are estimated to continue to increase. These up-to-date estimates of the cancer burden in Korea could be an important resource for planning and evaluating cancer-control programs.

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Original Articles
General
Phase 1/2a Study of Rivoceranib, a Selective VEGFR-2 Angiogenesis Inhibitor, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Yoon-Koo Kang, Min-Hee Ryu, Yong Sang Hong, Chang-Min Choi, Tae Won Kim, Baek-Yeol Ryoo, Jeong Eun Kim, John R. Weis, Rachel Kingsford, Cheol Hee Park, Seong Jang, Arlo McGinn, Theresa L. Werner, Sunil Sharma
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):743-750.   Published online January 18, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.980
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to report the results from an early-phase study of rivoceranib, an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor highly selective for vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Materials and Methods
In this open-label, single-arm, dose-escalating, multicenter three-part phase 1/2a trial, patients had advanced solid tumors refractory to conventional therapy. Part 1 evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of five ascending once-daily doses of rivoceranib from 81 mg to 685 mg. Part 2 evaluated the safety and antitumor activity of once-daily rivoceranib 685 mg. Part 3 was conducted later, due to lack of maximum tolerated dose determination in part 1, to evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of once-daily rivoceranib 805 mg in patients with unresectable or advanced gastric cancer.
Results
A total of 61 patients were enrolled in parts 1 (n=25), 2 (n=30), and 3 (n=6). In parts 1 and 2, patients were white (45.5%) or Asian (54.5%), and 65.6% were male. The most common grade ≥ 3 adverse events were hypertension (32.7%), hyponatremia (10.9%), and hypophosphatemia (10.9%). The objective response rate (ORR) was 15.2%. In part 3, dose-limiting toxicities occurred in two out of six patients: grade 3 febrile neutropenia decreased appetite, and fatigue. The ORR was 33%.
Conclusion
The recommended phase 2 dose of rivoceranib was determined to be 685 mg once daily, which showed adequate efficacy with a manageable safety profile (NCT01497704 and NCT02711969).

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  • Advances in Targeted and Systemic Therapy for Salivary Gland Carcinomas: Current Options and Future Directions
    Sushanth Sreenivasan, Rahim Jiwani, Richard White, Veli Bakalov, Ryan Moll, Joseph Liput, Larisa Greenberg
    Current Oncology.2025; 32(4): 232.     CrossRef
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    Yuyu Zhang, Yunshan Li, Fang Xu, Liangyu Pan, Saihang Zhang, Panpan Zhang, Xia Qin, Zuxiao Yang, Wei Yang, Wei Zhang, Dezhi Kong
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Genitourinary cancer
Invasiveness of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Clinical Significance and Integrative Diagnostic Strategy
Bokyung Ahn, Doeun Kim, Kye Jin Park, Ja-Min Park, Sun Young Yoon, Bumsik Hong, Yong Mee Cho, Deokhoon Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(3):856-870.   Published online December 18, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.1150
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
In this study, we aimed to determine the clinicopathologic, radiologic, and molecular significance of the tumor invasiveness to further stratify the patients with high-grade (HG) upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) who can be treated less aggressively.
Materials and Methods
Clinicopathologic and radiologic characteristics of 166 surgically resected HG UTUC (48 noninvasive, and 118 invasive) cases were evaluated. Six noninvasive UTUC cases with intratumoral tumor grade heterogeneity were selected for whole-exome sequencing (WES) to understand the underlying molecular pathophysiology. Barcode-tagging sequencing was done for validation of the target genes from WES data.
Results
Patients with noninvasive UTUC showed no cancer-specific death with better cancer-specific survival (p < 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.001) compared to the patients with invasive UTUC. Compared to the invasive UTUC, noninvasive UTUC was correlated to a low grade (LG) on the preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) grading system (p < 0.001), histologic intratumoral tumor grade heterogeneity (p=0.018), discrepancy in preoperative urine cytology diagnosis (p=0.018), and absence of urothelial carcinoma in situ (p < 0.001). WES of the heterogeneous components showed mutually shared HRAS and FGFR3 mutations shared between the HG and LG components. HRAS mutation was associated with the lower grade on preoperative abdominal CT and intratumoral tumor grade heterogeneity (p=0.045 and p < 0.001, respectively), whereas FGFR3 mutation was correlated to the absence of carcinoma in situ (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
According to our comprehensive analysis, HG noninvasive UTUC can be preoperatively suspected based on distinct preoperative radiologic, cytologic, histologic, and molecular features. Noninvasive HG UTUC shows excellent prognosis and thus should be treated less aggressively.

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    Yong Il Lee, Ja-Min Park, Sun Young Yoon, Cheryn Song, Yong Mee Cho
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    Satoshi Katayama, Benjamin Pradere, Nico C. Grossman, Aaron M. Potretzke, Stephen A. Boorjian, Alireza Ghoreifi, Siamak Daneshmand, Hooman Djaladat, John P. Sfakianos, Andrea Mari, Zine-Eddine Khene, David D’andrea, Nozomi Hayakawa, Kazutoshi Fujita, Axel
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General
Impact of Patient Sex on Adverse Events and Unscheduled Utilization of Medical Services in Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Chemotherapy: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Songji Choi, Seyoung Seo, Ju Hyun Lee, Koung Jin Suh, Ji-Won Kim, Jin Won Kim, Se Hyun Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Keun-Wook Lee, Jwa Hoon Kim, Tae Won Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Sun Young Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Sang-We Kim, Dae Ho Lee, Jae Cheol Lee, Chang-Min Choi, Shinkyo Yoon, Su-Jin Koh, Young Joo Min, Yongchel Ahn, Hwa Jung Kim, Jin Ho Baek, Sook Ryun Park, Jee Hyun Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(2):404-413.   Published online November 7, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.784
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The female sex is reported to have a higher risk of adverse events (AEs) from cytotoxic chemotherapy. Few studies examined the sex differences in AEs and their impact on the use of medical services during adjuvant chemotherapy. This sub-study aimed to compare the incidence of any grade and grade ≥ 3 AEs, healthcare utilization, chemotherapy completion rate, and dose intensity according to sex.
Materials and Methods
This is a sub-study of a multicenter cohort conducted in Korea that evaluated the impact of healthcare reimbursement on AE evaluation in patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy between September 2013 and December 2016 at four hospitals in Korea.
Results
A total of 1,170 patients with colorectal, gastric, or non–small cell lung cancer were included in the study. Female patients were younger, had fewer comorbidities, and experienced less postoperative weight loss of > 10%. Females had significantly higher rates of any grade AEs including nausea, abdominal pain, stomatitis, vomiting, and neutropenia, and experienced more grade ≥ 3 neutropenia, nausea, and vomiting. The dose intensity of chemotherapy was significantly lower in females, and they also experienced more frequent dose reduction after the first cycle. Moreover, female patients receiving platinum-containing regimens had significantly higher rates of unscheduled outpatient visits.
Conclusion
Our study found that females experienced a higher incidence of multiple any-grade AEs and severe neutropenia, nausea, and vomiting, across various cancer types, leading to more frequent dose reductions. Physicians should be aware of sex differences in AEs for chemotherapy decisions.

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    Jun Kawashima, Miho Akabane, Odysseas P. Chatzipanagiotou, Diamantis I. Tsilimigras, Zayed Rashid, Mujtaba Khalil, Abdullah Altaf, Yutaka Endo, Kota Sahara, Federico Aucejo, Hugo P. Marques, Beatriz Chumbinho, Tom Hugh, Shishir K. Maithel, Bas Groot Koerk
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    Rakchha Chhetri, Natansh D Modi, Bradley D Menz, Erik Cornelisse, David Postma, Nicole M Kuderer, Gary H Lyman, Sandra M Swain, Lee X Li, Ahmad Y Abuhelwa, Ross A McKinnon, Sina Vatandoust, Ganessan Kichenadasse, Andrew Rowland, Michael J Sorich, Ashley M
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  • Chemotherapy-Induced Neutropenia in Palestinian Patients with Solid Malignancies: Patient Characteristics, Severity Risk Factors, and Management Patterns
    Natalie Khamashta, Ahmad Dalal, Mo’men Alashwas, Musab Hamdan, Fuad Al-Rimawi, Yousef Sahoury
    Cancer Research Communications.2026; 6(7): 1714.     CrossRef
  • Developing and Validating a Risk Model for Severe Bone Marrow Suppression in Esophageal Cancer Treated with Radiotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Linlin Guo, Qian Zhang, Mengmei Zhang, Xiaohang Zhong, Yadong Song, Yongcheng Fu, Zhaorui Wang, Haozhe Zhang, Youfu He, Chao Li
    Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Toxicidad del esquema FOLFOX-6, asociado o no a bolo de 5-fluorouracilo, en cáncer colorrectal metastásico
    María Teresa Garrido Martínez, María Rodríguez Jorge, Ignacio García Giménez, María Isabel Guzmán Ramos, Salvador Grutzmancher Sáiz, Victoria Aviñó Tarazona
    Farmacia Hospitalaria.2025; 49(3): 154.     CrossRef
  • Cancer care for transgender and gender‐diverse people: Practical, literature‐driven recommendations from the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer
    Elizabeth J. Cathcart‐Rake, Alexandre Chan, Alvaro Menendez, Denise Markstrom, Carla Schnitzlein, Yee Won Chong, Don S. Dizon
    CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians.2025; 75(1): 68.     CrossRef
  • Characterisation of the effects of the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel on neuropathic pain-related behaviour, anxiodepressive behaviour, cognition, and the endocannabinoid system in male and female rats
    Chiara Di Marino, Álvaro Llorente-Berzal, Alba M. Diego, Ariadni Bella, Laura Boullon, Esther Berrocoso, Michelle Roche, David P. Finn
    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • [Translated article] Toxicity of the FOLFOX-6 regimen, with or without 5-fluorouracil bolus, in metastatic colorectal cancer
    María Teresa Garrido Martínez, María Rodríguez Jorge, Ignacio García Giménez, María Isabel Guzmán Ramos, Salvador Grutzmancher Sáiz, Victoria Aviñó Tarazona
    Farmacia Hospitalaria.2025; 49(3): T154.     CrossRef
  • The Influence of Tumor Burden Score and Lymph Node Metastasis on the Survival Benefit of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
    Jun Kawashima, Yutaka Endo, Selamawit Woldesenbet, Mujtaba Khalil, Miho Akabane, François Cauchy, Feng Shen, Shishir Maithel, Irinel Popescu, Minoru Kitago, Matthew J. Weiss, Guillaume Martel, Carlo Pulitano, Luca Aldrighetti, George Poultsides, Andrea Ru
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    Deepika Pathak, K.P. Singh
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    Anna Carollo, Lavinia Piazza, Alessio Provenzani
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Breast cancer
Next-Generation Sequencing in Breast Cancer Patients: Real-World Data for Precision Medicine
Hyunwoo Lee, Yoon Ah Cho, Deok Geun Kim, Eun Yoon Cho
Cancer Res Treat. 2024;56(1):149-161.   Published online August 11, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2023.800
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in females. Numerous drug-targetable biomarkers and predictive biomarkers have been developed. Some researchers have expressed doubts about the need for next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies in daily practice. This study analyzed the results of NGS studies on breast cancer at a single institute and evaluated the real-world applications of NGS data to precision medicine for breast cancer.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively collected the results of NGS studies and analyzed the histopathologic features and genetic profiles of patients treated for breast cancer from 2010 to 2021. Seventy cases had data from CancerSCAN, a customized panel of 375 cancer-associated genes, and 110 cases had data from TruSight Oncology 500.
Results
The most frequently detected single nucleotide variant was the TP53 mutation (123/180, 68.3%), followed by PIK3CA mutations (51/180, 28.3%). Estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1) mutation was detected in 11 patients (6.1%), of whom 10 had hormone receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative breast cancer, and two had no history of prior endocrine therapy. Based on their NGS study results, 13 patients (7.2%) received target therapy. Among them, four patients had a BRCA1 or BRCA2 germline mutation, and nine patients had a PIK3CA mutation.
Conclusion
NGS can provide information about predictive biomarkers and drug-targetable biomarkers that can enable treatment and participation in clinical trials based on precision medicine. Further studies should be conducted to excavate novel drug-targetable biomarkers and develop additional target therapies.

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    Junjie Cao, Yanru Chen, Jiani Song, Shuang Li, Yalin Tang, Xinru Zhang, Lichuan Zhang, Lin Ma
    Frontiers in Oncology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Nada El Makhzen, Brahim El Hejjioui, Badreddine ElMakhzen, Abdelhamid Bouramtane, Sanae Bennis, Laila Bouguenouch, Hugues Abriel
    The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Roman Gulkovskyi, Liliia Fishchuk, Zoia Rossokha, Ganna Gerashchenko, Andrey Bezverkhiy, Volodymyr Kashuba, Olga Lobanova, Valeriy Cheshuk, Roman Vereshchako, Viktoriia Vershyhora, Olena Popova, Natalia Gorovenko, Zenoviy Tkachuk, Mykhailo Tukalo
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    Jiwon Koh, Jinyong Kim, Go-Un Woo, Hanbaek Yi, So Yean Kwon, Jeongmin Seo, Jeong Mo Bae, Jung Ho Kim, Jae Kyung Won, Han Suk Ryu, Yoon Kyung Jeon, Dae-Won Lee, Miso Kim, Tae-Yong Kim, Kyung-Hun Lee, Tae-You Kim, Jee-Soo Lee, Moon-Woo Seong, Sheehyun Kim,
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    Chi-Cheng Huang, Yi-Chen Yeh, Han-Fang Cheng, Bo-Fang Chen, Chun-Yu Liu, Yi-Fang Tsai, Hsiang-Ling Ho, Ling-Ming Tseng
    Journal of the Chinese Medical Association.2025; 88(8): 641.     CrossRef
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    Nicholas Cadirov, Moumita Chaki, Olivia Foroughi, Omar Perez, Stella Redpath, Gary Gustavsen
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    Pathology.2024; 56(5): 653.     CrossRef
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  • NGS mutational status on first diagnostic tissue, liquid biopsy and mastectomy in G2–G3 breast cancer
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General
Validation and Clinical Application of ONCOaccuPanel for Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing of Solid Tumors
Moonsik Kim, Changseon Lee, Juyeon Hong, Juhee Kim, Ji Yun Jeong, Nora Jee-Young Park, Ji-Eun Kim, Ji Young Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(2):429-441.   Published online November 25, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.891
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) is widely used for simultaneously detecting clinically informative genetic alterations in a single assay. Its application in clinical settings requires the validation of NGS gene panels. In this study, we aimed to validate a targeted hybridization capture-based DNA panel (ONCOaccuPanel) using the Illumina MiSeq sequencing platform. The panel allows the simultaneous detection of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), insertions, deletions, and copy number changes of 323 genes and fusions of 17 genes in solid tumors.
Materials and Methods
We used 16 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor samples with previously known genetic mutations and one reference material (HD827) for validation. Moreover, we sequenced an additional 117 FFPE tumor samples to demonstrate the clinical utility of this panel.
Results
Validation revealed a 100% positive percentage agreement and positive predictive value for the detection of SNVs, insertions, deletions, copy number changes, fusion genes, and microsatellite instability–high types. We observed high levels of reproducibility and repeatability (R2 correlation coefficients=0.96-0.98). In the limit of detection assessment, we identified all clinically relevant genes with allele frequencies > 3%. Furthermore, the clinical application of ONCOaccuPanel using 117 FFPE samples demonstrated robust detection of oncogenic alterations. Oncogenic alterations and targetable genetic alterations were detected in 98.2% and 27.4% cases, respectively.
Conclusion
ONCOaccuPanel demonstrated high analytical sensitivity, reproducibility, and repeatability and is feasible for the detection of clinically relevant mutations in clinical settings.

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    Cancer Research and Treatment.2025; 57(2): 492.     CrossRef
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    Keisuke Kodama, Yiwei Ling, Hiroshi Ichikawa, Toshifumi Wakai, Shujiro Okuda, Divijendra Natha Reddy Sirigiri
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Sarcoma
Whole-Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing Identified NOTCH2 and HES1 as Potential Markers of Response to Imatinib in Desmoid Tumor (Aggressive Fibromatosis): A Phase II Trial Study
Joonha Kwon, Jun Hyeong Lee, Young Han Lee, Jeeyun Lee, Jin-Hee Ahn, Se Hyun Kim, Seung Hyun Kim, Tae Il Kim, Kum-Hee Yun, Young Suk Park, Jeong Eun Kim, Kyu Sang Lee, Jung Kyoon Choi, Hyo Song Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1240-1255.   Published online January 17, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1194
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Desmoid tumor, also known as aggressive fibromatosis, is well-characterized by abnormal Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Various therapeutic options, including imatinib, are available to treat desmoid tumor. However, the molecular mechanism of why imatinib works remains unclear. Here, we describe potential roles of NOTCH2 and HES1 in clinical response to imatinib at genome and transcriptome levels.
Materials and Methods
We identified somatic mutations in coding and noncoding regions via whole-genome sequencing. To validate the genetic interaction with expression level in desmoid-tumor condition, we utilized large-scale whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome datasets from the Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes project. RNA-sequencing was performed using prospective and retrospective cohort samples to evaluate the expressional relevance with clinical response.
Results
Among 20 patients, four (20%) had a partial response and 14 (66.7%) had stable disease, 11 of which continued for ≥ 1 year. With gene-wise functional analyses, we detected a significant correlation between recurrent NOTCH2 noncoding mutations and clinical response to imatinib. Based on Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes data analyses, NOTCH2 mutations affect expression levels particularly in the presence of CTNNB1 missense mutations. By analyzing RNA-sequencing with additional desmoid tumor samples, we found that NOTCH2 expression was significantly correlated with HES1 expression. Interestingly, NOTCH2 had no statistical power to discriminate between responders and non-responders. Instead, HES1 was differentially expressed with statistical significance between responders and non-responders.
Conclusion
Imatinib was effective and well tolerated for advanced desmoid tumor treatment. Our results show that HES1, regulated by NOTCH2, as an indicator of sensitivity to imatinib, and an important therapeutic consideration for desmoid tumor.

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  • Therapeutical potential of natural products in treatment of pancreatic cancer: a review
    Sanjeev Kumar Sahu, Pranav Kumar Prabhakar, Manish Vyas
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    Joviana Farhat, Lara Alzyoud, Mohammad AlWahsh, Animesh Acharjee, Basem Al‐Omari
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    N. B. Pilkevich, R. R. Khabibullin, V. A. Markovskaya, O. V. Yavorskaya, A. P. Smirnova
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    Chuanxi Zheng, Jianghong Huang, Gang Xu, Wei Li, Xin Weng, Shiquan Zhang
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    Wanjun Yang, Pei-Rong Ding
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    Igino Simonetti, Federico Bruno, Roberta Fusco, Carmen Cutolo, Sergio Venanzio Setola, Renato Patrone, Carlo Masciocchi, Pierpaolo Palumbo, Francesco Arrigoni, Carmine Picone, Andrea Belli, Roberta Grassi, Francesca Grassi, Antonio Barile, Francesco Izzo,
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  • 294 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
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Gastrointestinal cancer
Histopathologic and Molecular Biomarkers of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor Treatment Response among Patients with Microsatellite Instability‒High Colon Cancer
Jaewon Hyung, Eun Jeong Cho, Jihun Kim, Jwa Hoon Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Tae Won Kim, Chang Ohk Sung, Sun Young Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1175-1190.   Published online January 12, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.1133
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Recent clinical trials have reported response rates < 50% among patients treated with programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors for microsatellite instability‒high (MSI-H) colorectal cancer (CRC), and factors predicting treatment response have not been fully identified. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor treatment response among patients with MSI-H CRC.
Materials and Methods
MSI-H CRC patients enrolled in three clinical trials of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade at Asan Medical Center (Seoul, Republic of Korea) were screened and classified into two groups according to treatment response. Their histopathologic features and expression of 730 immune-related genes from the NanoString platform were evaluated, and a machine learning–based classification model was built to predict treatment response among MSI-H CRCs patients.
Results
A total of 27 patients (15 responders, 12 non-responders) were included. A high degree of lymphocytic/neutrophilic infiltration and an expansile tumor border were associated with treatment response and prolonged progression-free survival (PFS), while mucinous/signet-ring cell carcinoma was associated with a lack of treatment response and short PFS. Gene expression profiles revealed that the interferon-γ response pathway was enriched in the responder group. Of the top eight differentially expressed immune-related genes, PRAME had the highest fold change in the responder group. Higher expression of PRAME was independently associated with better PFS along with histologic subtypes in the multivariate analysis. The classification model using these genes showed good performance for predicting treatment response.
Conclusion
We identified histologic and immune-related gene expression characteristics associated with treatment response in MSI-H CRC, which may contribute to optimal patient stratification.

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    Sheikh Saba Naz, Josep Sabate Ortega
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Prevalence of Psychological Symptoms in Patients Undergoing Pancreatoduodenectomy and Results of a Distress Management System: A Clinic-Based Study
Mee Joo Kang, Eun-Seung Yu, Young Hwa Kang, Hyeong Min Park, Sang-Jae Park, Sun-Whe Kim, Jong-Heun Kim, Sung-Sik Han
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(4):1138-1147.   Published online January 4, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.842
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy are a high-risk group that requires psychosocial support. This study retrospectively reviewed the prevalence of psychological symptoms in patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary neoplasm and the psychosocial referral rate after implementing full screening and triage algorithm for administering a distress management protocol based on the integrated supportive care system established in 2010.
Materials and Methods
From September 2010 to December 2018, insomnia, anxiety, and depression were screened on the first day of admission (T1) and on the 10th postoperative day (T2). Patients with clinical levels of distress were referred to a mental health clinic for appropriate aftercare.
Results
The adherence rate to routine screening was 82.7% (364/440). Among the 364 patients, the prevalence of insomnia, anxiety, and depression increased from 22.0% (T1) to 32.6% (T2, p=0.001), 29.1% to 33.6% (p=0.256), and 18.4% to 27.6% (p=0.001), respectively. Less than 45% of those with psychological symptoms expressed their needs for psychological supportive care. Among those with psychological symptoms at T2, clinical insomnia, anxiety, and depression were detected via in-depth evaluations among 77.2%, 38.1%, and 82.5% of patients, respectively. Patients who had two or more symptoms at T2 had a longer postoperative hospital stay, as compared to those with one or no symptoms (a median of 20.5 days vs. 18.0 days, p=0.006). Psychiatric consultation rate was 72.8% among patients with clinical psychological symptoms, and 74% of the consulted patients completed psychiatric intervention before discharge.
Conclusion
Over one-third of the patients had psychological symptoms before and after pancreatoduodenectomy. Implementing a routine psychological symptoms screening with a systematic psychiatric referral protocol enhanced surgeons’ responsiveness to patients’ psychological symptoms.

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Radiofrequency Ablation versus Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Jesang Yu, Dong Hwan Kim, Jungbok Lee, Yong Moon Shin, Jong Hoon Kim, Sang Min Yoon, Jinhong Jung, Jin Cheon Kim, Chang Sik Yu, Seok-Byung Lim, In Ja Park, Tae Won Kim, Yong Sang Hong, Sun Young Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Jin-hong Park, So Yeon Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(3):850-859.   Published online October 13, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.674
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to compare the treatment outcomes of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM) and to determine the favorable treatment modality according to tumor characteristics.
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively analyzed the records of 222 colorectal cancer patients with 330 CRLM who underwent RFA (268 tumors in 178 patients) or SBRT (62 tumors in 44 patients) between 2007 and 2014. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox models were used by adjusting with inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW).
Results
The median follow-up duration was 30.5 months. The median tumor size was significantly smaller in the RFA group than in the SBRT group (1.5 cm vs 2.3 cm, p<0.001). In IPTW-adjusted analysis, difference in treatment modality was not associated with significant differences in 1-year and 3-year recurrence-free survival (35% vs 43%, 22% vs 23%; p=0.198), overall survival (96% vs 91%, 58% vs 56%; p=0.508), and freedom from local progression (FFLP; 90% vs 72%, 78% vs 60%; p=0.106). Significant interaction effect between the treatment modality and tumor size was observed for FFLP (p=0.001). In IPTW-adjusted subgroup analysis of patients with tumor size >2 cm, the SBRT group had a higher FFLP compared with the RFA group (HR, 0.153; p<0.001).
Conclusion
SBRT and RFA showed similar local control in the treatment of patients with CRLM. Tumor size was an independent prognostic factor for local control and SBRT may be preferred for larger tumors.

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General
Functional Impairments in the Mental Health, Depression and Anxiety Related to the Viral Epidemic, and Disruption in Healthcare Service Utilization among Cancer Patients in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era
Kyumin Kim, Harin Kim, Joohee Lee, Inn-Kyu Cho, Myung Hee Ahn, Ki Young Son, Jeong Eun Kim, Hee Jeong Kim, Sang Min Yoon, So Hee Kim, Moon Jung Kwon, Hwa Jung Kim, Su-Jin Koh, Seyoung Seo, Seockhoon Chung
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(3):671-679.   Published online September 17, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.585
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Literature is scarce regarding cancer care utilization during the massive outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Republic of Korea. We investigated functional impairments in mental health and their relationships with depression, anxiety regarding the viral epidemic, and disruptions in healthcare service utilization among cancer patients in the COVID-19 pandemic era.
Materials and Methods
We used an online survey with questions related to the disturbances faced by patients with cancer in utilizing healthcare services in the pandemic era. Current mental health status was assessed using the Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS), Stress and Anxiety to Viral Epidemics-6 (SAVE-6) scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Cancer-Related Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep Scale (C-DBS), and Fear of COVID-19 over Cancer (FCC).
Results
Among the 221 responders, 95 (43.0%) reported disruptions in healthcare service utilization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression analysis revealed that functional impairment in the mental health of these patients was expected due to disruptions in healthcare service utilization, high levels of depression, anxiety regarding the viral epidemic, fear of COVID over cancer, and low resilience. Mediation analysis showed that patient resilience and cancer-related dysfunctional beliefs about sleep partially mediated the effects of viral anxiety on functional impairment.
Conclusion
In this pandemic era, patients with cancer experience depression, anxiety regarding the viral epidemic, and disruptions in healthcare service utilization, which may influence their functional impairments in mental health.

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Sarcoma
Clinicopathologic Characteristics and Clinical Outcome of Localized Liposarcoma: A Single-Center Experience over 25 Years and Evaluation of PD-L1 Expression
Heejung Chae, Jeong Eun Kim, Wanlim Kim, Jong-Seok Lee, Si Yeol Song, Min Hee Lee, Hye Won Chung, Kyung-Ja Cho, Joon Seon Song, Jin-Hee Ahn
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):579-589.   Published online July 6, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.496
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
For liposarcoma (LPS), clinical course and proper treatment strategies have not been well-established. Recently, immune-checkpoint inhibitors have shown potential efficacy in LPS. We aimed to describe the clinical course of LPS and evaluate the clinical impact of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1).
Materials and Methods
We reviewed all consecutive patients (n=332) who underwent curative-intent surgery for localized LPS at Asan Medical Center between 1989 and 2017. PD-L1 testing was performed in well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPS.
Results
The median age was 56 years with males comprising 60.8%. Abdomen-pelvis (47.6%) and well-differentiated (37.7%) were the most frequent primary site and histologic subtype, respectively. During a median follow-up of 81.2 months, recurrence was observed in 135 (40.7%), and 86.7% (117/135) were loco-regional. Well-differentiated subtype (hazard ratio [HR], 0.38), abdomen-pelvis origin (HR, 2.43), tumor size larger than 5 cm (HR, 1.83), positive resection margin (HR, 2.58), and postoperative radiotherapy (HR, 0.36) were significantly related with recurrence-free survival as well as visceral involvement (HR, 1.84) and multifocality (HR, 3.79) in abdomen-pelvis LPS. PD-L1 was positive in 31.5% (23/73) and 51.3% (39/76) of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPS, respectively, but had no impact on survival outcomes.
Conclusion
Clinical course of LPS was heterogeneous according to histology and anatomic location. Clear resection margin was important to lower recurrence and postoperative radiotherapy might have additional benefit. A decent portion of well-differentiated and dedifferentiated LPS were positive for PD-L1, but its prognostic role was unclear. Further research is needed to determine clinical implications of PD-L1, especially for advanced-stage LPS with unmet needs for effective systemic treatment.

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  • Recurrent Intrathoracic Liposarcoma: A Case Report and a Comprehensive Literature Review of a Rare Clinical Entity
    Vasileios Leivaditis , Manfred Dahm , Athanasios Papatriantafyllou, Hans-Georg Keul, Lydia Kohl, Hans-Joachim Schäfers
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    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(24): 7353.     CrossRef
  • 8,589 View
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Breast cancer
Comparison of the Effectiveness and Clinical Outcome of Everolimus Followed by CDK4/6 Inhibitors with the Opposite Treatment Sequence in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer
Hyehyun Jeong, Jae Ho Jeong, Jeong Eun Kim, Jin-Hee Ahn, Kyung Hae Jung, Sung-Bae Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(2):469-477.   Published online June 23, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.205
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
In hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative metastatic breast cancer (HR+ HER2–MBC), the mainstay treatment options include cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) and everolimus (EVE) in combination with endocrine treatment. This study aims to compare the outcomes of the following treatment sequences: CDK4/6i followed by EVE and EVE followed by CDK4/6i.
Materials and Methods
Data from HR+ HER2– MBC patients treated between January 2014 and November 2020 with both CDK4/6i and EVE were retrospectively analyzed.
Results
Among the 88 patients included in the study, 51 received CDK4/6i before EVE (C→E group), and 37 received EVE before CDK4/6i (E→C group) with endocrine treatment. More patients in the E→C group had endocrine resistance (13.7% vs. 40.5%), experienced palliative chemotherapy (7.8% vs. 40.5%), and were heavily treated (treated as ≥ 3rd line, 5.9% vs. 40.5%). Median overall survival was 46.8 months in the C→E group and 38.9 months in the E→C group (p=0.151). Median composite progression-free survival (PFS), defined as the time from the start of the preceding regimen to disease progression on the following regimen or death, was 24.8 months in the C→E group vs. 21.8 months in the E→C group (p=0.681). Median PFS2/PFS1 ratio did not differ significantly between groups (0.5 in the C→E group, 0.6 in the E→C group; p=0.775). Ten patients (11.4%) discontinued EVE, and two patients (2.3%) discontinued CDK4/6i during treatment.
Conclusion
Although the CDK4/6i-based regimen should be considered as an earlier line of treatment, CDK4/6i- and EVE-based treatments can be valid options in circumstances where the other treatment had been already given.

Citations

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Special Articles
Life-Sustaining Treatment States in Korean Cancer Patients after Enforcement of Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life
Young-Woong Won, Hwa Jung Kim, Jung Hye Kwon, Ha Yeon Lee, Sun Kyung Baek, Yu Jung Kim, Do Yeun Kim, Hyewon Ryu
Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):908-916.   Published online June 2, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.325
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
In Korea, the “Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on Life-sustaining Treatment for Patients at the End of Life” was enacted on February 4, 2018. This study was conducted to analyze the current state of life-sustaining treatment decisions based on National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) data after the law came into force.
Materials and Methods
The data of 173,028 cancer deaths were extracted from NHIS qualification data between November 2015 and January 2019.
Results
The number of cancer deaths complied with the law process was 14,438 of 54,635 cases (26.4%). The rate of patient self-determination was 49.0%. The patients complying with the law process have used a hospice center more frequently (28% vs. 14%). However, the rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission was similar between the patients who complied with and without the law process (ICU admission, 23% vs. 21%). There was no difference in the proportion of patients who had undergone mechanical ventilation and hemodialysis in the comparative analysis before and after the enforcement of the law and the analysis according to the compliance with the law. The patients who complied with the law process received cardiopulmonary resuscitation at a lower rate.
Conclusion
The law has positive effects on the rate of life-sustaining treatment decision by patient’s determination. However, there was no sufficient effect on the withholding or withdrawing of life-sustaining treatment, which could protect the patient from unnecessary or harmful interventions.

Citations

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  • From cultural constraints to structural resilience: a comparative analysis of end-of-life care policies in China, South Korea, the U.S., and the U.K.
    Songwu Luo, Dongje Cho, Jaehyun Cho
    Frontiers in Public Health.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of Intensivist Authority on End-of-Life Practices in a Korean PICU
    Yeonhee Lee, Kyeong Hun Lee, Boyeon Gu, Dagam Kim, In Kyung Lee
    Clinical Pediatrics.2026; 65(4): 516.     CrossRef
  • Awareness, attitudes, and educational needs regarding the life-sustaining treatment decision-making act in Korea among healthcare providers and medical students: a comparative analysis
    Jooseon Lee, So-yun Kim, Duk-ki Kim, Green Hong, Song I Lee
    BMC Medical Ethics.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Impact of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act on End-of-Life Care in the Emergency Department
    Young Woo Um, Hee Eun Kim, Ji Eun Hwang, Seung Hyun Kang, Jae Hyuk Lee, You Hwan Jo
    Journal of Palliative Medicine.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Association between the timing of palliative care consultation and end-of-life outcomes in patients with cancer
    Jung Sun Kim, Wan Taek Lee, Bhumsuk Keam, Jin-Ah Sim, Shin Hye Yoo
    Supportive Care in Cancer.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Factors Affecting Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions and Changes in Clinical Practice after Enforcement of the Life-Sustaining Treatment (LST) Decision Act: A Tertiary Hospital Experience in Korea
    Yoon Jung Jang, Yun Jung Yang, Hoi Jung Koo, Hye Won Yoon, Seongbeom Uhm, Sun Young Kim, Jeong Eun Kim, Jin Won Huh, Tae Won Kim, Seyoung Seo
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2025; 57(1): 280.     CrossRef
  • The Impact of Advanced Care Planning on Hospice Utilization in Patients with Cancer: A Nationwide Analysis in Korea
    Woorim Kim, Boram Kim, Minju Kim, Jin Young Choi
    Cancers.2025; 17(9): 1471.     CrossRef
  • The impact of withholding and withdrawal life-sustaining treatment issues on patients with sepsis: a prospective, nationwide, multicenter cohort study
    So-yun Kim, Da Hyun Kang, Hyekyeong Ju, Dong Kyu Oh, Su Yeon Lee, Mi Hyeon Park, Chae-Man Lim, Song I Lee, Chae-Man Lim, Sang-Bum Hong, Dong Kyu Oh, Su Yeon Lee, Gee Young Suh, Kyeongman Jeon, Ryoung-Eun Ko, Young-Jae Cho, Yeon Joo Lee, Sung Yoon Lim, Sun
    Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Long‐Term Outcomes and Predictors in Cancer‐Related Stroke Using the Linked Data Set
    Tae Jung Kim, Ji Sung Lee, Mi Sun Oh, Soo‐Hyun Park, Kyung‐Ho Yu, Byung‐Chul Lee, Byung‐Woo Yoon, Sang‐Bae Ko
    Journal of the American Heart Association.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Characteristics and outcomes of patients with do-not-resuscitate and physician orders for life-sustaining treatment in a medical intensive care unit: a retrospective cohort study
    Song-I Lee, Ye-Rin Ju, Da Hyun Kang, Jeong Eun Lee
    BMC Palliative Care.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions: National Data Analysis in South Korea
    Jiyeon Choi, Heejung Jeon, Ilhak Lee
    Asian Bioethics Review.2024; 16(1): 33.     CrossRef
  • Recent Trends in the Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment in Patients with Acute Cerebrovascular Disease : 2017–2021
    Seung Hwan Kim, Ji Hwan Jang, Young Zoon Kim, Kyu Hong Kim, Taek Min Nam
    Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society.2024; 67(1): 73.     CrossRef
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    Claire Junga Kim, Do-Kyong Kim, Sookyeong Mun, Minkook Son
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jung Sun Kim, Jeongmi Shin, Nam Hee Kim, Sun Young Lee, Shin Hye Yoo, Bhumsuk Keam, Dae Seog Heo
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    Dong-Won Kang, Yoon-Bo Shim, Eui-Kyung Lee, Mi-Hai Park, Wen-Chi Chou
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    Jung Sun Kim, Sun Young Lee, Min Sung Lee, Shin Hye Yoo, Jeongmi Shin, Wonho Choi, Yejin Kim, Hyung Sook Han, Jinui Hong, Bhumsuk Keam, Dae Seog Heo
    BMC Palliative Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Effect of life-sustaining treatment decision law on pediatric in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation rate: A Korean population-based study
    Jaeyoung Choi, Ah Young Choi, Esther Park, Meong Hi Son, Joongbum Cho
    Resuscitation.2022; 180: 38.     CrossRef
  • Association of perceived life satisfaction with attitudes toward life-sustaining treatment among the elderly in South Korea: a cross-sectional study
    Il Yun, Hyunkyu Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Suk-Yong Jang
    BMC Palliative Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Xi Ke, Hongyu Zhu, Yu Zhang, Ling Yang, Simei Shi, Fang Zhu, Huiyu Luo
    BMC Palliative Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Law Changes Behaviors: Is It Just Enough?
    Dae Ho Lee
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(4): 895.     CrossRef
  • 9,860 View
  • 176 Download
  • 24 Web of Science
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Current Status and Cardinal Features of Patient Autonomy after Enactment of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act in Korea
Hwa Jung Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Jung Hye Kwon, Young-Woong Won, Ha Yeon Lee, Sun Kyung Baek, Hyewon Ryu, Do Yeun Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(4):917-925.   Published online June 2, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.324
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The main purpose of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act recently enacted in Korea is to respect the patient’s self-determination. We aimed to investigate the current status and features of patient self-determination after implementation of the law.
Materials and Methods
Between February 2018 and January 2019, 54,635 cancer deaths were identified from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) database. We analyzed the characteristics of decedents who complied with the law process by self-determination compared with decedents with family determination and with decedents who did not comply with the law process.
Results
In multivariable analysis, patients with self-determination were younger, were less likely to live in rural areas, were less likely to belong to the highest income quintile, were less likely to be treated in general hospitals, and were more likely to show a longer time from cancer diagnosis compared with patients with family determination. Compared with patients who did not comply with the law process, patients with self-determination were younger, lived in Seoul or capital area, were less likely to belong to the highest income quintile, were treated in general hospitals, were less likely to have genitourinary or hematologic malignancies, scored higher on the Charlson comorbidity index, and showed a longer time from cancer diagnosis. Patients with self-determination were more likely to use hospice and less likely to use intensive care units (ICUs) at the end-of-life (EOL).
Conclusion
Decedents with self-determination were more likely to be younger, reside in the Seoul or capital area, show a longer time from cancer diagnosis, and were less likely to belong to the highest income quintile. They utilized hospice more frequently, and received less ICU care at the EOL.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The Impact of Advanced Care Planning on Hospice Utilization in Patients with Cancer: A Nationwide Analysis in Korea
    Woorim Kim, Boram Kim, Minju Kim, Jin Young Choi
    Cancers.2025; 17(9): 1471.     CrossRef
  • ED Visits Among Patients With Advanced Cancer Referred to Outpatient Palliative Care
    Ye Sul Jeung, Sung A. Bae, Sun Young Lee, Jin-Ah Sim, Bhumsuk Keam, Shin Hye Yoo
    JAMA Network Open.2025; 8(7): e2521101.     CrossRef
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    Mingyang Qian, Wei Jiang, Qingsong Zou, Wenlin Cheng, Mengyi Xu, Li Hua, Jiangming Yu
    Patient Preference and Adherence.2025; Volume 19: 2609.     CrossRef
  • Factors influencing self-decision in withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments among older patients admitted to general hospital: A retrospective case-control study
    Young Min Jeong, Hee-Ju Kim
    Journal of Korean Gerontological Nursing.2025; 27(3): 271.     CrossRef
  • The effects of hospice care on healthcare expenditure among cancer patients
    Hoyol Jhang, Wonjeong Jeong, Hyun-Soo Zhang, Dong-Woo Choi, Hyejung Kang, Sohee Park
    BMC Health Services Research.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Problems Related to the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment and Directions for Improvement
    Dae Seog Heo, Shin Hye Yoo, Bhumsuk Keam, Sang Ho Yoo, Younsuck Koh
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2022; 25(1): 1.     CrossRef
  • Aggressiveness of care in the last days of life in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Korea
    Jung Sun Kim, Sun Young Lee, Min Sung Lee, Shin Hye Yoo, Jeongmi Shin, Wonho Choi, Yejin Kim, Hyung Sook Han, Jinui Hong, Bhumsuk Keam, Dae Seog Heo
    BMC Palliative Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Use of antimicrobial agents in actively dying inpatients after suspension of life-sustaining treatments: Suggestion for antimicrobial stewardship
    Dayeong Kim, Subin Kim, Kyoung Hwa Lee, Sang Hoon Han
    Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2022; 55(4): 651.     CrossRef
  • Association of perceived life satisfaction with attitudes toward life-sustaining treatment among the elderly in South Korea: a cross-sectional study
    Il Yun, Hyunkyu Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Suk-Yong Jang
    BMC Palliative Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Law Changes Behaviors: Is It Just Enough?
    Dae Ho Lee
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(4): 895.     CrossRef
  • 9,411 View
  • 153 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 10 Crossref
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Original Article
CNS cancer
Detection of TERT Promoter Mutations Using Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing: Overcoming GC Bias through Trial and Error
Hyunwoo Lee, Boram Lee, Deok Geun Kim, Yoon Ah Cho, Jung-Sun Kim, Yeon-Lim Suh
Cancer Res Treat. 2022;54(1):75-83.   Published online May 3, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2021.107
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Detection of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations is a crucial process in the integrated diagnosis of glioblastomas. However, the TERT promoter region is difficult to amplify because of its high guanine-cytosine (GC) content (> 80%). This study aimed to analyze the capturing of TERT mutations by targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.
Materials and Methods
We compared the detection rate of TERT mutations between targeted NGS and Sanger sequencing in 25 cases of isocitrate dehydrgenase (IDH)-wildtype glioblastomas and 10 cases of non-neoplastic gastric tissues. Our customized panel consisted of 232 essential glioma-associated genes.
Results
Sanger sequencing detected TERT mutations in 17 out of 25 glioblastomas, but all TERT mutations were missed by targeted NGS. After the manual visualization of the NGS data using an integrative genomics viewer, 16 cases showed a TERT mutation with a very low read depth (mean, 21.59; median, 25), which revealed false-negative results using auto-filtering. We optimized our customized panel by extending the length of oligonucleotide baits and increasing the number of baits spanning the coverage of the TERT promoter, which did not amplify well due to the high GC content.
Conclusion
Our study confirmed that it is crucial to consider the recognition of molecular bias and to carefully interpret NGS data.

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    Mio Tsuruoka, Masashi Ninomiya, Jun Inoue, Tomoaki Iwata, Akitoshi Sano, Kosuke Sato, Masazumi Onuki, Satoko Sawahashi, Atsushi Masamune
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