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Right Then, Wrong Now: Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer in Korea
Aesun Shin, Kyu-Won Jung, Seung-Yong Jeong
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(3):1058-1060.   Published online February 6, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.1612
PDFPubReaderePub

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Exploring the nexus between obesity, metabolic syndrome, and colorectal cancer
    Jong Yoon Lee
    Kosin Medical Journal.2024; 39(1): 18.     CrossRef
  • Clinical and pathological characteristics of early-onset colorectal cancer in South Korea
    Su Bee Park, Jin Young Yoon, Min Seob Kwak, Jae Myung Cha
    Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 29(6): 358.     CrossRef
  • Association or causation: still more questions than answers in early-onset gastrointestinal cancers
    E. Fontana, I. Ben-Aharon
    ESMO Gastrointestinal Oncology.2023; 1: 40.     CrossRef
  • 2,359 View
  • 126 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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Original Articles
Gastrointestinal cancer
Descriptive Analysis of Gastric Cancer Mortality in Korea, 2000-2020
Tung Hoang, Hyeongtaek Woo, Sooyoung Cho, Jeeyoo Lee, Sayada Zartasha Kazmi, Aesun Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2023;55(2):603-617.   Published online September 6, 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2022.307
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to examine secular trends, age-period-cohort effects, and geographical differences in gastric cancer (GC) mortality in Korea.
Materials and Methods
Using cause of death data from the Korean Statistical Information Service for GC from 2000 to 2020, we calculated average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) in the age-standardized mortality of GC in 17 cities and provinces through joinpoint regression. Decomposition of age, period, and cohort effects on GC mortality were elucidated by applying a log-linear model and an intrinsic estimate method. Spatial patterns and the degree of spatial clustering in 250 administrative regions were explored via Moran’s I statistics. Stratification by sex was performed for all analyses.
Results
The age-standardized mortality of GC per 100,000 persons declined from 29.0 in 2000 to 7.9 in 2020 (AAPC, -6.28%). Age-period-cohort analyses of GC mortality showed a downward trend among five-year age groups from age 20-89 years across five-year periods from 2005-2020 and five-year birth cohorts from 1920-2000. Overall, the younger birth cohort showed lower mortality rates than the older cohort within the same period. In 2020, clusters of high GC mortality were observed in the central area for men (Chungcheongbuk, Jeollabuk, Gyeongsangbuk, and Gyeongsangnam) and in the eastern area for women (Gyeongsangbuk).
Conclusion
This study identified a downward trend in GC mortality among men and women from 2000 to 2020 in Korea. This trend was mainly attributed to birth cohort rather than period effects. Spatial analysis showed high GC mortality in the Chungcheong and Gyeongsangbuk areas.

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  • Expression of claudin 18.2 in poorly cohesive carcinoma and its association with clinicopathologic parameters in East Asian patients
    Moonsik Kim, Byung Woog Kang, Jihyun Park, Jin Ho Baek, Jong Gwang Kim
    Pathology - Research and Practice.2024; 263: 155628.     CrossRef
  • Updated Epidemiology of Gastric Cancer in Asia: Decreased Incidence but Still a Big Challenge
    Wing Sum Shin, Fuda Xie, Bonan Chen, Peiyao Yu, Jun Yu, Ka Fai To, Wei Kang
    Cancers.2023; 15(9): 2639.     CrossRef
  • 5,027 View
  • 191 Download
  • 4 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Population Attributable Fraction of Established Modifiable Risk Factors on Colorectal Cancer in Korea
Sooyoung Cho, Aesun Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(2):480-486.   Published online October 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.742
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) of established risk factors for colorectal cancer, to provide evidence for prioritizing cancer prevention policy.
Materials and Methods
The exposure prevalence was calculated by using data from the 2005 Korean National Health Examination Survey for tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and meat intake. Risk estimates (relative risks) were selected from the published meta-analyses. Cancer incidence data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry were used to estimate the preventable number of colorectal cancer cases in 2015.
Results
The PAFs of the tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity, physical inactivity, and consumption of red and processed meat were as follows: 9.2%, 11.1%, 9.1%, 18.9%, and 10.1% for colon cancer and 21.8%, 12.3%, 3.5%, 5.3%, and 9.2% for rectal cancer among men; 1.0%, 1.3%, 2.7%, 12.3% and 9.2% for colon cancer and 1.7%, 2.3%, 0.8%, 7.2%, and 8.3% for rectal cancer among women. The PAFs of selected risk factors were 46.2% for colon and 42.4% for rectum among men, while 24.3% for colon and 18.9% for rectum among women. The attributable numbers of colon and rectal cancer to selected risk factors were 4,028 and 3,049 cases among men, respectively, while 1,644 and 778 cases among women in the year of 2015.
Conclusion
Changes in modifiable risk factors could prevent half of the colorectal cancer in the Korean population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Population attributable fractions of modifiable cancer risk factors in Korea: A systematic review
    Mi Ah Han, Seo‐Hee Kim, Eu Chang Hwang, Jae Hung Jung, Sun Mi Park
    Asia-Pacific Journal of Clinical Oncology.2024; 20(2): 299.     CrossRef
  • NME1 and DCC variants are associated with susceptibility and tumor characteristics in Mexican patients with colorectal cancer
    Rosa María Márquez-González, Anilú Margarita Saucedo-Sariñana, César de Jesús Tovar-Jacome, Patricio Barros-Núñez, Martha Patricia Gallegos-Arreola, Mario Humberto Orozco-Gutiérrez, Ignacio Mariscal-Ramírez, Tomas Daniel Pineda-Razo, Aldo Antonio Alcaraz-
    Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Relationship Between Aspirin Use and Site-Specific Colorectal Cancer Risk Among Individuals With Metabolic Comorbidity
    Seokyung An, Madhawa Gunathilake, Jeonghee Lee, Minji Kim, Jae Hwan Oh, Hee Jin Chang, Dae Kyung Sohn, Aesun Shin, Jeongseon Kim
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A historical cohort study with 27,754 individuals on the association between meat consumption and gastrointestinal tract and colorectal cancer incidence
    Rachel Dankner, Angela Chetrit, Sivan Ben Avraham, Nirit Agay, Ofra Kalter‐Leibovici, Uri Goldbourt, Walid Saliba, Lital Keinan‐Boker, Danit Shahar, Laurence S. Freedman
    International Journal of Cancer.2024; 155(11): 2009.     CrossRef
  • Body Mass Index and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Asia
    Pedram Paragomi, Zhongjie Zhang, Sarah Krull Abe, Md. Rashedul Islam, Md. Shafiur Rahman, Eiko Saito, Xiao-Ou Shu, Bashir Dabo, Yen Thi-Hai Pham, Yu Chen, Yu-Tang Gao, Woon-Puay Koh, Norie Sawada, Reza Malekzadeh, Ritsu Sakata, Atsushi Hozawa, Jeongseon K
    JAMA Network Open.2024; 7(8): e2429494.     CrossRef
  • Cancers attributable to diet in Italy
    Federica Turati, Gianfranco Alicandro, Giulia Collatuzzo, Claudio Pelucchi, Matteo Malvezzi, Fabio Parazzini, Eva Negri, Paolo Boffetta, Carlo La Vecchia, Matteo Di Maso
    International Journal of Cancer.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Influence of Lifestyles on Polyp Burden and Cancer Development in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes
    Hye Kyung Hyun, Ji Soo Park, Jihye Park, Soo Jung Park, Jae Jun Park, Jae Hee Cheon, Tae Il Kim
    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Risk and survival in colorectal cancer with increasing body mass index: A nationwide population‐based cohort study
    Usman Saeed, Tor Å. Myklebust, Trude E. Robsahm, Marlene F. Kielland, Bjørn Møller, Bjørn S. Skålhegg, Tom Mala, Sheraz Yaqub
    Colorectal Disease.2023; 25(3): 375.     CrossRef
  • Risk factor analysis of malignant adenomas detected during colonoscopy
    Hong Hu, Xiaoyuan Gong, Kai Xu, Shenzheng Luo, Wei Gao, Baiwen Li, Dadao Jing
    Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Associations between Physical Activity and Incidence of Cancer among Overweight Adults in Korea: Results from the Health Examinees-G Study
    Jaesung Choi, JooYong Park, Ji-Eun Kim, Miyoung Lee, Daehee Kang, Aesun Shin, Ji-Yeob Choi
    Cancer Prevention Research.2023; 16(7): 405.     CrossRef
  • The underestimated impact of excess body weight on colorectal cancer risk: Evidence from the UK Biobank cohort
    Fatemeh Safizadeh, Marko Mandic, Dianne Pulte, Tobias Niedermaier, Michael Hoffmeister, Hermann Brenner
    British Journal of Cancer.2023; 129(5): 829.     CrossRef
  • Modifiable lifestyle factors have a larger contribution to colorectal neoplasms than family history
    Shuyuan Wang, Zhen Yuan, Yuqi Wang, Xuanzhu Zhao, Weifeng Gao, Hongzhou Li, Yuanshun Zhao, Zili Zhang, Shuiqing Liang, Zhaoce Liu, Qinghuai Zhang, Hong Ma, Xipeng Zhang, Wei Cui, Chunze Zhang
    BMC Cancer.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • 6,968 View
  • 204 Download
  • 12 Crossref
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Adherence to the Recommended Intake of Calcium and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the HEXA Study
Jeeyoo Lee, Aesun Shin, Ji-Yeob Choi, Daehee Kang, Jong-Koo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2021;53(1):140-147.   Published online August 25, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.480
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Dietary calcium intake has been suggested to be protective against the development of colorectal cancer. The mean dietary calcium intake of Koreans is 490 mg/day, which is far below the recommended calcium intake of 700-800 mg/day. In this study, we explored the relationship between dietary calcium intake and colorectal cancer development in Koreans with relatively low calcium intake compared with individuals in Western countries.
Materials and Methods
The Health Examinees Study, a large-scale genomic community-based prospective cohort study, was designed to identify the general characteristics of major chronic diseases in Koreans. A total of 119,501 participants aged 40-69 years recruited between 2004 and 2013 were included in this analysis. The calcium intake level was categorized using the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs). The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
In the multivariable-adjusted model, compared with the group that consumed less than the recommended amount of calcium, the group that consumed more than the recommended intake of calcium showed a significant reduction in the risk of colorectal cancer in women. (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.95). Among men, however, no significant association was observed between dietary calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.54 to 1.45).
Conclusion
Korean women who adhere to the recommended intake of calcium showed a reduced risk of colorectal cancer.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Implication of calcium supplementations in health and diseases with special focus on colorectal cancer
    Shahanavaj Khan, S. Needa Mosvi, Saeed Vohra, Nitesh Kumar Poddar
    Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences.2024; 61(6): 496.     CrossRef
  • The burden of colorectal cancer attributable to dietary risk in Middle East and North African from 1990 to 2019
    Yahya Pasdar, Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani, Hawal Lateef Fateh, Davood Soleimani, Behrooz Hamzeh, Mojtaba Ghalandari, Behrooz Moloudpour, Mitra Darbandi
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ji Hyun Kim, Shinyoung Jun, Jeongseon Kim
    Epidemiology and Health.2023; 45: e2023102.     CrossRef
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    Yunhua Fu, Dong Xie, Yinghao Zhu, Xinyue Zhang, Hao Yue, Kai Zhu, Zifeng Pi, Yulin Dai
    Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Osteosarcopenic adiposity syndrome update and the role of associated minerals and vitamins
    Jasminka Z. Ilich
    Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.2021; 80(3): 344.     CrossRef
  • 6,417 View
  • 150 Download
  • 5 Crossref
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Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acid Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort
Aesun Shin, Sooyoung Cho, Sven Sandin, Marie Lof, Moon Young Oh, Elisabete Weiderpass
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):848-854.   Published online March 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.550
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We aimed to assess the association between the dietary intake of fish-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of colorectal cancer among Swedish women.
Materials and Methods
A total of 48,233 women with information on dietary intake were included in the analysis. Participants were followed for incident colorectal cancer until 31 December 2012. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between baseline fatty acid intake and colorectal cancer risk. All analyses were stratified by colon and rectal cancers.
Results
During a median of 21.3 years of follow-up, a total of 344 colorectal cancer cases were ascertained. Although there was no overall association between omega-3 fatty acid intake and colorectal cancer risk, high intake of fish-derived docosahexaenoic acid was associated with reduced risk of rectal cancer (hazard ratios for the third and the highest quartiles were 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.96) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.98), respectively).
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found only limited support for an association between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and colorectal cancer in a large Swedish cohort of middle-aged women.

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  • Associations between diet and nutritional supplements and colorectal cancer: A systematic review
    Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Shirin Tajadod, Nazanin Majidi, Zohreh Aghakhaninejad, Zahra Mahmoudi, Zahra Mousavi, Arezoo Amjadi, Farkhondeh Alami, Mahdie Torkaman, Zahra Saeedirad, Saeid Doaei, Hanieh Shafaei, Naser Kalantari
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    Ha Thi Mien Nguyen, Madhawa Gunathilake, Jeonghee Lee, Jae Hwan Oh, Hee Jin Chang, Dae Kyung Sohn, Aesun Shin, Jeongseon Kim
    Nutrition Research.2024; 131: 71.     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Immunology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 182 Download
  • 14 Web of Science
  • 16 Crossref
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Genetic Risk Score, Combined Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Young Ae Cho, Jeonghee Lee, Jae Hwan Oh, Hee Jin Chang, Dae Kyung Sohn, Aesun Shin, Jeongseon Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2019;51(3):1033-1040.   Published online October 18, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2018.447
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Both genetic and lifestyle factors contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer, but each individual factor has a limited effect. Therefore, we investigated the association between colorectal cancer and the combined effects of genetic factors or/and lifestyle risk factors.
Materials and Methods
In a case-control study of 632 colorectal cancer patients and 1,295 healthy controls, we quantified the genetic risk score for colorectal cancer using 13 polymorphisms. Furthermore, we determined a combined lifestyle risk score including obesity, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dietary inflammatory index. The associations between colorectal cancer and risk score using these factors were examined using a logistic regression model.
Results
Higher genetic risk scores were associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (odds ratio [OR], 2.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.89 to 3.49 for the highest tertile vs. lowest tertile). Among the modifiable factors, previous body mass index, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol consumption, and a high inflammatory diet were associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. A higher lifestyle risk score was associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (OR, 5.82; 95% CI, 4.02 to 8.44 for the highest tertile vs. lowest tertile). This association was similar in each genetic risk category.
Conclusion
Adherence to a healthy lifestyle is associated with a substantially reduced risk of colorectal cancer regardless of individuals’ genetic risk.

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Trends in Gallbladder Cancer Incidence and Survival in Korea
Youngjun Wi, Hyeongtaek Woo, Young-Joo Won, Jin-Young Jang, Aesun Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2018;50(4):1444-1451.   Published online January 24, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2017.279
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The current study was undertaken to examine the trend in gallbladder cancer (GBC) incidence and survival in Korea.
Materials and Methods
GBC incidence data by histologic typewere obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Age-standardized incidence rates were calculated using the mid-year Korean population of 2000 as a standard population, and a joinpoint regression model was used to calculate the annual percent change (APC) in incidence rates. Incidence by Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) summary stage and by geographical areas and female-to-male incidence rate ratios was also described.
Results
The number of new GBC cases increased between 1999 and 2013. Nevertheless, the agestandardized incidence rate decreased by 0.5% per year in men (p < 0.01), whereas the incidence rate in women did not change significantly over the same period (APC, –0.2; p=0.6). The most common histologic type was adenocarcinoma in both sexes. Based on the SEER stage, the distant stage was the most frequent stage (41%), followed by the regional stage (37%). Ulsan (4.31/100,000 for men and 4.09/100,000 forwomen in 2009- 2013) and Gyeongsangnam-do (4.15/100,000 for men and 3.54/100,000 for women) showed the highest GBC incidence, whereas the lowest incidence was observed in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. There were no significant sex differences in the incidence of GBC (femaleto-male incidence rate ratio, 0.96).
Conclusion
The overall incidence of GBC in Korea did not change significantly over the 15-year period. Incidence for men and women was similar. However, geographical variation was found.

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Lung Cancer Epidemiology in Korea
Aesun Shin, Chang-Mo Oh, Byung-Woo Kim, Hyeongtaek Woo, Young-Joo Won, Jin-Soo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(3):616-626.   Published online September 23, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2016.178
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The current study was undertaken to examine the trends in the lung cancer incidence, mortality, and survival after a diagnosis in Korea.
Materials and Methods
Lung cancer incidence data according to the histologic type and mortality data were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry and the Statistics Korea, respectively. The age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were calculated, and the Joinpoint model and age-period-cohort analyses were used to describe the trends in the rates. The 5-year relative survival rates of lung cancer were also calculated.
Results
Although the number of new lung cancer cases increased between 1999 and 2012, the age-standardized incidence rate decreased by 0.9% per year in men, whereas the incidence in women increased by 1.7% per year over the same time. Until 2010, the most common histologic type in men was squamous cell carcinoma, then adenocarcinoma prevailed thereafter. Since 1999, the most frequent histological type in women was adenocarcinoma. The lung cancer mortality started to decrease in 2002, with a more apparent decline for the younger age groups in both men and women. Overall, the 5-year relative survival rates have improved significantly from 11.2% for men and 14.7% for women among patients diagnosed between 1993 and 1997 to 19.3% for men and 28.2% for women among patients diagnosed between 2008 and 2012, respectively. An improvement in survival rate was observed for all major histology groups.
Conclusion
The epidemiology of lung cancer in Korea has changed over a short time span, with decreasing mortality and improving survival rates. Further study is warranted to determine the cause of these changes.

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Correspondence
Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Korea Is Not the Highest in the World
Aesun Shin, Kyu-Won Jung, Hyeongtaek Woo, Seung-Yong Jeong
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):864-867.   Published online January 28, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.484
PDFPubReaderePub

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Original Articles
Nucleotide Excision Repair Gene ERCC2 and ERCC5 Variants Increase Risk of Uterine Cervical Cancer
Jungnam Joo, Kyong-Ah Yoon, Tomonori Hayashi, Sun-Young Kong, Hye-Jin Shin, Boram Park, Young Min Kim, Sang-Hyun Hwang, Jeongseon Kim, Aesun Shin, Joo-Young Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2016;48(2):708-714.   Published online June 22, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2015.098
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Defects in the DNA damage repair process can cause genomic instability and play an important role in cervical carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of 29 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes in the DNA repair pathway, TP53, and TP53BP1 with the risk of cervical cancer.
Materials and Methods
Twenty-nine SNPs in four genes in the DNA repair pathway (ERCC2, ERCC5, NBS1, and XRCC1), TP53, and TP53BP1 were genotyped for 478 cervical cancer patients and 922 healthy control subjects, and their effects on cervical carcinogenesis were analyzed.
Results
The most significant association was found for rs17655 in ERCC5, with an age-adjusted p-value < 0.0001, for which a strong additive effect of the risk allele C was observed (odds ratio, 2.01 for CC to GG). On the other hand, another significant polymorphism rs454421 in ERCC2 showed a dominant effect (odds ratio, 1.68 for GA+AA to GG) with an age-adjusted p-value of 0.0009. The association of these polymorphisms remained significant regardless of the age of onset. The significant result for rs17655 was also consistent for subgroups of patients defined by histology and human papillomavirus (HPV) types. However, for rs454421, the association was observed only in patients with squamous cell carcinoma and non-HPV 18 type.
Conclusion
The results of this study show a novel association of cervical cancer and the genes involved in the nucleotide excision pathway in the Korean population.

Citations

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Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Thyroid Cancer Incidence in Korea
Chang-Mo Oh, Kyu-Won Jung, Young-Joo Won, Aesun Shin, Hyun-Joo Kong, Jin-Soo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2015;47(3):362-369.   Published online December 2, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2014.110
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
South Korea has the highest incidence rate of thyroid cancer in the world, and the incidence rate continues to increase. The aim of this study was to determine the age-period-cohort effects on the incidence of thyroid cancer in Korea.
Materials and Methods
Using the Korean National Cancer registry database, age-standardized incidence rates and annual percent changes (APCs) in thyroid cancer according to sex and histologic type were analyzed between 1997 and 2011. Age-period-cohort models were applied using an intrinsic estimator method according to sex.
Results
In both men and women, the incidence of thyroid cancer showed a sharp increase from 1997 through 2011. Among the histologic types, papillary carcinoma showed the greatest increase, with APCs of 25.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.7% to 27.5%) in men and 23.7% (95% CI, 21.9% to 25.5%) in women, whereas anaplastic carcinoma did not show a significant increase in either sex. An increase in overall thyroid cancer incidence over time was observed in all birth cohorts. An age-period-cohort model indicated a steeply increasing period effect, which increased prominently from 1997 to 2011 in both men and women. The age effect showed an inverted U-shaped trend. The cohort effect tended to show a slight increase or remain constant from 1952 to 1977, followed by a decrease.
Conclusion
The period effect can explain the sharp increase in thyroid cancer incidence, strongly suggesting the role of thyroid screening.

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Survival of Korean Adult Cancer Patients by Stage at Diagnosis, 2006-2010: National Cancer Registry Study
Kyu-Won Jung, Young-Joo Won, Hyun-Joo Kong, Chang-Mo Oh, Aesun Shin, Jin-Soo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2013;45(3):162-171.   Published online September 30, 2013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2013.45.3.162
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
Although the cancer stage at diagnosis is the most important prognostic factor for patients' survival, there are few population-based estimates of stage-specific survival outcome, especially in Asian countries. Our study aims to estimate stage-specific survival for Korean patients.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We analyzed the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database data on 626,506 adult patients aged > or = 20 years, who were diagnosed between 2006 and 2010 with stomach, colorectal, liver, lung, breast, cervix, prostate, and thyroid cancers. Patients were followed up to December 2011, and the 5-year relative survival rates (RSRs) were calculated for gender and age group by Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) stage at diagnosis.
RESULTS
The 5-year RSRs for all localized-stage cancers, except for lung and liver, exceeded 90% with that for thyroid cancer being the highest at 100.4%. These values for distant stage liver, lung, and stomach cancers were very dismal at 2.5%, 4.8%, and 5.5%, respectively, while it was 69.1% for thyroid cancer, and was in the range of 18.3-36.4% for colorectal, cervix, breast and prostate cancers. Overall, the 5-year RSRs for all cancer types decreased with aging across all the disease stages with exception of prostate cancer, which suggests biologic difference in these cancer types in a young age group. When compared with US SEER data, Korean patients had better stage-specific survival rates for stomach, colorectal, liver, and cervical cancers.
CONCLUSION
Korean cancer patients showed relatively favorable stage distribution and 5-year RSRs, which suggests potential contribution of the national cancer screening program.

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Increasing Trend of Colorectal Cancer Incidence in Korea, 1999-2009
Aesun Shin, Kyee-Zu Kim, Kyu-Won Jung, Sohee Park, Young-Joo Won, Jeongseon Kim, Dae Yong Kim, Jae Hwan Oh
Cancer Res Treat. 2012;44(4):219-226.   Published online December 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2012.44.4.219
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
This study was conducted in order to demonstrate changing trends in colorectal cancer incidence according to sex, age group, and anatomical location in the Korean population.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data from the Korea Central Cancer Registry between 1999 and 2009 were analyzed. Annual percent changes (APCs) of sex- and age-specific incidence rates for cancer of the proximal colon (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision [ICD-10] code C18.0-18.5), distal colon (C18.6-18.7), and rectum (C19-20), and male-to-female incidence rate ratios (IRR) were calculated.
RESULTS
The age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) of colorectal cancer was 27 (per 100,000) in 1999 and increased to 50.2 in 2009 among men (APC, 6.6%). The ASR for women was 17.2 in 1999 and 26.9 in 2009 (APC, 5.1%). The rectum was the most common site of cancer among both men and women during 1999 and 2009. However, the distal colon had the highest APC (10.8% among men and 8.4% among women), followed by the proximal colon (7.9% among men and 6.6% among women), and rectum (5.2% among men and 2.4% among women). The proportion of rectal cancer decreased from 51.5% in 1999 to 47.1% in 2009 among men, and from 50.5% to 42.8% among women. An increase in the male-to-female IRR was observed for distal colon cancer and rectal cancer, whereas the IRR for proximal colon cancer was stable.
CONCLUSION
The rapid increase in colorectal cancer incidence is mainly attributed to the increase in colon cancer, especially distal colon cancer, and may be explained by a transition of risk factors for subsites or by the effect of colorectal cancer screening.

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