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Volume 52(3); July 2020
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Special Article
Choosing Wisely: The Korean Perspective and Launch of the ‘Right Decision in Cancer Care’ Initiative
Joo-Young Kim, Kyoung Eun Lee, Kyubo Kim, Myung Ah Lee, Won Sup Yoon, Dong Seok Han, Sung Gwe Ahn, Jung-Hun Kang
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):655-660.   Published online June 2, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.221
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Government healthcare expenditure is rising in Korea, and the costs incurred by patients in Korea exceed those incurred by patients in other Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. Despite the increasing health expenditure, patient demand for services is increasing as well, so it is now becoming recognized that cancer care needs to be balanced. The most important measure in cancer care optimization is to provide high-quality care while keeping costs sustainable. The Korean Cancer Association considers the current situation of cancer therapy in Korea the foremost issue, which has led to the implementation of the nationwide ‘Right Decisions in Cancer Care’ initiative. This initiative is based on the concepts of medical professionalism in that it should be led by physicians working in the field of oncology, that education should be offered to patients and clinicians, and that it should influence healthcare policy. In this article, we introduce the nationwide ‘Right Decision in Cancer Care’ initiative and highlight the five initial items on its agenda. The agenda is open to expansion and update as the medical environment evolves and additional clinical evidence becomes available.

Citations

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Original Articles
PD-L1 Testing in Gastric Cancer by the Combined Positive Score of the 22C3 PharmDx and SP263 Assay with Clinically Relevant Cut-offs
Yujun Park, Jiwon Koh, Hee Young Na, Yoonjin Kwak, Keun-Wook Lee, Sang-Hoon Ahn, Do Joong Park, Hyung-Ho Kim, Hye Seung Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):661-670.   Published online January 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.718
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
We provide a comparison between 22C3 pharmDx and SP263 assay, for evaluating programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in advanced gastric cancer (GC) patients.
Materials and Methods
The PD-L1 immunohistochemistry by 22C3 pharmDx and SP263 assays was performed in the center of the tumor (CT) and invasive margin (IM) in 379 GC tissues using tissue microarrays and interpreted as combined positive score (CPS) and tumor proportion score (TPS). Of the total samples, 55 samples were independently reviewed by five pathologists.
Results
The two assays showed a high correlation in both the CPS and TPS. At a CPS ≥ 1 cut-off, 219 (57.8%) and 231 (60.9%) GCs were positive for PD-L1 with the 22C3 and SP263 assays, and at ≥ 10 cut-off, 37 (9.8%) and 36 (9.5%) GCs were positive, respectively. The overall percent agreement (OPA) was greater than 90% with CPS ≥ 1 and ≥ 10 cut-offs, and TPS ≥ 1% and ≥ 10% cut-offs. There was higher OPA between the two assays with a CPS cut-off ≥ 10 (99.2%) than ≥ 1 (94.7%). The percent agreement between the CT and IM was higher with a CPS cut-off ≥ 10 (92.9%) than ≥ 1 (77.6%). Patient with positive expression at CPS ≥ 5 cut-off had a significantly better outcomes in both assays. Interobserver variability among five pathologists was higher than the assay variability.
Conclusion
Two assays for PD-L1 expression in GC showed high agreement. These results provide guidance for selecting eligible patients with GC for pembrolizumab treatment.

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Comparison of the Distribution Pattern of 21-Gene Recurrence Score between Mucinous Breast Cancer and Infiltrating Ductal Carcinoma in Chinese Population: A Retrospective Single-Center Study
Jiayi Wu, Shuning Ding, Lin Lin, Xiaochun Fei, Caijin Lin, Lisa Andriani, Chihwan Goh, Jiahui Huang, Jin Hong, Weiqi Gao, Siji Zhu, Hui Wang, Ou Huang, Xiaosong Chen, Jianrong He, Yafen Li, Kunwei Shen, Weiguo Chen, Li Zhu
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):671-679.   Published online January 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.387
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the distribution pattern and prognostic value of 21-gene recurrence score (RS) in Chinese patients with mucinous breast cancer (MC) and compared with infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC).
Materials and Methods
Patients diagnosed with MC or IDC from January 2010 to January 2017 were retrospectively recruited. Reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction assay of 21 genes was conducted to calculate the RS. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the association between RS and clinicopathological factors. Survival outcomes including disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test.
Results
The MC cohort included 128 patients and the IDC cohort included 707 patients. The proportions of patients with a low (RS < 18), intermediate (18-30), or high risk (RS > 30) were 32.0%, 48.4%, and 19.5% in MC cohort, and 26.9%, 46.8% and 26.3% in IDC cohort. The distribution of RS varied significantly according to different Ki-67 index and molecular subtype in both cohorts. Moreover, the receipt of chemotherapy was associated with RS in both cohorts. Among patients with MC, tumor stage was related to the DFS (p=0.040). No significant differences in DFS and OS were found among MC patients in different RS risk groups (OS, p=0.695; DFS, p=0.926).
Conclusion
RS was significantly related to Ki-67 index and molecular subtypes in MC patients, which is similar in IDC patients. However, RS was not able to predict DFS and OS in patients with MC.

Citations

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  • Clinicopathological characteristics and genomic profiling of pure mucinous breast cancer
    Qianyi Lu, Hanxing Zhou, Jianwei Zhang, Kaping Lee, Limin Chen, Ruoxi Hong, Kuikui Jiang, Fei Xu, Wen Xia, Boyang Cao, Jingmin Zhang, Kang Shao, Peng Sun, Shusen Wang
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  • A clinicopathologic analysis of 70 patients with mucinous breast carcinoma
    Rupali Sood, Karin Miller, Hua-Ling Tsai, Ashley Cimino-Mathews, Roisin M. Connolly
    Current Problems in Cancer: Case Reports.2024; 15: 100304.     CrossRef
  • Clinicopathological features and prognosis of mucinous breast carcinoma with a micropapillary structure
    Beibei Yang, Menglu Shen, Bo Sun, Jing Zhao, Meng Wang
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  • Distribution, Chemotherapy Use, and Outcome of the 21-Gene Recurrence Score Between Chinese and White breast Cancer in the United States
    Guan-Qiao Li, Jia Yao, Ping Zhou, Dan-Xia Chen, Chen-Lu Lian, Shi-Ping Yang, Cai-Hong Huang, San-Gang Wu
    Clinical Breast Cancer.2022; 22(3): 279.     CrossRef
  • Association of tumor immune microenvironment profiling and 21-gene recurrence assay in early breast cancer patients
    Yiwei Tong, Jiahui Huang, Weili Ren, Jing Yu, Xu Zhang, Zheng Wang, Jin Hong, Weiqi Gao, Jiayi Wu, Min Ji, Kunwei Shen, Xiaosong Chen
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  • Concordance of the 21-gene assay between core needle biopsy and resection specimens in early breast cancer patients
    Peng Qi, Yu Yang, Qian-ming Bai, Tian Xue, Min Ren, Qian-lan Yao, Wen-tao Yang, Xiao-yan Zhou
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Clinicopathological Features of Patients with the BRCA1 c.5339T>C (p.Leu1780Pro) Variant
Hyung Seok Park, Jai Min Ryu, Ji Soo Park, Seock-Ah Im, So-Youn Jung, Eun-Kyu Kim, Woo-Chan Park, Jun Won Min, Jeeyeon Lee, Ji Young You, Jeong Eon Lee, Sung-Won Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):680-688.   Published online January 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.351
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Recent studies revealed the BRCA1 c.5339T>C, p.Leu1780Pro variant (L1780P) is highly suggested as a likely pathogenic. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic features of L1780P with breast cancer (BC) using multicenter data from Korea to reinforce the evidence as a pathogenic mutation and to compare L1780P and other BRCA1/2mutations using Korean Hereditary Breast Cancer (KOHBRA) study data.
Materials and Methods
The data of 54 BC patients with L1780P variant from 10 institutions were collected and the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients were reviewed. The hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer–related characteristics of the L1780P variant were compared to those of BC patients in the KOHBRA study.
Results
The median age of all patients was 38 years, and 75.9% of cases showed triple-negative breast cancer. Comparison of cases with L1780P to carriers from the KOHBRA study revealed that the L1780P patients group was more likely to have family history (FHx) of ovarian cancer (OC) (24.1% vs. 19.6% vs. 11.2%, p < 0.001 and p=0.001) and a personal history of OC (16.7% vs. 2.9% vs. 1.3%, p=0.003 and p=0.001) without significant difference in FHx of BC and bilateral BC. The cumulative risk of contralateral BC at 10 years after diagnosis was 31.9%, while the cumulative risk of OC at 50 years of age was 20.0%. Patients with L1780P showed similar features with BRCA1 carriers and showed higher penetrance of OC than patients with other BRCA1 mutations.
Conclusion
L1780P should be considered as a pathogenic mutation. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is highly recommended for women with L1780P.

Citations

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    Rong Bu, Abdul K. Siraj, Saud Azam, Kaleem Iqbal, Zeeshan Qadri, Maha Al-Rasheed, Saif S. Al-Sobhi, Fouad Al-Dayel, Khawla S. Al-Kuraya
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    Joo Heung Kim, Sunggyun Park, Hyung Seok Park, Ji Soo Park, Seung-Tae Lee, Sung-Won Kim, Jong Won Lee, Min Hyuk Lee, Sue K. Park, Woo-Chul Noh, Doo Ho Choi, Wonshik Han, Sung Hoo Jung
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    Kyung-Sun Park, Woochang Lee, Moon-Woo Seong, Sun-Young Kong, Kyung-A Lee, Jung-Sook Ha, Eun-Hae Cho, Sung-Hee Han, Inho Park, Jong-Won Kim
    Cancers.2021; 13(9): 2192.     CrossRef
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PIK3CA H1047R Mutation Associated with a Lower Pathological Complete Response Rate in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Anthracycline-Taxane–Based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Sanxing Guo, Sibylle Loibl, Gunter von Minckwitz, Silvia Darb-Esfahani, Bianca Lederer, Carsten Denkert
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):689-696.   Published online February 4, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.497
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
PIK3CA, encoding for subunit p110a of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, is frequently mutated in breast cancer. PIK3CAmutation was predictive for pathological complete response (pCR) in human epidermal growth factor 2 positive breast cancer. This study explores the association of PIK3CA mutation and pCR in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Materials and Methods
A total of 92 patients with TNBC derived from a prospectively randomized phase II trial GeparSixto study (NCT01426880). Exon 9 and exon 20 of PIK3CA mutations were evaluated by using classical Sanger method with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues.
Results
Seven of 90 tumors (7.8%) were detectable with a PIK3CA H1047R mutation. Overall, PIK3CA H1047R mutation was significantly associated with a lower pCR rate (14.3% vs. 56.6%; odds ratio, 0.128; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.015 to 1.108; p=0.047). In carboplatin- containing treatment patients, H1047R mutation trended to predict a lower pCR rate (20% vs. 62.5%; p=0.146). In a multivariable analysis, H1047R mutation trended to predict a lower pCR rate (hazard ratio, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.01 to 1; p=0.056).
Conclusion
TNBC with a PIK3CA H1047R mutation was less likely to achieve pCR after anthracyclinebased neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Development of H1047R mutant selective inhibitors might be helpful to conquer this subtype of breast cancer.

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    Wei Peng, Jian-Di Li, Jing-Jing Zeng, Xiao-Ping Zou, Deng Tang, Wei Tang, Min-Hua Rong, Ying Li, Wen-Bin Dai, Zhong-Qing Tang, Zhen-Bo Feng, Gang Chen
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    Amal Qattan
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Detection of Germline Mutations in Breast Cancer Patients with Clinical Features of Hereditary Cancer Syndrome Using a Multi-Gene Panel Test
Hee-Chul Shin, Han-Byoel Lee, Tae-Kyung Yoo, Eun-Shin Lee, Ryong Nam Kim, Boyoung Park, Kyong-Ah Yoon, Charny Park, Eun Sook Lee, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Dong-Young Noh, Sun-Young Kong, Wonshik Han
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):697-713.   Published online February 4, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.559
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Hereditary cancer syndrome means that inherited genetic mutations can increase a person's risk of developing cancer. We assessed the frequency of germline mutations using an nextgeneration sequencing (NGS)–based multiple-gene panel containing 64 cancer-predisposing genes in Korean breast cancer patients with clinical features of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC).
Materials and Methods
A total of 64 genes associated with hereditary cancer syndrome were selected for development of an NGS-based multi-gene panel. Targeted sequencing using the multi-gene panel was performed to identify germline mutations in 496 breast cancer patients with clinical features of HBOC who underwent breast cancer surgery between January 2002 and December 2017.
Results
Of 496 patients, 95 patients (19.2%) were found to have 48 deleterious germline mutations in 16 cancer susceptibility genes. The deleterious mutations were found in 39 of 250 patients (15.6%) who had breast cancer and another primary cancer, 38 of 169 patients (22.5%) who had a family history of breast cancer (≥ 2 relatives), 16 of 57 patients (28.1%) who had bilateral breast cancer, and 29 of 84 patients (34.5%) who were diagnosed with breast cancer at younger than 40 years of age. Of the 95 patients with deleterious mutations, 60 patients (63.2%) had BRCA1/2 mutations and 38 patients (40.0%) had non-BRCA1/2 mutations. We detected two novel deleterious mutations in BRCA2 and MLH1.
Conclusion
NGS-based multiple-gene panel testing improved the detection rates of deleterious mutations and provided a cost-effective cancer risk assessment.

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Diagnostic Accuracy and Value of Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Ultrasound Fusion Transperineal Targeted and Template Systematic Prostate Biopsy Based on Bi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Tae Il Noh, Jong Hyun Tae, Hyung Keun Kim, Ji Sung Shim, Sung Gu Kang, Deuk Jae Sung, Jun Cheon, Jeong Gu Lee, Seok Ho Kang
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):714-721.   Published online February 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.716
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–ultrasound (US) fusion transperineal targeted biopsy (FTB) and fusion template systematic biopsy (FSB) for prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) (intermediate/high grade [Gleason score ≥ 3+4]) based on bi-parametric MRI (bpMRI).
Materials and methods
Retrospectively, we analyzed 300 patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen (≥ 4.0 ng/mL) and/or abnormal findings in a digital rectal examination at the Korea University Hospital. All 300 men underwent bpMRI-US fusion transperineal FTB and FSB in the period from April 2017 to March 2019.
Results
PCas were detected in 158 of 300 men (52.7%), and the prevalence of csPCa was 34.0%. CsPCas were detected in 12 of 102 (11.8%) with Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 3, 42 of 92 (45.7%) with PI-RADS 4, respectively; and 45 of 62 (72.6%) men with PI-RADS 5, respectively. BpMRI showed a sensitivity of 95.1% and negative predictive value of 89.6% for csPCa. FTB detected additional csPCa in 33 men (12.9%) compared to FSB. Compared to FTB, FSB detected additional csPCa in 10 men (3.9%).
Conclusion
BpMRI-US FTB and FSB improved detection of PCa and csPCa. The accuracy of bi-parametric MRI is comparable with that of multi-parametric MRI. Further, it is rapid, simpler, cheaper, and no side effects of contrast media. Therefore, it is expected that bpMRI-US transperineal FTB and FSB could be a good alternative to conventional US-guided transrectal biopsy, which is the current gold standard.

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  • Fusion MRI/Ultrasound-Guided Transperineal Biopsy: A Game Changer in Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
    Ilias Giannakodimos, Aris Kaltsas, Napoleon Moulavasilis, Zisis Kratiras, Dionysios Mitropoulos, Michael Chrisofos, Konstantinos Stravodimos, Evangelos Fragkiadis
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    Katie Jones, Arya Chandran, Jaynie Rance
    Journal of Cancer Policy.2024; 42: 100514.     CrossRef
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    Tae Il Noh, Ji Sung Shim, Seok Ho Kang, Jun Cheon, Sung Gu Kang
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    Tae Il Noh, Ji Sung Shim, Sung Gu Kang, Jun Cheon, Jeong Gu Lee, Jeong Hyeon Lee, Seok Ho Kang
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    Dong Chen, Yingjie Niu, Haitao Chen, Dequan Liu, Rong Guo, Nan Yao, Zhiyao Li, Xiaomao Luo, Hongyang Li, Shicong Tang
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  • A Predictive Model Based on Bi-parametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Parameters for Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer in the Korean Population
    Tae Il Noh, Chang Wan Hyun, Ha Eun Kang, Hyun Jung Jin, Jong Hyun Tae, Ji Sung Shim, Sung Gu Kang, Deuk Jae Sung, Jun Cheon, Jeong Gu Lee, Seok Ho Kang
    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(4): 1148.     CrossRef
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    Vlad Cristian Munteanu, Raluca Andrada Munteanu, Diana Gulei, Vlad Horia Schitcu, Bogdan Petrut, Ioana Berindan Neagoe, Patriciu Achimas Cadariu, Ioan Coman
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  • 170 Download
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Public Attitudes towards Cancer Survivors among Korean Adults
Su Yeon Kye, Hyun Jeong Lee, Yeonseung Lee, Young Ae Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):722-729.   Published online February 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.265
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We evaluated public attitudes towards cancer survivors and identified the characteristics associated with these attitudes in Korea.
Materials and Methods
We performed this cross-sectional study using proportionate quota random sampling of the 2015 Korean Census. In May 2017, investigators conducted face-to-face interviews with 1,500 Korean volunteers aged between 20 and 79 years. The questionnaire recorded sociodemographic factors, smoking and drinking habits, cancer history in family and acquaintances, interest in cancer survivors, cancer-survivor blame, and attitudes towards cancer survivors.
Results
Many participants had negative attitudes towards cancer survivors. People with a monthly household income above US $7,000 were less likely to have a negative attitude than those with monthly incomes below US $1,499. People in their 70s, without a religion, living in rural areas, smokers, or those who blame cancer survivors for their own cancer were more likely to have a negative attitude than people outside these categories. People interested in cancer survivors were less likely to have a negative attitude than those who were not interested.
Conclusion
To improve attitudes towards cancer survivors, it will be necessary to increase interest in cancer survivors through education, publicity, and advocacy using strategic messaging that focuses on social and institutional aspects and emphasizes that responsibility for cancer should not be attributed to cancer patients. Inducing the public to be interested in cancer survivors will be important for positive attitudes toward cancer survivors.

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  • Factors associated with unmet supportive care needs among adult cancer survivors in South Korea: a cross-sectional survey
    Dal-Lae Jin, Young Ae Kim, Su Jung Lee, Hyun-Ju Seo, Seok-Jun Yoon
    Journal of Cancer Survivorship.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    So Hee Kim, Eunjung Ryu, Byong Chang Jeong
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    Koech J. Maureen, Judy Mwangi, Benda Kithaka, Serah Kimaru, Ndinda Kusu, Lucy Munyi, Sidney Chahonyo, Francis Makokha
    Heliyon.2024; 10(9): e30165.     CrossRef
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    Min Kyung Hyun, Yeonseung Lee, Hyun Jeong Lee, Young Ae Kim
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  • Experiences of Cancer Survivors Returning to Work in Korean Society: A Qualitative Study
    Kisook Kim, Hyohyoen Yoon, Booyoung Oh
    Asian Oncology Nursing.2024; 24(3): 114.     CrossRef
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    Ying Zhang, Xiaoying Li, Yi Liu, Aihua Li, Xuemei Yang, Xiaoli Tang
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    Su Jung Lee, Dal-Lae Jin, Young Ae Kim, Hyun-Ju Seo, Seok-Jun Yoon
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Clinical Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Blocker Therapy for Malignant Melanoma in Korean Patients: Potential Clinical Implications for a Combination Strategy Involving Radiotherapy
Jeongshim Lee, Jee Suk Chang, Mi Ryung Roh, Minkyu Jung, Choong-Kun Lee, Byung Ho Oh, Kee Yang Chung, Woong Sub Koom, Sang Joon Shin
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):730-738.   Published online February 13, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.598
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
We investigated the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blocker (ICB) therapy for metastatic or advanced melanoma in Korean patients. As well, we assessed whether the effects of ICBs can be enhanced by combination therapy with palliative radiotherapy (RT).
Materials and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the records of 127 patients with metastatic melanoma who received ICB with or without palliative RT between 2014 and 2018. The melanoma subtypes were classified as follows: chronic sun-damaged (CSD), acral, mucosal, and uveal. The primary endpoint was the objective response rate (ORR).
Results
The overall ORR was 15%, with 11 complete and eight partial responses. ORRs for CSD, acral/mucosal, and uveal melanomas were 50%, 16.5%, and 0%, respectively (p=0.009). In addition to the subtype, stage at treatment, total tumor burden at treatment, and ICB type were significantly associated with ORR (all p < 0.05). Palliative RT was administered in 44% of patients during the treatment, and it did not affect ORR. Clinical responders to ICB therapy exhibited significantly higher 1-year progression-free and overall survival rates than nonresponders.
Conclusion
ORR for ICB monotherapy in Korean patients with melanoma is relatively modest compared with that in Western patients because the non-CSD subtypes are predominant in the Korean population. Our findings regarding combination therapy with ICB provided a rationale for the initiation of our phase II study (NCT04017897).

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  • Hydrogels as a Potential Biomaterial for Multimodal Therapeutic Applications
    Harpreet Kaur, Bishmita Gogoi, Ira Sharma, Deepak Kumar Das, Mohd Ashif Azad, Devlina Das Pramanik, Arindam Pramanik
    Molecular Pharmaceutics.2024; 21(10): 4827.     CrossRef
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    Neda Mohaghegh, Amir Ahari, Fatemeh Zehtabi, Claire Buttles, Saya Davani, Hanna Hoang, Kaylee Tseng, Benjamin Zamanian, Safoora Khosravi, Ariella Daniali, Negar Hosseinzadeh Kouchehbaghi, Isabel Thomas, Hamed Serati Nouri, Danial Khorsandi, Reza Abbasghol
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    Gaofei Yin, Wei Guo, Zhigang Huang, Xiaohong Chen
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    Julianne M. Falotico, Shari R. Lipner
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  • A Comparison of 2 Disease Burden Assessment Methods (3D Volume Versus the Number of Lesions) for Prognostication of Survival in Metastatic Melanoma: Implications for the Characterization of Oligometastatic Disease
    Jina Kim, Jee Suk Chang, Wonmo Sung, Jin Sung Kim, Tae Hyung Kim, Seo Hee Choi, Kyung Hwan Kim, Heejoo Ko, Hye Sun Lee, Soyoung Jeon, Sang Joon Shin, Mitchell Liu, Robert Olson
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    Hwa Kyung Byun, Jee Suk Chang, Minkyu Jung, Woong Sub Koom, Kee Yang Chung, Byung Ho Oh, Mi Ryung Roh, Kyung Hwan Kim, Choong-Kun Lee, Sang Joon Shin
    Frontiers in Oncology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jennifer Ben Shimol, Yuli Guzman-Prado, Maria Karlinskaya, Tima Davidson
    Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology.2021; 167: 103499.     CrossRef
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  • 218 Download
  • 7 Web of Science
  • 7 Crossref
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Comparing the Characteristics and Outcomes of Male and Female Breast Cancer Patients in Korea: Korea Central Cancer Registry
Eun-Gyeong Lee, So-Youn Jung, Myong Cheol Lim, Jiwon Lim, Han-Sung Kang, Seeyoun Lee, Jai Hong Han, Heein Jo, Young-Joo Won, Eun Sook Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):739-746.   Published online February 13, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.639
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to determine the incidence of male breast cancer (MBC) and its survival outcomes in Korea, and to compare these results to those for female breast cancer (FBC).
Materials and Methods
We searched the Korea Central Cancer Registry and identified 227,122 breast cancer cases that were diagnosed between 1999 and 2016. Demographic and clinical characteristics and overall survival (OS) rates were estimated according to sex, age, histological type, and cancer stage.
Results
The 227,122 patients included 1,094 MBC cases and 226,028 FBC cases. Based on the age-standardized rate, the male: female ratio was 0.0055:1. The most common ages at diagnosis were 60-69 years for MBC and 40-49 years for FBC (p < 0.001). Male patients were less likely than female patients to receive adjuvant radiotherapy (7.5% vs. 21.8%, p < 0.001) or adjuvant chemotherapy (40.1% vs. 55.4%, p < 0.001). The 5-year OS rates after diagnosis were 88.8% for all patients, although it was significantly lower for MBC than for FBC (76.2% vs. 88.9%, p < 0.001). In both groups, older age (≥ 60 years) was associated with shorter survival. The 5-year OS rates for the invasive histological types were 75.8% for men and 89.0% for women. The 5-year OS rates in both groups decreased with increasing cancer stage.
Conclusion
MBC was diagnosed at older ages than FBC, and male patients were less likely to receive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The survival outcomes were worse for MBC than for FBC, with even poorer outcomes related to older age, the inflammatory histological types, and advanced stage. It is important that clinicians recognize the differences between FBC and MBC when treating these patients.

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T Cells Modified with CD70 as an Alternative Cellular Vaccine for Antitumor Immunity
Sang-Eun Lee, A-Ri Shin, Hyun-Jung Sohn, Hyun-Il Cho, Tai-Gyu Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):747-763.   Published online February 14, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.721
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Successful tumor eradication primarily depends on generation and maintenance of a large population of tumor-reactive CD8 T cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) are well-known potent antigen-presenting cells and have applied to clinics as potent antitumor therapeutic agents. However, high cost and difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts for clinical use are the crucial drawbacks of DC-based vaccines. Here, we aimed to develop T cell–based vaccine capable of eliciting potent antitumor therapeutic effects by providing effective costimulatory signals.
Materials and Methods
Antigenic peptide-loaded T cells transfected with retrovirus encoding costimulatory ligands CD70, CD80, OX40L, or 4-1BBL were assessed for antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses and evaluated antitumor effects along with immunization of a mixture of synthetic peptides, poly-IC and anti-CD40 antibodies (TriVax).
Results
T cells expressing CD70 (CD70-T) exhibited similar level of stimulatory functionality and therapeutic efficacy as DCs. Moreover, CD70-T prime followed by TriVax booster heterologous vaccination elicited therapeutic antitumor effect against B16 melanoma where mediated by CD8 T cells but not CD4 T cells or natural killer cells. The combination with programmed death-ligand 1 blockade led to potent therapeutic efficacy which exhibited increased tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells. CD70-T pulsed with multi-antigenic peptide generated multiple antigen-specific polyvalent CD8 T cells that were capable of inhibiting tumor growth effectively. Moreover, CD70-T vaccination resulted in higher expansion and migration of adoptively transferred T cells into tumor sites and elicits enhanced therapeutic effects with peptide-based booster immu-nization.
Conclusion
These results imply that T cells endowed with CD70 enable the design of effective vaccination strategies against solid cancer, which may overcome current limitations of DC-based vaccines.

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Clinical Implication of Concordant or Discordant Genomic Profiling between Primary and Matched Metastatic Tissues in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Jung Yoon Choi, Sunho Choi, Minhyeok Lee, Young Soo Park, Jae Sook Sung, Won Jin Chang, Ju Won Kim, Yoon Ji Choi, Jin Kim, Dong-Sik Kim, Sung-Ho Lee, Junhee Seok, Kyong Hwa Park, Seon Hahn Kim, Yeul Hong Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):764-778.   Published online February 16, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.044
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the concordant or discordant genomic profiling between primary and matched metastatic tumors in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) and to explore the clinical implication.
Materials and Methods
Surgical samples of primary and matched metastatic tissues from 158 patients (335 samples) with CRC at Korea University Anam Hospital were evaluated using the Ion AmpliSeq Cancer Hotspot Panel. We compared genetic variants and classified them as concordant, primary-specific, and metastasis-specific variants. We used a combination of principal components analysis and clustering to find genomic groups. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to appraise survival between genomic groups. We used machine learning to confirm the correlation between genetic variants and metastatic sites.
Results
A total of 282 types of deleterious non-synonymous variants were selected for analysis. Of a total of 897 variants, an average of 40% was discordant. Three genomic groups were yielded based on the genomic discrepancy patterns. Overall survival differed significantly between the genomic groups. The poorest group had the highest proportion of concordant KRAS G12V and additional metastasis-specific SMAD4. Correlation analysis between genetic variants and metastatic sites suggested that concordant KRAS mutations would have more disseminated metastases.
Conclusion
Driver gene mutations were mostly concordant; however, discordant or metastasis-specific mutations were present. Clinically, the concordant driver genetic changes with additional metastasis-specific variants can predict poor prognosis for patients with CRC.

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Clinical Implications of Circulating Tumor DNA from Ascites and Serial Plasma in Ovarian Cancer
Mi-Ryung Han, Sug Hyung Lee, Jung Yoon Park, Hyosun Hong, Jung Yoon Ho, Soo Young Hur, Youn Jin Choi
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):779-788.   Published online February 28, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.700
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical utility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) from ascites and serial plasma samples from epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients.
Materials and Methods
Using targeted next-generation sequencing, we analyzed a total of 55 EOC samples including ctDNA from ascites and serial plasma and gDNA from tumor tissues. Tumor tissues and ascites were collected during debulking surgeries and plasma samples were collected before and after the surgeries. Because one EOC patient underwent secondary debulking surgery, a total of 11 tumor tissues, 33 plasma samples, and 11 ascites samples were obtained from the 10 patients.
Results
Of the 10 patients, nine (90%) contained somatic mutations in both tumor tissues and ascites ctDNA. This mutational concordance was confirmed through correlation analysis. The mutational concordance between ascites and tumor tissues was valid in recurrent/progressive ovarian cancer. TP53 was the most frequently detected gene with mutations. ctDNA from serial plasma samples identified EOC progression/recurrence at a similar time or even more rapidly than cancer antigen 125, an established serum protein tumor marker for EOC.
Conclusion
Our data suggest that ascites ctDNA can be used to identify the mutational landscape of ovarian cancer for therapeutic strategy planning.

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Soluble Axl Is a Novel Diagnostic Biomarker of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chinese Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Xiaoting Song, Ailu Wu, Zhixiao Ding, Shixiong Liang, Chunyan Zhang
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):789-797.   Published online March 5, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.749
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of soluble Axl (sAxl) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in comparison with serum α-fetoprotein (AFP).
Materials and Methods
Eighty HCC patients, 80 liver cirrhosis patients (LC), 80 patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and 80 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. sAxl levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, serum AFP levelswere measured by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate diagnostic performances.
Results
The results show that levels of sAxl were high expression in patients with HCC (p < 0.05), varied with disease state as follows: HCC > LC > HC > HBV. Logistic regression and ROC curve analysis identified the optimal cut-off for sAxl in differentiating all HCC and non-HCC patients was 1,202 pg/mL (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUC], 0.888; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.852 to 0.924) with sensitivity 95.0%, specificity 73.3%. Furthermore, differential diagnosis of early HCC with non-HCC patients for sAxl showed the optimal cut-off was 1,202 pg/mL (AUC, 0.881; 95% CI, 0.831 to 0.931; sensitivity, 94.1%; specificity, 73.3%). Among AFP-negative HCC patients with non-HCC patients, the cut-off was 1,301 pg/mL (AUC, 0.898; 95% CI, 0.854 to 0.942) with a sensitivity of 84.6%, a specificity of 76.3%. The optimal cut-off for sAxl in differentiating all HCC and chronic liver disease patients was 1,243 pg/mL (AUC, 0.840; 95% CI, 0.791 to 0.888) with sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 61.9%. The combination of AFP and sAxl increased diagnostic value for HCC.
Conclusion
sAxl outperforms AFP in detecting HCC, especially in early HCC and in AFP-negative HCC. Combination sAxl with AFP improved the specificity for early HCC diagnosis. In summary, sAxl is a candidate serum marker for diagnosing HCC.

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Long Non-coding RNA CCAT1 Sponges miR-454 to Promote Chemoresistance of Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cisplatin by Regulation of Surviving
De-Ying Wang, Na Li, Yu-Lan Cui
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):798-814.   Published online March 3, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.498
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Colon cancer-associated transcript 1 (CCAT1) was identified as an oncogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) in a variety of cancers. However, there was a lack of understanding of the mechanism by which CCAT1 conferred cisplatin (also known as DDP) resistance in ovarian cancer cells.
Materials and Methods
Cell viability of A2780, SKOV3, A2780/DDP, and SKOV3/DDP cells upon cisplatin treatment was monitored by MTT assay. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) detected the expression levels of CCAT1 and miR-454. The effect of sh-CCAT1 on cisplatin response was investigated in xenografts study. Bioinformatic analysis, luciferase reporter assay and qRT-PCR were conducted to validate the direct interaction among CCAT1, miR-454, and survivin. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry after dual staining of Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide, and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax and survivin were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. Xenograft study was conducted to monitor in vivo tumor formation.
Results
CCAT1 was highly expressed in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell line A2780/DDP and SKOV3/DDP. Knockdown of CCAT1 restored sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro and in vivo. Our data revealed that silencing of CCAT1 promoted cisplatin-induced apoptosis via modulating the expression of pro- or anti-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bcl-2, and survivin. CCAT1 directly interacted with miR-454, and miR-454 overexpression potentiated cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Survivin was identified as a functional target of miR-454, restoration of survivin attenuated the effect of miR-454 on cisplatin response. In addition, miR-454 inhibitor or overexpression of survivin was found to abolish sh-CCAT1–induced apoptosis upon cisplatin treatment.
Conclusion
CCAT1/miR-454/survivin axis conferred cisplatin resistance in ovarian cancer cells.

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G Protein–Coupled Receptor 30 Mediates the Anticancer Effects Induced by Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Ovarian Cancer Cells
Yue Zhao, Meng-Fei Zhao, Mei-Lin Yang, Tian-Yu Wu, Cong-Jian Xu, Jing-Mei Wang, Chao-Jun Li, Xi Li
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):815-829.   Published online March 5, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.380
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
While numerous epidemiological studies have indicated that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have anticancer properties in various cancers, the effects and mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in ovarian cancer cell growth are poorly understood.
Materials and Methods
ES2 ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells and SKOV3 adenocarcinoma cells were treated with palmitic acid or EPA, followed by flow cytometry and cell counting to measure apoptosis and proliferation, respectively. A modified protein lipid overlay assay was used to further verify whether EPA was a ligand of G protein–coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) in ES2 cells. The levels of apoptosis-related genes, phosphorylated AKT, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 were detected to explore the underlying mechanism. Finally, inhibitory effect of EPA on tumor growth via GPR30 was determined in vitro and in vivo.
Results
EPA suppressed ES2 ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells growth via GPR30, a novel EPA receptor, by inducing apoptosis. As a ligand of GPR30, EPA activated the GPR30-cAMP– protein kinase A signaling pathway. When GPR30 was suppressed by siRNA or its inhibitor G15, the antiproliferative action of EPA was impaired. Furthermore, EPA inhibited tumor growth by blocking the activation of AKT and ERK. In the mouse xenograft model, EPA decreased tumor volume and weight through GPR30 by blocking tumor cell proliferation.
Conclusion
These results confirm that EPA is a tumor suppressor in human ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells and functions through a novel fatty acid receptor, GPR30, indicating a mechanistic linkage between omega-3 fatty acids and cancers.

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Activation of β2-Adrenergic Receptor Promotes Growth and Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer by Down-regulating PPARγ
Jing Zhou, Zhanzhao Liu, Lingjing Zhang, Xiao Hu, Zhihua Wang, Hong Ni, Yue Wang, Junfang Qin
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):830-847.   Published online March 4, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.510
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Chronic stress and related hormones are key in cancer progression. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its agonists was reported that inducing anti-tumor effect. However, the function of PPARγ in pro-tumorigenic effects induced by chronic stress in breast cancer remains unknown. Herein, we have characterized a novel role of PPARγ and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signals in breast cancer promoted by chronic stress.
Materials and Methods
We performed experiments in vivo and in vitro and used bioinformatics data to evaluate the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in breast cancer promoted by stress.
Results
Chronic stress significantly inhibited the PPARγ expression and promoted breast cancer in vivo. VEGF/FGF2-mediated angiogenesis increased in the chronic stress group compared to the control group. PPARγ agonist pioglitazone (PioG) injection offset the pro-tumorigenic effect of chronic stress. Moreover, specific β2-adrenergic receptor (β2R) antagonist ICI11-8551 inhibited the effect of chronic stress. In vitro, norepinephrine (NE) treatment had a similar tendency to chronic stress. The effect of NE was mediated by the β2R/adenylate cyclase signaling pathway and suppressed by PioG. PPARγ suppressed VEGF/FGF2 through reactive oxygen species inhibition. Bioinformatics data confirmed that therewas a lowPPARγ expression in breast invasive carcinoma. Lower PPARγ was associated with a significantly worse survival.
Conclusion
β2R activation induced by chronic stress and related hormones promotes growth and VEGF/FGF2-mediated angiogenesis of breast cancer by down-regulating PPARγ. Our findings hint that β receptor and PPARγ as two target molecules and the novel role for their agonists or antagonists as clinical medicine in breast cancer therapy

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    Haowen Yin, Yuanyuan Liu, Hao Yue, Yingying Tian, Ping Dong, Changhu Xue, Yun-Tao Zhao, Zifang Zhao, Jingfeng Wang
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    Márta L. Debreczeni, Zsuzsanna Németh, Erika Kajdácsi, Henriette Farkas, László Cervenak
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Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acid Intake and Colorectal Cancer Risk in Swedish Women’s Lifestyle and Health Cohort
Aesun Shin, Sooyoung Cho, Sven Sandin, Marie Lof, Moon Young Oh, Elisabete Weiderpass
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):848-854.   Published online March 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.550
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We aimed to assess the association between the dietary intake of fish-derived omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of colorectal cancer among Swedish women.
Materials and Methods
A total of 48,233 women with information on dietary intake were included in the analysis. Participants were followed for incident colorectal cancer until 31 December 2012. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the association between baseline fatty acid intake and colorectal cancer risk. All analyses were stratified by colon and rectal cancers.
Results
During a median of 21.3 years of follow-up, a total of 344 colorectal cancer cases were ascertained. Although there was no overall association between omega-3 fatty acid intake and colorectal cancer risk, high intake of fish-derived docosahexaenoic acid was associated with reduced risk of rectal cancer (hazard ratios for the third and the highest quartiles were 0.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.37 to 0.96) and 0.62 (95% CI, 0.39 to 0.98), respectively).
Conclusion
In conclusion, we found only limited support for an association between omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and colorectal cancer in a large Swedish cohort of middle-aged women.

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    Ramani Soundararajan, Michelle M Maurin, Jetsen Rodriguez-Silva, Gunjan Upadhyay, Ashley J Alden, Siddabasave Gowda B Gowda, Michael J Schell, Mingli Yang, Noah Jhad Levine, Divyavani Gowda, Punith M Sundaraswamy, Shu-Ping Hui, Lance Pflieger, Heiman Wang
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    Yue Li, Jun Liu, Guosheng Li, Guanqiang Yan, Xiang Gao, Longqian Wei, Guiyu Feng, Zhanyu Xu, Nuo Yang, Huafu Zhou
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    Negin Atashi, Niloofar Eshaghian, Javad Anjom-Shoae, Gholamreza Askari, Masoomeh Asadi, Omid Sadeghi
    Nutrition & Diabetes.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Maryam Gholamalizadeh, Shirin Tajadod, Nazanin Majidi, Zohreh Aghakhaninejad, Zahra Mahmoudi, Zahra Mousavi, Arezoo Amjadi, Farkhondeh Alami, Mahdie Torkaman, Zahra Saeedirad, Saeid Doaei, Hanieh Shafaei, Naser Kalantari
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    Alireza Tojjari, Khalil Choucair, Arezoo Sadeghipour, Azhar Saeed, Anwaar Saeed
    Cancers.2023; 15(17): 4294.     CrossRef
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    Soyeon Jeong, Jung Ho Kim
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    Joanna Aldoori, Andrew J Cockbain, Giles J Toogood, Mark A Hull
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    Carlotta Franchi, Ilaria Ardoino, Cristina Bosetti, Eva Negri, Diego Serraino, Anna Crispo, Attilio Giacosa, Elena Fattore, Alberto Dolci, Francesca Bravi, Federica Turati, Carlo La Vecchia, Barbara D’Avanzo
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Establishment and Validation of a Nomogram for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Concerning the Prognostic Effect of Parotid Lymph Node Metastases
Chao Lin, Xue-Song Sun, Sai-Lan Liu, Xiao-Yun Li, Nian Lu, Xin-Ling Li, Lin-Quan Tang, Ling Guo
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):855-866.   Published online March 10, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.772
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
The prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with parotid lymph node (PLN) metastasis remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate the prognostic significance and optimal staging category of PLN metastasis and develop a nomogram for estimating individual risk.
Materials and Methods
Clinical data of 7,084 non-metastatic NPC patients were retrospectively reviewed. Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. A nomogram was established based on the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The accuracy and calibration ability of this nomogram was evaluated by C-index and calibration curves with bootstrap validation.
Result
Totally, 164/7,084 NPC patients (2.3%) presented with PLNs. Multivariate analyses showed that PLN metastasis was a negative prognostic factor for OS, progression-free survival (PFS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS). Patients with PLN metastasis had a worse prognosis than N3 disease. Five independent prognostic factors were included in the nomogram, which showed a C-index of 0.743. The calibration curves for probability of 3- and 5-year OS indicated satisfactory agreement between nomogram-based prediction and actual observation. All results were confirmed in the validation cohort.
Conclusion
NPC patient with PLN metastasis had poorer survival outcome (OS, PFS, DMFS, and LRFS) than N3 disease. We developed a nomogram to provide individual prediction of OS for patients with PLN metastasis.

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  • Risk factors analysis and nomogram for predicting recurrence in periocular basal cell carcinoma
    Xincen Hou, Alexander C. Rokohl, Katharina Berndt, Senmao Li, Xiaojun Ju, Philomena A. Wawer Matos, Wanlin Fan, Ludwig M. Heindl
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Caspase Recruitment Domain Containing Protein 9 Suppresses Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Proliferation and Invasion via Inhibiting MAPK/p38 Pathway
Linyue Pan, Yuting Tan, Bin Wang, Wenjia Qiu, Yulei Yin, Haiyan Ge, Huili Zhu
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):867-885.   Published online March 11, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.606
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Caspase recruitment domain containing protein 9 (CARD9) has been demonstrated to be a pro-tumor factor in various cancers. However, our previous study found a significant decrease of CARD9 in malignant pleural effusion compared with benign pleural effusion. So we investigated the role of CARD9 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its working mechanism.
Materials and Methods
Immunohistochemistry, western blot, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the expression of CARD9 in specimens of NSCLC patients. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databasewas also used to analyze the expression of CARD9 in NSCLC and its predicting value for prognosis. Immunofluorescence was used for CARD9 cellular location. Cell growth assay, clonal formation assay, wound healing assay, matrigel invasion assay, and flow cytometry were used to test cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and cycle progression of NSCLC cells with CARD9 knockdown or CARD9 overexpression. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to identify the interaction between CARD9 and B-cell lymphoma 10 (BCL10). SB203580 was used to inhibit p38 activation.
Results
CARD9 was decreased in NSCLC tissues compared with normal tissues; low CARD9 expression was associated with poor survival. CARD9 was expressed both in tumor cells and macrophages. Downregulation of CARD9 in NSCLC cells enhanced the abilities of proliferation, invasion and migration via activated MAPK/p38 signaling, while overexpression of CARD9 presented antitumor effects. BCL10 was identified to interact with CARD9.
Conclusion
We demonstrate that CARD9 is an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC patients and inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion by suppressing MAPK/p38 pathway in NSCLC cells.

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    XiangBin Xin, Jing Zhang, YanQin Du, XiaoTing Jang, XinYi Tian, Fu Ma, Fang Chen
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    Zhongyi Cong, Xinmin Zhang, Zeqi Lv, Jingyuan Jiang, Lei Wang, Jiapeng Li, Jie Wang, Jianjun Zhao
    Molecules.2023; 28(15): 5746.     CrossRef
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    Lilong Zhang, Dongqi Chai, Chen Chen, Chunlei Li, Zhendong Qiu, Tianrui Kuang, Mungur Parveena, Keshuai Dong, Jia Yu, Wenhong Deng, Weixing Wang
    Frontiers in Microbiology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Xiaolin Xiao, Ying Zhang, Shuaihu Tian, Xiaoyan Wang, Qianlong Zhang, Lixin Zhang, Xiufeng Yu, Cui Ma, Xiaodong Zheng, Yiying Li, Junting Zhang, Lihui Qu
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    Ruanmei Sheng, Zhiwen Yang
    Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
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Prognostic Predictability of American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Staging System for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: Limited Improvement Compared with the 7th Staging System
Jong Woo Lee, Jae Hoon Lee, Yejong Park, Woohyung Lee, Jaewoo Kwon, Ki Byung Song, Dae Wook Hwang, Song Cheol Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):886-895.   Published online March 12, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.023
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study was conducted to evaluate the prognostic values of the 7th and 8th American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging systems for patients with resected perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHCC).
Materials and Methods
A total of 348 patients who underwent major hepatectomy for PHCC between 2008 and 2015 were identified from a single center. Overall survival (OS) was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared across stage groups with the log-rank test. The concordance index was used to evaluate the prognostic predictability of the 8th AJCC staging system compared with that of the 7th.
Results
In the 8th edition, the stratification of each group of T classification improved compared to that in the 7th, as the survival rate of T4 decreased (T2, 31.2%; T3, 13.9%; T4, 15.1%; T1- T2, p=0.260; T2-T3, p=0.001; T3-T4, p=0.996). Both editions showed significant survival differences between each N category, except between N1 and N2 (p=0.063) in 7th edition. Differences of point estimates between the 8th and 7th T and N classification and overall stages were +0.028, +0.006, and +0.039, respectively (T, p=0.005; N, p=0.115; overall stage, p=0.005). In multivariable analysis, posthepatectomy liver failure, T category, N category, distant metastasis, histologic differentiation, intraoperative transfusion, and resection margin status were associated with OS.
Conclusion
The prognostic predictability of 8th AJCC staging for PHCC improved slightly, with statistical significance, compared to the 7th edition, but its overall performance is still unsatisfactory.

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    Lynn E. Nooijen, Jesus M. Banales, Marieke T. de Boer, Chiara Braconi, Trine Folseraas, Alejandro Forner, Waclaw Holowko, Frederik J. H. Hoogwater, Heinz-Josef Klümpen, Bas Groot Koerkamp, Angela Lamarca, Adelaida La Casta, Flora López-López, Laura Izquie
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    Jian Zhao, Wei Zhang, Cheng-Lin Fan, Jun Zhang, Fang Yuan, Si-Yun Liu, Fu-Yu Li, Bin Song
    European Journal of Radiology.2021; 138: 109631.     CrossRef
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Socioeconomic Burden of Cancer in Korea from 2011 to 2015
Young Ae Kim, Ye-Rin Lee, Jeongjoo Park, In-Hwan Oh, Hoseob Kim, Seok-Jun Yoon, Keeho Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):896-906.   Published online March 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.398
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Though the socioeconomic burden of cancer on patients is increasing in South Korea, there is little research regarding the type of cancer that incurs the highest costs. This study analyzed the socioeconomic burden on cancer patients from 2011 to 2015 according to sex and age.
Materials and Methods
A prevalence-based approach was applied utilizing claim data of the National Health Insurance Service in Korea to estimate the socioeconomic burden of cancer on patients. Patients who received treatment for cancer from 2011 to 2015 were the study subjects. The total socioeconomic burden of their disease and treatment was divided into direct and indirect costs.
Results
There was an increase of 50.7% for 5 years, from 821,525 to 1,237,739 cancer patients. The cancer costs for men and women increased $8,268.4 million to $9,469.7 million and $3,626.5 million to $4,475.6 million, respectively. Furthermore, the 50-59-year-old age group accounted for a large portion of the total disease cost. Liver, lung, stomach, and colorectal cancers created the heaviest economic burdens on patients.
Conclusion
Overall, this study indicates new policies for cancer prevention, early detection, and postcancer treatment management are necessary to help limit the costs associatedwith cancer, especially in the elderly, and provides a foundation for establishing cancer-related health care policies, particularly by defining those cancers with heavier disease burdens.

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Ramosetron versus Palonosetron in Combination with Aprepitant and Dexamethasone for the Control of Highly-Emetogenic Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting
Jin Hyoung Kang, Jung Hye Kwon, Yun-Gyoo Lee, Keon Uk Park, Ho Jung An, Joohyuk Sohn, Young Mi Seol, Hyunwoo Lee, Hwan-Jung Yun, Jin Seok Ahn, Ji Hyun Yang, Hunho Song, Dong-Hoe Koo, Jin Young Kim, Gun Min Kim, Hwa Jung Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):907-916.   Published online March 18, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.713
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare ramosetron (RAM), aprepitant (APR), and dexamethasone (DEX) [RAD] with palonosetron (PAL), APR, and DEX [PAD] in controlling highly-emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC)–induced nausea and vomiting.
Materials and Methods
Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive RAD or PAD:RAM (0.3 mg intravenously) or PAL (0.25 mg intravenously) D1, combined with APR (125 mg orally, D1 and 80 mg orally, D2-3) and DEX (12 mg orally or intravenously, D1 and 8 mg orally, D2-4). Patients were stratified by gender, cisplatin-based chemotherapy, and administration schedule. The primary endpoint was overall complete response (CR), defined as no emesis and no rescue regimen during 5 days of HEC. Secondary endpoints were overall complete protection (CP; CR+nausea score < 25 mm) and total control (TC; CR+nausea score < 5 mm). Quality of life was assessed by Functional Living Index Emesis (FLIE) questionnaire on D0 and D6.
Results
A total of 279 patients receiving RAD (n=137) or PAD (n=142) were evaluated. Overall CR rates in RAD and PAD recipients were 81.8% and 79.6% (risk difference [RD], 2.2%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −7.1 to 11.4), respectively. Overall CP and TC rates for RAD and PAD were 56.2% and 58.5% (RD, −2.3%; 95% CI, −13.9 to 9.4) and 47.5% vs. 43.7% (RD, 3.8%; 95% CI, −7.9 to 15.5), respectively. FLIE total score ≥ 108 (no impact on daily life) was comparable between RAD and PAD (73.9% vs. 73.4%, respectively). Adverse events were similar between the two groups.
Conclusion
In all aspects of efficacy, safety and QOL, RAD is non-inferior to PAD for the control of CINV in cancer patients receiving HEC.

Citations

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    Büşra Burcu, Nadir Adnan Hacım, Ozan Caliskan, Serdar Demirgan, Talar Vartanoglu Aktokmakyan, Serhat Meric, Tomris Duymaz, Onder Karabay, Ali Solmaz
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Implication of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act on End-of-Life Care for Korean Terminal Patients
Jung Sun Kim, Shin Hye Yoo, Wonho Choi, Yejin Kim, Jinui Hong, Min Sun Kim, Hye Yoon Park, Bhumsuk Keam, Dae Seog Heo
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):917-924.   Published online March 23, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.740
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
Life-sustaining treatment (LST) decisions for patients and caregivers at the end-of-life (EOL) process are supported by the “Act on Hospice and Palliative Care and Decisions on LST for Patients at the EOL,” enforced in February 2018. Itremains unclear whether the act changes EOL decisions and LST implementation in clinical practice. For this study, we investigated patients’ decision-making regarding LSTs during the EOL process since the act’s enforcement.
Materials and Methods
Retrospective reviews were conducted on adult patients who were able to decide to terminate LST and died at Seoul National University Hospital between February 5, 2018, and February 5, 2019. We examined demographics, who made the decisions, the type and date of documentation confirming patient's LST, and whether the LST was withheld or withdrawn.
Results
Of 809 patients who were enrolled, 29% (n=231) completed forms regarding LST themselves, and 71% (n=578) needed family members to decide. The median time from confirmation of the EOL process to death and from the Advance Statement to death were 2 and 5 days, respectively (both ranges, 0 to 244). In total, 90% (n=727) of patients withheld treatment, and 10% (n=82)withdrew it. We found a higher withdrawal rate when family members made the decisions (13.3% vs. 1.7%, p < 0.001).
Conclusion
After the act’s enforcement, withdrawing LSTs became lawful and self-determination rates increased. Family members still make 71% of decisions regarding LSTs, but these are often inconsistent with the patients’ wishes; thus, further efforts are needed to integrate the new act into clinical practice.

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    Journal of the American Medical Directors Association.2022; 23(10): 1634.     CrossRef
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    Il Yun, Hyunkyu Kim, Eun-Cheol Park, Suk-Yong Jang
    BMC Palliative Care.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Seung Hyo Lee, Sun Young Lee, Jeong Ho Park, Kyoung Jun Song, Sang Do Shin
    The American Journal of Emergency Medicine.2021; 47: 17.     CrossRef
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    So-Youn Park, Bomyee Lee, Jeong Yeon Seon, In-Hwan Oh
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    Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(2): 584.     CrossRef
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    Sunjung Kim, Sunghee H. Tak
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    Hwa Jung Kim, Yu Jung Kim, Jung Hye Kwon, Young-Woong Won, Ha Yeon Lee, Sun Kyung Baek, Hyewon Ryu, Do Yeun Kim
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Prognostic Value of TP53 Mutation for Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization Failure/Refractoriness in HBV-Related Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Miao Xue, Yanqin Wu, Wenzhe Fan, Jian Guo, Jialiang Wei, Hongyu Wang, Jizhou Tan, Yu Wang, Wang Yao, Yue Zhao, Jiaping Li
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):925-937.   Published online March 30, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.533
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic features and mutational landscape of patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related advanced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) undergoing transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE).
Materials and Methods
From January 2017 to December 2018, 38 patients newly diagnosed with HBV-related advanced HCC were enrolled in the final analysis. Their pathological tissues and corresponding blood samples before TACE treatment were collected for whole-exome sequencing. Response to TACE was evaluated at 1-3 months after two consecutive use of TACE. Predictive factors were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses in a bivariate Logistic regression model. Enrichment of related pathways of all driver genes were acquired using the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA).
Results
Among 38 patients, 23 (60.5%) exhibited TACE failure/refractoriness. Patients with TACE failure/refractoriness showed higher frequency of TP53 mutation than their counterparts (p=0.020). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that only vascular invasion and TP53 mutation were significantly correlated with TACE failure/refractoriness in HBV-related advanced HCC. Of the 16 patients without vascular invasion, eight (50.0%) had TP53 mutations, and TP53 mutation was associated with TACE failure/refractoriness (p=0.041). Moreover, GSEA showed that mitogen-activated protein kinase and apoptosis pathways induced by TP53 mutation were possibly associated with TACE failure/refractoriness.
Conclusion
Our study suggested that TP53 mutation was independently related with TACE efficacy, which may work via mitogen-activated protein kinase and apoptosis pathways. These findings may provide evidence to help distinguish patients who will particularly benefit from TACE from those who require more personalized therapeutic regimens and rigorous surveillance in HBV-related advanced HCC.

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    Guixiong Zhang, Wenzhe Fan, Hongyu Wang, Jie Wen, Jizhou Tan, Miao Xue, Jiaping Li
    Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Wei-Li Xia, Shi-Jun Xu, Yuan Guo, Xiao-Hui Zhao, Hong-Tao Hu, Yan Zhao, Quan-Jun Yao, Lin Zheng, Dong-Yang Zhang, Chen-Yang Guo, Wei-Jun Fan, Hai-Liang Li
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    Tian-Cheng Wang, Tian-Zhi An, Jun-Xiang Li, Zi-Shu Zhang, Yu-Dong Xiao
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Laparoscopic Surgery for Colorectal Cancer in Korea: Nationwide Data from 2013 to 2018
Sun Jin Park, Kil Yeon Lee, Suk-Hwan Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):938-944.   Published online April 6, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.043
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
We report nationwide data on the current status of laparoscopic surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC) in Korea.
Materials and Methods
Nationwide data of patients who underwent surgery for CRC from 2013 to 2018 were obtained from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service database. Data and trends of laparoscopy use for colorectal resection over six years were examined.
Results
In Korea, a total of 117,320 patients underwent surgical resection for CRC from 2013 to 2018. The proportion of laparoscopic resection increased from 64.9% in 2013 to 78.5% in 2018. The rate of laparoscopic resection for colon cancer increased from 64.7% in 2013 to 77.4% in 2018. For rectal cancer, the rate of laparoscopic resection increased from 65.4% to 81.6%. Males accounted for 59.8% of all patients, but females surpassed males at over 80 years of age. The age of peak incidence was in the 60s for males and in the 70s for females. A steady increase in the number of patients undergoing surgery for CRC was observed over 80 years of age.
Conclusion
The laparoscopic penetration rate for CRC in Korea continued to increase annually and reached 78.5% in 2018.

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Inhibition of ATR Increases the Sensitivity to WEE1 Inhibitor in Biliary Tract Cancer
Ah-Rong Nam, Mei-Hua Jin, Ju-Hee Bang, Kyoung-Seok Oh, Hye-Rim Seo, Do-Youn Oh, Yung-Jue Bang
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):945-956.   Published online April 17, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2020.080
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Currently, the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway represents a key target for new cancer drug development. Advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) has a poor prognosis because of the lack of efficacious treatment options. Although DNA repair pathway alterations have been reported in many patients with BTC, little is known regarding the effects of DDR-targeted agents against BTC.
Materials and Methods
In this study, nine BTC cell lines were exposed to the WEE1 inhibitor (AZD1775). In vitro, MTT assay, colony-forming assay, cell cycle analysis, phospho-histone H3 staining assay, Transwell migration assay, and western blot were performed. Then, to enhance the antitumor effect of AZD1775, the combination treatment of WEE1 inhibitor and ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related (ATR) inhibitor (AZD6738) was conducted using MTT assay and comet assay. Finally, HuCCT-1 and SNU2670 xenograft models were established to confirm the anti-tumor effect of AZD1775 alone. Furthermore, the combination treatment was also evaluated in SNU2670 xenograft models.
Results
AZD1775 blocked the phosphorylation of CDC2 and CDC25C in all cell lines, but significantly increased apoptosis and S phase arrest in sensitive cells. However, increased p-ATR and phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated levels were observed in less sensitive cells. In addition, in vitro and in vivo data illustrated that AZD1775 combined with AZD6738 exerted more potent anti-tumor effects than either drug alone. Although WEE1 inhibition has promising anti-tumor effects in some BTC cells, the addition of ATR inhibitors could enhance its efficacy.
Conclusion
Taken together, this study supports further clinical development of DDR-targeted strategies as monotherapy or combination regimens for BTC.

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    Zhengbo Hu, Lugen Li, Wenxing Lan, Xiao Wei, Xiangyuan Wen, Penghuan Wu, Xianliao Zhang, Xinhua Xi, Yufa Li, Liqi Wu, Wenhu Li, Xiaohong Liao
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    Takuya Suzuki, Takahisa Hirokawa, Anri Maeda, Shinnosuke Harata, Kaori Watanabe, Takeshi Yanagita, Hajime Ushigome, Nozomi Nakai, Yuzo Maeda, Kazuyoshi Shiga, Ryo Ogawa, Akira Mitsui, Masahiro Kimura, Yoichi Matsuo, Hiroki Takahashi, Shuji Takiguchi
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Computed Tomography–Determined Sarcopenia Is a Useful Imaging Biomarker for Predicting Postoperative Outcomes in Elderly Colorectal Cancer Patients
Hailun Xie, Yizhen Gong, Jiaan Kuang, Ling Yan, Guotian Ruan, Shuangyi Tang, Feng Gao, Jialiang Gan
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):957-972.   Published online April 17, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.695
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose
This study aimed to establish whether computed tomography (CT)–determined sarcopenia is a useful imaging biomarker for postoperative outcome in elderly colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and construct sarcopenia-based nomograms to predict individual outcomes after surgery.
Materials and Methods
CT imaging data of 298 elderly CRC patients who underwent surgery in 2012-2014 were retrospectively analyzed. Skeletal muscle mass was determined by CT, and sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the optimal cutoff value determined by X-tile program. The correlation between sarcopenia and risk of preoperative nutrition and postoperative complications was evaluated. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to determine survival predictors. Sarcopenia-based nomograms were developed based on multivariate analysis, and calibrated using concordance index and calibration curves.
Results
A total 132 patients (44.3%) had sarcopenia based on the optimum cutoff values (29.9 cm2/m2 for women and 49.5 cm2/m2 for men). Sarcopenia was an independent risk factor for preoperative nutrition (p < 0.001; odds ratio [OR], 3.405; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.948 to 5.954) and postoperative complications (p=0.008; OR, 2.192; 95% CI, 1.231 to 3.903). Sarcopenia was an independent predictor for poor progression-free survival (p < 0.001; hazard ratio [HR], 2.175; 95% CI, 1.489 to 3.179) and overall survival (p < 0.001; HR, 2.524; 95% CI, 1.721 to 3.703). Based on multivariate analysis, we produced four nomograms that had better predictive performance.
Conclusion
CT-determined sarcopenia is a useful imaging biomarker for predicting preoperative nutritional risk, postoperative complications, and long-term outcomes in elderly CRC patients. The sarcopenia-based nomograms can provide a scientific basis for guiding therapeutic schedule and follow-up strategies.

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RON and MET Co-overexpression Are Significant Pathological Characteristics of Poor Survival and Therapeutic Targets of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Tian-Hao Weng, Min-Ya Yao, Xiang-Ming Xu, Chen-Yu Hu, Shu-Hao Yao, Yi-Zhi Liu, Zhi-Gang Wu, Tao-Ming Tang, Pei-Fen Fu, Ming-Hai Wang, Hang-Ping Yao
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):973-986.   Published online April 22, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.726
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Purpose
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly malignant and has poor prognosis and a high mortality rate. The lack of effective therapy has spurred our investigation of new targets for treating this malignant cancer. Here, we identified RON (macrophage-stimulating 1 receptor) and MET (MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase) as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic targets for potential TNBC treatment.
Materials and Methods
We analyzed RON and MET expression in 187 primary TNBC clinical samples with immunohistochemistry. We validated the targeted therapeutic effects of RON and MET in TNBC using three tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs): BMS-777607, INCB28060, and tivantinib. The preclinical therapeutic efficacy of the TKIs was mainly estimated using a TNBC xenograft model.
Results
Patients with TNBC had widespread, abnormal expression of RON and MET. There was RON overexpression, MET overexpression, and RON and MET co-overexpression in 63 (33.7%), 63 (33.7%), and 43 cases (23.0%), respectively, which had poor prognosis and short survival. In vivo, the TKI targeting RON ant MET inhibited the activation of the downstream signaling molecules, inhibited TNBC cell migration and proliferation, and increased TNBC cell apoptosis; in the xenograft model, they significantly inhibited tumor growth and shrank tumor volumes. The TKI targeting RON and Met, such as BMS-777607 and tivantinib, yielded stronger anti-tumor effects than INCB28060.
Conclusion
RON and MET co-overexpression can be significant pathological characteristics in TNBC for poor prognosis. TKIs targeting RON and MET have stronger drug development potential for treating TNBC.

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Case Report
Philadelphia+ Chronic Myeloid Leukemia with CALR Mutation: A Case Report and Literature Review
Seug Yun Yoon, Sun Young Jeong, Changgon Kim, Min-Young Lee, Jieun Kim, Kyoung-Ha Kim, Namsu Lee, Jong-Ho Won
Cancer Res Treat. 2020;52(3):987-991.   Published online January 15, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.703
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are classified as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and Philadelphia chromosome-negative MPN. In MPN cases, the presence of a BCR-ABL1 translocation with a coexisting mutation is exceptionally rare. Herein, we report the first documented patient with CML harboring CALR mutation in Korea. A 33-year-old woman was referred to our hospital in February 2015 with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis. She was diagnosed with CML and started receiving nilotinib. In October 2015, a major molecular response was observed, but thrombocytosis persisted. A repeat bone marrow (BM) examination revealed no specific findings. However, as thrombocytosis worsened, we changed nilotinib to dasatinib. In May 2019, owing to persistent thrombocytosis, we repeated the BM examination and found CALR mutation (15.97%) on the MPN–next generation sequencing (NGS) test. We then retrospectively performed repeat MPN-NGS testing using the BM aspirate sample obtained in 2015 and found CALR mutation (10.64%).

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  • A Review of Clonal Relationships in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms With Co-Mutations of JAK2, CALR or MPL and BCR::ABL1
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    British Journal of Haematology.2021; 195(3): 338.     CrossRef
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