Locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a heterogeneous disease, and we have embarked on an era where patients will benefit from individualized therapeutic strategies based on identifiable molecular characteristics of the tumor. The landmark studies demonstrating the importance of molecular characterization of tumors for NSCLC patients, the promising molecular pathways, and the potential molecular targets/agents for treatment of this disease will be reviewed. Understanding these issues will aid in the development of rationally designed clinical trials, so as to determine best means of appropriately incorporating these molecular strategies, to the current standard of radiation and chemotherapy regimens, for the treatment of locally advanced NSCLC.
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Despite their rarity in incidence and prevalence, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) have emerged as a distinct and noteworthy pathogenetic entity. The clinical management of GISTs has rapidly evolved due to the recent elucidation of their oncogenic signal transduction pathway and the introduction of molecular-targeted therapies.
Successful management of GISTs requires a multidisciplinary approach firmly based on an accurate histopathologic diagnosis. In 2007, the Korean GIST study group published the first guideline for optimal diagnosis and treatment of GISTs in Korea. The second version of the guideline was published in 2010. Herein, we provide the results of relevant clinical studies for the purpose of further revision to the guideline. We expect this new guideline will enhance the accuracy of diagnosis, as performed by members of the Korean associate of physicians involved in GIST patient care, thus improving the efficacy of treatment.
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PURPOSE This study investigated the efficacy and toxicity associated with consolidation chemotherapy using paclitaxel and carboplatin after concurrent chemoradiation (CCR) in cervical cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS From a total of 37 patients, 19 with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IB1-IIA cervical cancer (group 1) underwent surgery followed by consolidation chemotherapy after CCR, and 18 with stage IIB-IVA disease (group 2) received consolidation chemotherapy after primary CCR. Three cycles of chemotherapy using paclitaxel (135 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 5.0) were administered every 3 weeks for CCR therapy, and three cycles of consolidation chemotherapy using paclitaxel (175 mg/m2) and carboplatin (AUC 5.0) were used every 3 weeks after CCR. RESULTS The complete and partial response rates were 77.8% and 22.2% in group 2. Moreover, the 3-year progression-free and overall survival rates were 62.7% and 90.9% in group 1, and 51.9% and 60% in group 2, respectively. The most common grade 3 or 4 hematologic toxicities observed were leukopenia (group 1, 10.5%; group 2, 13.0%) and neutropenia (group 1, 7.0%; group 2, 14.8%), and grade 3 or 4 diarrhea (group 1, 1.8%) and febrile illness (group 2, 1.9%) were the most frequently observed non-hematologic toxicities. When we compared these results with previous reports, consolidation chemotherapy after CCR using paclitaxel and carboplatin revealed a relatively lower complete response rate (77.8% vs. 87-100%, respectively) and shorter progression-free survival (51.9-62.7% vs. 81-86%, respectively) and overall survival (60-90.9% vs. 81-95%, respectively) in spite of similar toxicity findings. CONCLUSION Due to low efficacy results, consolidation chemotherapy using paclitaxel and carboplatin after CCR is not a feasible treatment regimen for high-risk early-stage or locally advanced cervical cancer.
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PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the long-term oncologic outcomes for locally advanced rectal cancer patients after treatment with preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision, and to identify prognostic factors that affect survival and pathologic response. MATERIALS AND METHODS From June 1996 to June 2009, 135 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer were treated with preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by total mesorectal excision at Kyung Hee University Hospital.
Patient data was retrospectively collected and analyzed in order to determine the treatment outcomes and identify prognostic factors for survival. RESULTS The median follow-up time was 50 months (range, 4.5 to 157.8 months). After preoperative chemoradiotherapy, sphincter preservation surgery was accomplished in 67.4% of whole patients. A complete pathologic response was achieved in 16% of patients. The estimated 5- and 8-year overall survival, loco-regional recurrence-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rate for all patients was 82.7% and 75.7%, 76.8% and 71.9%, 67.9% and 63.3%, respectively. The estimated 5- and 8-year overall survival, loco-regional recurrence-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival rate for pathologic complete responders was 100% and 100%, 100% and 88.9%, 95.5% and 95.5%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, pathologic complete response was significantly associated with overall survival. The predictive factor for pathologic complete response was pretreatment clinical stage. CONCLUSION Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer resulted in a high rate of overall survival, sphincter preservation, down-staging, and pathologic complete response. The patients achieving pathologic complete response had very favorable outcomes.
Pathologic complete response was a significant prognostic factor for overall survival and the significant predictive factor for a pathologic complete response was pretreatment clinical stage.
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PURPOSE Apolipoprotein E (APOE, MIM: 107741) has three functionally distinct isoforms of the protein (E2, E3, and E4), encoded by corresponding alleles epsilon2, epsilon3, and epsilon4, which have been well described. Findings from previous studies investigating association between APOE polymorphisms and breast cancer risk have been inconsistent.
The present meta-analysis was conducted in order to investigate association of APOE polymorphisms with risk of breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several electronic databases were used for identification of studies containing information on APOE polymorphisms and breast cancer risk published up to January 2012. We identified 10 eligible studies, including 3,835 subjects (2008 patients, and 1,827 healthy controls), that reported on polymorphisms of APOE and risk of breast cancer. Summary odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained using a fixed and random-effects models. RESULTS Among studies reported from Asia, an association of the epsilon4 allele with increased risk of breast cancer, in comparison with the epsilon3 allele, was observed (OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.04; p=0.001). It should be noted that allele epsilon2 showed no association with breast cancer risk. Among Caucasians, neither the epsilon4 (OR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.83 to 1.17; p=0.917) nor the epsilon2 (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.17; p=0.514) allele showed an association with susceptibility to breast cancer, when compared with the epsilon3 allele. Carriers of the epsilon4 allele (E4E4, E4E3, and E4E2 genotypes), in comparison with the E3E3 genotype, showed an association with elevated risk of breast cancer only among Asians (OR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.23 to 2.47; p=0.002). No publication bias was detected. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis suggest that the APOEepsilon4 allele is a low-penetrant risk factor for development of breast cancer.
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PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of treatment using gemcitabine and capecitabine for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with advanced unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study.
Inclusion criteria included no prior systemic chemotherapy or radiation therapy, at least one radiographically documented and measurable tumor lesion, and adequate patient organ functions. The patients received 1,000 mg/m2 gemcitabine intravenously on days 1, 8 and 15, and 830 mg/m2 of oral capecitabine twice a day on days 1-21 of a 28-day cycle. RESULTS Fifty patients with a median age of 53 years (range, 39 to 76 years) were enrolled in the study. The median follow-up was 10.0 months. The objective response rate of the 50 patients was 48.0% (95% CI, 22.5 to 57.1%).
The median time to progression and overall survival were 6.5 months (95% CI, 2.3 to 8.7 months) and 10.0 months (95% CI, 5.7 to 16.7 months), respectively. Grade 3-4 toxicities associated with chemotherapy included neutropenia (22%), anemia (8%), thrombocytopenia (6%), and hand-foot syndrome (10%). CONCLUSION Combination chemotherapy using gemcitabine and capecitabine was well tolerated and demonstrated promising efficacy in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Results of a prospective phase 2 clinical trial of induction gemcitabine/capecitabine followed by stereotactic ablative radiation therapy in borderline resectable or locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma Kimmen Quan, Philip Sutera, Karen Xu, Mark E. Bernard, Steven A. Burton, Rodney E. Wegner, Herbert Zeh, Nathan Bahary, Ronald Stoller, Dwight E. Heron Practical Radiation Oncology.2018; 8(2): 95. CrossRef
A randomized, multicenter, phase III study of gemcitabine combined with capecitabine versus gemcitabine alone as first-line chemotherapy for advanced pancreatic cancer in South Korea Hee Seung Lee, Moon Jae Chung, Jeong Youp Park, Seungmin Bang, Seung Woo Park, Ho Gak Kim, Myung Hwan Noh, Sang Hyub Lee, Yong-Tae Kim, Hyo Jung Kim, Chang Duck Kim, Dong Ki Lee, Kwang Bum Cho, Chang Min Cho, Jong Ho Moon, Dong Uk Kim, Dae Hwan Kang, Youn Medicine.2017; 96(1): e5702. CrossRef
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PURPOSE Chemotherapy has demonstrated ability to generate tumor antigens secondary to induction of apoptosis, against which human leukocyte antigen-compatible, irradiated, related donor mononuclear cells may be administered with immune stimulation to activate antigen presenting and cytotoxic T cells, while minimizing risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The present study endeavours to describe feasibility and efficacy of this treatment, specifically in the community setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eligible patients had rapidly progressive, chemorefractory metastatic solid tumors.
Treatment consisted of intravenous etoposide and cyclosporine for three days followed by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for 5 days.
The following week, 5x10(7) haploidentical or more closely matched irradiated donor mononuclear cells were given weekly for 10 weeks along with interleukin-2. RESULTS Three patients were enrolled, and the regimen was well-tolerated, with no GVHD observed. All patients had clinical response, despite advanced and heavily pretreated disease. CONCLUSION The above-outlined protocol demonstrates favorable tolerability and efficacy, and appears to be feasible in the community setting. While the optimal chemotherapy, immunostimulation, and irradiation regimens may be further optimized, future investigation appears warranted, and may include community oncology programs.
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Erdheim-Chester disease is a rare non-Langerhans-cell histiocytosis involving bones and multiple organs. Its clinical course can vary, from an asymptomatic state to a fatal disease, with renal involvement being a common cause of death. A 41-year-old man presented with a 10-month history of bilateral lower limb pain. Left perirenal soft-tissue infiltration had been found incidentally two years earlier. No progression of the lesion or deterioration of renal function was observed for a period of two years. At admission, plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging of the patient's lower limbs showed patchy osteosclerosis.
Biopsy of the tibia revealed histiocytic infiltration, which was found to be positive for CD68 and negative for CD1a.
This report describes an unusual case of Erdheim-Chester disease involving a stationary course of disease with no specific treatment for a long period of time.
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