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Volume 43(1); March 2011
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Review Article
Cancer Statistics in Korea: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Prevalence in 2008
Kyu-Won Jung, Sohee Park, Hyun-Joo Kong, Young-Joo Won, Joo Young Lee, Eun-Cheol Park, Jin-Soo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):1-11.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.1
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
This paper overviews the nationwide cancer statistics including incidence, mortality, survival and prevalence, and their trends in Korea based on the year 2008 cancer incidence data.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Incidence data from 1993 to 2008 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and the vital status was followed through December 31, 2009. Mortality data from 1983 to 2008 were obtained from the Korea National Statistics Office. Crude rates and age-standardized rates for incidence, mortality, prevalence and relative survival were calculated.
RESULTS
There were 178,816 cancer cases and 68,912 cancer deaths observed during year 2008 and 724,663 10-year cancer prevalent cases as of January 1, 2009 in Korea. The incidence rate for all cancer combined showed an annual increase of 3.1% from 1999 to 2008.
CONCLUSION
With significantly increasing cancer incidence, Korea faces a large cancer burden and efficient cancer control programs are essential.

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Original Articles
Prediction of Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Korea, 2011
Kyu-Won Jung, Sohee Park, Young-Joo Won, Hyun-Joo Kong, Joo Young Lee, Eun-Cheol Park, Jin-Soo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):12-18.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.12
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
To estimate the current cancer burden in Korea, cancer incidence and mortality were projected for the year 2011.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The cancer incidence data from 1999-2008 were obtained from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database, and the cancer mortality data from 1993-2009 were obtained from the Korea National Statistics Office. Cancer incident cases and rates in 2011 were projected from fitting a linear regression model on observed age-specific cancer incidence rates against observed years, then multiplying the projected age-specific rates by the age-specific population. For cancer mortality, a similar procedure was applied for projection except that a Joinpoint regression model was used to determine at which year the linear trend significantly changed.
RESULTS
A total of 216,809 new cancer cases and 71,036 cancer deaths are projected to occur in Korea in 2011. For all sites combined, the crude incidence rates are projected to be 437.9 and 420.5 and the age-standardized incidence rates are projected to be 336.5 and 279.7 per 100,000 for men and women, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Cancer has become an important public health concern in Korea, and as Korea becomes an aged society, the cancer burden will continue to increase.

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Phase II Clinical Trial of Genexol(R) (Paclitaxel) and Carboplatin for Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Han Jo Kim, Kyoung Ha Kim, Jina Yun, Se Hyung Kim, Hyun Jung Kim, Sang-Cheol Lee, Sang Byung Bae, Chan Kyu Kim, Nam Su Lee, Kyu Taek Lee, Do-Jin Kim, Seong-Kyu Park, Jong-Ho Won, Dae Sik Hong, Hee Sook Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):19-23.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.19
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
This phase II clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the activity and safety of a combination treatment of paclitaxel (Genexol(R)) plus carboplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemotherapy-naive patients having histologically confirmed advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled. Genexol(R) was administered at 225 mg/m2 intravenous (IV) infusion over 3 hours, followed by carboplatin (area under the concentration-time curve=6) IV on day 1 every 3 weeks.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight patients were enrolled between January 2003 and January 2005. A total of 110 cycles of chemotherapy were given. The median number of chemotherapy cycles was 4. A total of 25 study patients were evaluable. On an intent-to-treat basis, there were ten partial responses (response rate 35.7%). The median time-to-progression was 3.2 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5 to 4.9) and the median overall survival was 8.2 months (95% CI, 4.1 to 12.3). The main hematologic grade 3/4 toxicity was neutropenia, which was observed in 14 (50.0%) patients. The main non-hematologic toxicity was peripheral neuropathy, which was observed in 12 patients (42.9%). Grade 3/4 neuropathy occurred in 8 patients (28.6%) and three patients discontinued treatment because of neuropathy.
CONCLUSION
In this trial, the combination of Genexol(R) and carboplatin showed significant activity as first line treatment for patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. However, a modest dose reduction of Genexol(R) is needed due to sensory neuropathy.

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Effect of Oral Supplementation with Branched-chain Amino Acid (BCAA) during Radiotherapy in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Double-Blind Randomized Study
Ik Jae Lee, Jinsil Seong, Jung Im Bae, Sei Hwan You, Yumie Rhee, Jong Ho Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):24-31.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.24
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
The present study evaluated whether oral supplementation with a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) improves the biochemical and amino acid profiles of liver tumor patients undergoing radiotherapy.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: a group given oral supplementation with BCAA granules (LIVACT granules; Samil Pharm Co., Korea, each granule containing L-isoleucine 952 mg, L-leucine 1,904 mg, and L-valine 1,144 mg) during radiotherapy, or a placebo group. Physical and biochemical examinations and measurements, including subjective symptoms, Child-Pugh class, body mass index, plasma albumin concentration, and plasma amino acid profiles were monitored.
RESULTS
Fifty were enrolled between November 2005 and November 2006. We also analyzed data from 37 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in order to evaluate a more homogenous group. The two groups of patients were comparable in terms of age, gender, Child-Pugh score, and underlying hepatitis virus type. Serum albumin, total protein, liver enzymes, and cholesterol showed a tendency to increase in the BCAA group. In this group, the percentage of cases that reverted to normal serum albumin levels between 3 and 10 weeks after administration of BCAA was significantly higher (41.18%) than in the placebo group (p=0.043).
CONCLUSION
Oral supplementation with a BCAA preparation seems to help HCC patients undergoing radiotherapy by increasing the BCAA concentration.

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    Yaqi Zhang, Luqi Zhan, Lingjian Zhang, Qingmiao Shi, Lanjuan Li
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    Anne M. van Dijk, Alexandra S. Bruins Slot, Piero Portincasa, Sebastiaan N. Siegerink, Najiba Chargi, Carina J. R. Verstraete, Joep de Bruijne, Frank P. Vleggaar, Karel J. van Erpecum
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    Georgios A. Sideris, Savvas Tsaramanidis, Aikaterini T. Vyllioti, Njogu Njuguna
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Clinical Responses and Prognostic Indicators of Concurrent Chemoradiation for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Dong-Soo Lee, Yeon-Sil Kim, Jin-Hyoung Kang, Sang-Nam Lee, Young-Kyoun Kim, Myung-Im Ahn, Dae-Hee Han, Ie-Ryung Yoo, Young-Pil Wang, Jae-Gil Park, Sei-Chul Yoon, Hong-Seok Jang, Byung-Oak Choi
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):32-41.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.32
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
To evaluate treatment outcomes and prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with concurrent chemoradiation.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
From January 2005 to June 2009, 51 patients were treated with concurrent chemoradiation for 3 different aims: locally advanced stage III, locally recurrent disease, and postoperative gross residual NSCLC. Median age was 63 years. Distribution of stages by the 6th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) was as follows: IIIA (37.3%), IIIB (56.9%). Chemotherapy was administered every week concurrently with radiation using one of the following regimens: paclitaxel (60 mg/m2), docetaxel+cisplatin (20 mg/m2+20 mg/m2), cisplatin (30 mg/m2). Total radiation dose was 16-66.4 Gy (median, 59.4 Gy).
RESULTS
Median follow-up duration was 40.8 months. The overall response rate was 84.3% with 23 complete responses. The median survival duration for the overall patient group was 17.6 months. The 3-year survival rate was 17.8%. A total of 21 patients had recurrent disease at the following sites: loco-regional sites (23.6%), distant organs (27.5%). In the multivariate analysis of the overall patient group, a clinical tumor response (p=0.002) was the only significant prognostic factor for overall survival (OS). In the multivariate analysis of the definitive chemoradiation arm, the use of consolidation chemotherapy (p=0.022), biologically equivalent dose (BED)10 (p=0.007), and a clinical tumor response (p=0.030) were the significant prognostic factors for OS.The median survival duration of the locally recurrent group and the postoperative gross residual group were 26.4 and 23.9 months, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Our study demonstrated that clinical tumor response was significantly associated with OS in the overall patient group. Further investigations regarding the optimal radiation dose in the definitive chemoradiation and the optimal treatment scheme in locally recurrent NSCLC would be required.

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Reproductive and Hormonal Factors Associated with Fatty or Dense Breast Patterns among Korean Women
Jei-Hun Jeon, Jung-Hyun Kang, Yeonju Kim, Hoo-Yeon Lee, Kui Son Choi, Jae Kwan Jun, Dong-Kwan Oh, Chang Yoon Lee, Kyungran Ko, Eun-Cheol Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):42-48.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.42
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
Dense breasts have been suggested as a risk factor for breast cancer, but controversy still remains. This study evaluates the association of reproductive and hormonal factors with dense breasts among Korean women.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using a cross-sectional design, 516 women were recruited and classified for breast density patterns as being either fatty or dense, using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) of the American College of Radiology. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS
In univariate logistic regression, older age, higher body mass index, older age at menarche, and oral contraceptive use were associated with more fatty breasts. On the contrary, longer duration of education, alcohol consumption, lower parity, menopause and use of hormone replacement therapy were associated with dense breasts. After adjustment, age and body mass index were inversely associated with breast density (p-value for trend <0.01, respectively), whereas nulliparous and premenopausal status were positively associated. Compared to women who had > or =2 children, nulliparous women had an 11.8-fold increase of dense breasts (p-value for trend <0.01). Compared to postmenopausal women, premenopausal women had 2.4-fold increase of dense breasts (odds ratio, 2.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.36 to 4.32).
CONCLUSION
Young age, lower body mass index, lower parity, and premenopausal status were significantly associated with dense breasts in Korea.

Citations

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  • Breast density awareness and cancer risk in the UAE: Enhancing Women's engagement in early detection
    M. Rawashdeh, M.Z. El-Sayed, M. Umar, N. Majeed, A. Jamalzadeh, C. Saade, A. England, M. McEntee, M.M. El Safwany, M.A. Ali
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    Boon Hong Ang, Shivaani Mariapun, Farahida Mohd Farid, Imelda Suhanti Ishak, Muhammad Faiz Md Taib, Asfarina Ab Rahim, Lenjai Anak Jembai, Tania Islam, Kartini Rahmat, Farhana Fadzli, Nur Aishah Mohd Taib, Cheng Har Yip, Weang-Kee Ho, Soo-Hwang Teo
    Cancer Causes & Control.2025; 36(7): 691.     CrossRef
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    Claire E. Kim, Ana Pereira, Alexandra M. Binder, Chitra Amarasiriwardena, John A. Shepherd, Camila Corvalan, Karin B. Michels
    International Journal of Cancer.2024; 155(4): 627.     CrossRef
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    Dong-Man Ye, Xiaoru Bai, Shu Xu, Ning Qu, Nannan Zhao, Yang Zheng, Tao Yu, Huijian Wu
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    Lusine Yaghjyan, Carmen Smotherman, John Heine, Graham A. Colditz, Bernard Rosner, Rulla M. Tamimi
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    Ji Young Jang, Eun Young Ko, Ji Soo Jung, Kyung Nam Kang, Yeon Soo Kim, Chul Woo Kim
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    Shadi Azam, Katja Kemp Jacobsen, Arja R. Aro, Elsebeth Lynge, Zorana Jovanovic Andersen
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    Marilene Alícia Souza, Angela Maggio Fonseca, Vicente R. Bagnoli, Nestor de Barros, Solange O.B. Franzolin, Katia C. Carvalho, José Maria Soares-Jr, Edmund C. Baracat
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    Jisun Kim, Wonshik Han, Hyeong-Gon Moon, Soo Kyung Ahn, Hee-Chul Shin, Jee-Man You, Sae-Won Han, Seock-Ah Im, Tae-You Kim, Hye Ryoung Koo, Jung Min Chang, Nariya Cho, Woo Kyung Moon, Dong-Young Noh
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    Jeong Eon Lee, Jung-Hyun Yang, Seok Jin Nam
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Effects of Triterpenoid Glycosides from Fresh Ginseng Berry on SW480 Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Line
Jing-Tian Xie, Guang-Jian Du, Eryn McEntee, Han H. Aung, Hui He, Sangeeta R. Mehendale, Chong-Zhi Wang, Chun-Su Yuan
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):49-55.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.49
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
The pharmacological activities, notably the anticancer properties, of bioactive constituents fromfresh American ginseng berry have not yet been well studied. In this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of fresh American ginseng berry extract (AGBE) and its representative triterpenoid glycosides using the human colorectal cancer cell line SW480.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the contents of 8 ginsenosides in AGBE were determined. The cell growth inhibitory effects of AGBE and three triterpenoid glycosides (ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3) were evaluated by proliferation assay and 3H-thymidine incorporation assay. Cell cycle and apoptotic effects were analyzed by using flow cytometry after staining with propidium iodide and annexin V.
RESULTS
HPLC analysis data showed that AGBE has a distinct ginsenoside profile. AGBE inhibited SW480 cell growth significantly in a time-dependent (24-96 hours) and concentration-dependent (0.1-1.0 mg/mL) manner. Ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 also possess significant antiproliferative activities on SW480 cells. 3H-thymidine incorporation assay indicated that AGBE and ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 might inhibit the transferring and duplication of DNA in SW480 cells. Flow cytometric assay data suggested that AGBE arrested SW480 cells in S and G2/M phases, and significantly induced cell apoptosis.
CONCLUSION
AGBE and ginsenosides Rb3, Re, and Rg3 possessed significant antiproliferative effects and induced changes of morphological appearance on SW480 cells. The mechanisms of the antiproliferation of AGBE and tested ginsenosides involved could be cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.

Citations

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    Lixia Tian, Ranran Gao, Yuxiang Cai, Junxian Chen, Hongmei Dong, Shanshan Chen, Zaichang Yang, Yu Wang, Linfang Huang, Zhichao Xu
    Food & Function.2024; 15(5): 2343.     CrossRef
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    Jin-Nyoung Ho
    Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition.2024; 53(3): 233.     CrossRef
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    Le Li, Yunhe Liu, Hui Yu, Zhuo Li, Hongqiang Lin, Fulin Wu, Luying Tan, Caixia Wang, Pingya Li, Jinping Liu
    Journal of Food Biochemistry.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Linxian Zhao, Yueming Zhang, Yajuan Li, Chen Li, Kai Shi, Kai Zhang, Ning Liu
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    Jin-Yi Wan, Wei-Hua Huang, Wei Zheng, Chan Woong Park, Su Hwan Kim, Dae Bang Seo, Kwang-Soon Shin, Jinxiang Zeng, Haiqiang Yao, Clara Sava-Segal, Chong-Zhi Wang, Chun-Su Yuan
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    Yoo-Jin Ha, Sun-Kyun Yoo, Mee Ree Kim
    Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life.2016; 26(1): 88.     CrossRef
  • Anticancer Activities of Protopanaxadiol‐ and Protopanaxatriol‐Type Ginsenosides and Their Metabolites
    Xiao-Jia Chen, Xiao-Jing Zhang, Yan-Mei Shui, Jian-Bo Wan, Jian-Li Gao, Ki-Wan Oh
    Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Metabonomic Profiling Reveals Cancer Chemopreventive Effects of American Ginseng on Colon Carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ Mice
    Guoxiang Xie, Chong-Zhi Wang, Chunhao Yu, Yunping Qiu, Xiao-Dong Wen, Chun-Feng Zhang, Chun-Su Yuan, Wei Jia
    Journal of Proteome Research.2015; 14(8): 3336.     CrossRef
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    Seung Tae Kim, Hee Jung Kim, Su Kil Jang, Do Ik Lee, Seong Soo Joo
    Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology.2013; 45(1): 77.     CrossRef
  • Ginsenoside F2 induces apoptosis accompanied by protective autophagy in breast cancer stem cells
    Trang Thi Mai, JeongYong Moon, YeonWoo Song, Pham Quoc Viet, Pham Van Phuc, Jung Min Lee, Tae-Hoo Yi, Moonjae Cho, Somi Kim Cho
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Alpha-Type 1 Polarized Dendritic Cells Loaded with Apoptotic Allogeneic Breast Cancer Cells Can Induce Potent Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes against Breast Cancer
Min-Ho Park, Deok-Hwan Yang, Mi-Hyun Kim, Jae-Hong Jang, Yoon-Young Jang, Youn-Kyung Lee, Chun-Ji Jin, Than Nhan Nguyen Pham, Truc Anh Nguyen Thi, Mi-Seon Lim, Hyun-Ju Lee, Cheol Yi Hong, Jung-Han Yoon, Je-Jung Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):56-66.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.56
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
PURPOSE
Various tumor antigens can be loaded onto dendritic cells (DCs) to induce a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response in DC-based immunotherapy against breast cancer. However, in the clinical setting, obtaining a sufficient number of autologous tumor cells as a source of tumor antigens is a laborious process. We therefore investigated the feasibility of immunotherapy using breast-cancer-specific CTLs generated in vitro by use of alpha-type 1 polarized DCs (alpha DC1s) loaded with ultraviolet B-irradiated cells of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
alphaDC1s were induced by loading allogeneic tumor antigen generated from the MCF-7 UVB-irradiated breast cancer cell line. Antigen-pulsed alphaDC1s were evaluated by morphological and functional assays, and the breast-cancer-specific CTL response was analyzed by cytotoxic assay.
RESULTS
The alphaDC1s significantly increased the expression of several molecules related to DC maturation without differences according to whether the alphaDC1s were loaded with tumor antigens. The alphaDC1s showed a high production of interleukin-12 both during maturation and after subsequent stimulation with CD40L, which was not significantly affected by loading with tumor antigens. Breast-cancer-specific CTLs against autologous breast cancer cells were successfully induced by alphaDC1s loaded with apoptotic MCF-7 cells.
CONCLUSION
Autologous DCs loaded with an allogeneic breast cancer cell line can generate potent breast-cancer-specific CTL responses. This may be a practical method for cellular immunotherapy in patients with breast cancer.

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Case Reports
Two Pediatric Osteosarcoma Cases with Delayed Methotrexate Excretion: Its Clinical Course and Management
Kang Min Lee, Hee Woo Lee, Seung Yeon Kim, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Dong Hwan Kim, Joongbum Cho, Dong Ho Kim, Jung Sub Lim, Jin Kyung Lee, Jun Ah Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):67-70.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.67
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
High-dose methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapy extends the duration of hospitalization and introduces the risks of serious complications related to delayed MTX excretion. The treatment of delayed MTX excretion is largely dependent on invasive measures such as hemodialysis because the clinical data regarding the efficacy or safety of carboxypetidase G2 is limited. We report here on the cases of two pediatric osteosarcoma patients with delayed MTX excretion and who were successfully managed using supportive measures. Potential life-threatening complications were prevented by administering high doses of leucovorin.

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    Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine.2022; Volume 15: 919.     CrossRef
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  • Delayed High-dose Methotrexate Excretion and Influencing Factors in Osteosarcoma Patients
    Wei Zhang, Qing Zhang, Ting-Ting Zheng, Jian-Cun Zhen, Xiao-Hui Niu
    Chinese Medical Journal.2016; 129(21): 2530.     CrossRef
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Calcified Carcinoma of the Gallbladder with Calcified Nodal Metastasis Presenting as a Porcelain Gallbladder: A Case Report
Eun Joo Yun, Dae Young Yoon, Chul Soon Choi, Sang Hoon Bae, Young Lan Seo, Suk Ki Chang, Kyoung Ja Lim, Jung Hye Kwon, Mi Jung Kwon, Eun Sook Nam
Cancer Res Treat. 2011;43(1):71-74.   Published online March 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2011.43.1.71
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Porcelain gallbladder is regarded as a risk factor of gallbladder cancer. A porcelain gallbladder with calcified regional lymph nodes was found using computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a 43-year-old man who presented with nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. His cholecystectomy specimen showed diffuse wall thickening and contained small gallstones. Histological examination revealed diffuse infiltrative adenocarcinoma with extensive intratumoral calcification (calcified carcinoma). The majority of the calcified material was located within or replaced the tumor glands, and was not found in the stroma. A lymph node was totally replaced with a calcified metastatic adenocarcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, only one case of calcified lymph node metastasis from a calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder has been previously reported in the literature. We herein add a case of calcified carcinoma of the gallbladder with calcified lymph node metastasis, presenting as a porcelain gallbladder on CT and MRI.

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    Juan-Ramón Gómez-López, Beatriz De Andrés-Asenjo, Christian Ortega-Loubon
    Annals of Medicine and Surgery.2014; 3(4): 119.     CrossRef
  • Porcelain Gallbladder: A Benign Process or Concern for Malignancy?
    Thomas Schnelldorfer
    Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2013; 17(6): 1161.     CrossRef
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  • 75 Download
  • 2 Crossref
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