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Volume 41(3); September 2009
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Review Article
Immunomodulation of Breast Cancer via Tumor Antigen Specific Th1
Mary L. Disis, Kyong Hwa Park
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):117-121.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.117
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

It has long been assumed that the immune system plays a role in tumor eradication, however, scant clinical evidence exists to support that hypothesis. In recent years, as the immune system and its specific effector cells are better defined, convincing data supporting immune surveillance is emerging. Several studies have shown that an "immune signature" in the tumor microenvironment is associated with a superior outcome in a variety of cancer types. Moreover, studies have suggested that T cells found in high density within the tumor parenchyma are also correlated with a survival benefit. The type of adaptive immune response implicated in improved cancer outcomes is a type 1 response. That is, adaptive immunity associated with T cells that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ, which can not only support a proliferative antigen specific T cell response but also enhance "cross priming" by activating antigen presenting cells local to the tumor site. There are many methods available that will allow the development of clinical reagents designed to stimulate Th1 immunity; either by in vitro or in vivo manipulation. Clinical trials of a variety of immunotherapeutic strategies indicate that the generation of tumor antigen specific Th1 may be beneficial in inhibiting the growth of common solid tumors.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Immunomodulation with β-Glucan from Pleurotus Ostreatus in Patients with Endocrine-Dependent Breast Cancer
    Jan Spacek, Michal Vocka, Eva Zavadova, Bohuslav Konopasek, Lubos Petruzelka
    Immunotherapy.2022; 14(1): 31.     CrossRef
  • COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON ETIOPATHOGENESIS, TREATMENT AND EMERGING THERAPIES OF BREAST CANCER
    ARUN KUMAR
    Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research.2021; : 20.     CrossRef
  • A Tyrosine Kinase Expression Signature Predicts the Post-Operative Clinical Outcome in Triple Negative Breast Cancers
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    Immunobiology.2018; 223(2): 151.     CrossRef
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    Andrew C. Nelson, Heather L. Machado, Kathryn L. Schwertfeger
    Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia.2018; 23(4): 207.     CrossRef
  • The immunologic constant of rejection classification refines the prognostic value of conventional prognostic signatures in breast cancer
    François Bertucci, Pascal Finetti, Ines Simeone, Wouter Hendrickx, Ena Wang, Francesco M. Marincola, Patrice Viens, Emilie Mamessier, Michele Ceccarelli, Daniel Birnbaum, Davide Bedognetti
    British Journal of Cancer.2018; 119(11): 1383.     CrossRef
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    Bonnie A. McGregor, Emily D. Dolan, Karly M. Murphy, Timothy S. Sannes, Krista B. Highland, Denise L. Albano, Alison A. Ward, Anna M. Charbonneau, Mary W. Redman, Rachel M. Ceballos
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    Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.2012; 133(3): 1105.     CrossRef
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    Molecular Cancer.2011;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Tetsuro Sasada, Shigetaka Suekane
    Immunotherapy.2011; 3(10): 1235.     CrossRef
  • Bridging Innate and Adaptive Antitumor Immunity Targeting Glycans
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    Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology.2010; 2010: 1.     CrossRef
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Special Article
Nationwide Cancer Incidence in Korea, 2003-2005
Young-Joo Won, Joohon Sung, Kyu-Won Jung, Hyun-Joo Kong, Sohee Park, Hai-Rim Shin, Eun-Cheol Park, Yoon-Ok Ahn, In Kyoung Hwang, Duk-Hee Lee, Jin-Su Choi, Woo-Cheol Kim, Tae-Yong Lee, Cheol-In Yoo, Jong-Myon Bae, Ok-Nam Kim, Woojin Chung, In-Sik Kong, Duk-Hyoung Lee, Jin-Soo Lee
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):122-131.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.122
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

To estimate the current cancer burden in Korea, newly diagnosed cancer cases and cancer incidence rates were calculated for the years 2003~2005.

Materials and Methods

The cancer incidence cases and rates were calculated from the Korea National Cancer Incidence Database. Crude and age-standardized incidence rates were calculated by gender for specified cancer sites in 5-year age groups.

Results

From 2003 to 2005, 398,824 cases of cancer were newly diagnosed in Korea (218,856 in men and 179,968 in women). For all sites combined, the crude incidence rate (CR) was 300.0 and 248.2 for men and women and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) was 297.0 and 191.2 per 100,000, respectively. Among men, five leading cancers were stomach (CR 66.0, ASR 64.2), lung (CR 48.5, ASR 50.3), liver (CR 44.9, ASR 42.1), colon and rectum (CR 37.9, ASR 37.2), and prostate cancer (CR 12.7, ASR 13.8). Among women, five leading cancers were breast (CR 37.3, ASR 29.0), thyroid (CR 36.2, ASR 28.8), stomach (CR 34.1, ASR 25.4), colon and rectum (CR 28.0, ASR 21.1), and lung cancer (CR 17.9, ASR 12.8). In the 0~14-year-old group, leukemia was the most common in both sexes; in the 15~34 group, the most common cancer was stomach cancer for men and thyroid cancer for women; in the 35~64 group, stomach cancer for men and breast cancer for women; among those 65 and over, lung cancer for men and stomach cancer, for women, respectively.

Conclusion

The cancer incidence rates have increased in recent years, and more cancers are expected to develop as Korea is quickly becoming an aged society. The cancer incidence statistics in this report can be used as an important source to effectively plan and evaluate the cancer control program in Korea.

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Original Articles
The Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Supratentorial Low-grade Oligodendrogliomas: Comparative Analysis with Immediate Radiotherapy versus Surgery Alone
Hyun-Cheol Kang, Il Han Kim, Keun-Yong Eom, Jin Ho Kim, Hee-Won Jung
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):132-137.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.132
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of immediate postoperative radiotherapy (RT) in adult patients with a low-grade oligodendroglioma (LODG).

Materials and Methods

A total of 74 patients, older than 15 years, were treated in our institution between April 1990 and March 2006 for newly diagnosed LODGs. After surgery, 43 patients were treated with immediate RT with a total dose of 54~55.8 Gy with 1.8 Gy fractions (RT group) and 31 patients were followed with no adjuvant RT (OP group). All patients were closely observed until tumor progression or death with frequent work-ups including neurological examinations and MRI. Primary endpoints were overall survival and progression-free survival. The median follow-up duration of survivors was 6.2 years in the RT group and 5.8 years in the OP group.

Results

Median progression-free survival was 13.2 years in the RT group and 4.6 years in the OP group; multivariate analysis confirmed improved outcome with the use of immediate RT (hazard ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval-CI, 0.09~0.55; p<0.001). Median overall survival was 14.9 years in the RT group and 9.8 years in the OP group; the use of adjuvant RT was also associated with a trend toward better overall survival after immediate RT based on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.08~1.17; p=0.082). No severe RT related complications were observed.

Conclusion

Immediate RT following surgery appears to be an effective treatment modality for supratentorial LODGs. However, the potential benefit of adjuvant RT for overall survival needs to be tested prospectively in the future.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Zhi Xuan Ng, Eng Siew Koh, Shing Fung Lee, Char Loo Tan, Kejia Teo, Andrea Wong, Simon S. Lo, Balamurugan Vellayappan
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  • 4 Crossref
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Clinical Value of Ezrin Expression in Primary Osteosarcoma
Chan Kim, Eunah Shin, Soojung Hong, Hong Jae Chon, Hye Ryun Kim, Jung Ryun Ahn, Min Hee Hong, Woo Ick Yang, Jae Kyung Roh, Sun Young Rha
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):138-144.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.138
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

Ezrin is a membrane cytoskeletal linker protein and it is known to be associated with metastasis of primary osteosarcoma. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between an ezrin expression and several key clinical parameters and to elucidate its potential prognostic value for patients with osteosarcoma.

Materials and Methods

Seventy patients with histologically confirmed osteosarcoma and who had no distant metastasis were enrolled between 1995 and 2005 at Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Korea. The clinical parameters were retrospectively reviewed and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) for ezrin was performed using the surgically resected specimens.

Results

Of the 70 tumor specimens, 39 (55.7%) revealed an ezrin expression. More of an osteoblastic histology and an elevated initial ALP level were observed in the ezrin positive patients than in the ezrin negative patients (p=0.008 and 0.001, respectively). The proportion of patients who favorably responded to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (≥90% necrosis) was significantly higher in the group of ezrin positive patients than that in the group of ezrin negative patient (72.2% vs 45.2%, respectively, p=0.024). The ezrin positive patients showed more frequent recurrence than did the ezrin negative patients (64.1% vs 35.5%, respectively, p=0.017). The patients with an ezrin expression also demonstrated poorer survival than did those patients without ezrin expression (5-year EFS: 31.7% vs 61.3%, respectively, p=0.023, 5-year OS: 53.4% vs 71.0%, respectively, p=0.022). When comparing EFS according to both an ezrin expression and chemoresponsiveness, there were trends that the ezrin negative/chemoresponsive group showed the best 5-year EFS (71.4%), followed by the ezrin negative/chemoresistant group (52.9%), the ezrin positive/chemoresponsive group (38.1%) and the ezrin positive/chemoresistant group (13.6%). These trends were statistically significant (p=0.036).

Conclusion

The expression of ezrin by IHC staining was found in 55.7% of the patients with metastasis-free osteosarcoma. Immunoreactivity to ezrin is a negative prognostic factor for survival for the patients suffering with osteosarcoma. Identifying an ezrin expression might offer a valuable piece of information when treating patients with primary osteosarcoma.

Citations

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Apoptosis and Expression of AQP5 and TGF-β in the Irradiated Rat Submandibular Gland
Jin Hwa Choi, Hong-Gyun Wu, Kyeong Cheon Jung, Seung Hee Lee, Eun Kyung Kwon
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):145-154.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.145
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

To evaluate the effect of X-ray irradiation on apoptosis and change of expression of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) and transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) in the rat submandibular gland (SMG).

Materials and Methods

SMGs of 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated with a single X-ray dose (3, 10, 20, or 30 Gy). At the early and late post-irradiation phase, apoptosis was measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method, and expression of AQP5 and TGF-β was determined by immunohistochemical staining.

Results

At the late post-irradiation phase, increased apoptosis was evident and marked decreases of expression of AQP5 expression by acinar cells and TGF-β expression by ductal cells were evident.

Conclusion

Apoptosis after X-ray irradiation develops relatively late in rat SMG. Irradiation reduces AQP5 and TGF-β expression in different SMG cell types.

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Leptin and Leptin Receptor Expression in Breast Cancer
Hee Sung Kim
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):155-163.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.155
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

Leptin is a multifunctional hormone that's produced by adipose tissue and leptin is involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. The aims of this study were to determine the leptin and leptin receptor (Ob-R) expressions in human breast cancer and their corresponding influence on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer.

Materials and Methods

We examined the correlations between the leptin and Ob-R expressions and the breast cancer-related pathobiologic markers by performing immunohistochemistry in 517 patients with breast cancer. We analyzed the leptin and Ob-R expressions with respect to overall survival and relapse-free survival (RFS).

Results

Positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for leptin was noted in 39% of the patients and 79% of the patients showed positive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for Ob-R. The expression of leptin in breast cancer was correlated with a high Ki-67 labeling index (p=0.019). Based on the univariate survival analysis, the clinicopathologic variables with prognostic value included the histologic grade, the T stage, the N stage, the HER2 status, the Bcl-2, p53 and Ki-67 expressions (p<0.05). The patients with leptin-positive breast cancers and a negative hormone receptor status had a significantly longer overall survival (p=0.021). Multivariate survival analysis showed that a positive expression of leptin was an independent prognostic marker for overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.04~0.99; p=0.05).

Conclusion

A leptin expression in breast cancer is significantly associated with the Ki-67 labeling index, and this suggests there is an association of a leptin expression with the proliferation activity. In addition, a leptin expression is an indicator of better survival for breast cancer patients.

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TNF-alpha Downregulates E-cadherin and Sensitizes Response to γ-irradiation in Caco-2 Cells
Jae Youn Yi, Yu-Jin Jung, Sun Shim Choi, Eunkyung Chung
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):164-170.   Published online September 30, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.164
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Purpose

The purpose of the present study was to assess the biological effects of TNF-alpha in Caco-2 well-differentiated colon adenocarcinoma cells and to determine radiation sensitivity in order to develop TNF-alpha into a cancer therapeutic agent.

Materials and Methods

A cell viability test was conducted via a colorimetric and colony forming assay after 1 day and 3 days of incubation with TNF-alpha. Western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining were conducted to explore TNF-alpha-induced morphological and molecular changes in the adhesion molecules, E-cadherin and claudin-4. The effects of γ-irradiation at a dose of 2 Gy on cell survival were evaluated by a clonogenic assay. The molecular changes in apoptosis-regulatory proteins were assessed by Western blotting.

Results

Caco-2 cells were highly resistant to TNF alpha-induced cell death and 2 Gy of γ-irradiation. However, we observed the downregulation of the adherens junctional protein, E-cadherin and translocation of tight junctional protein, claudin-4 from the membrane to the cytosol induced by TNF-alpha treatment which would indicate cell-cell junction disruptions. These alterations of junctional proteins influenced the regulation of cell death in response to 2 Gy of γ-irradiation. The combined treatment of TNF-alpha with 2 Gy of γ-irradiation reduced the survival of Caco-2 cells by down-regulating bcl-xl and activating JNK pathways.

Conclusion

These results suggest that TNF-alpha might be potentially applied as a therapeutic agent in order to enhance sensitivity to 2 Gy of γ-irradiation administered in radiotherapy for the treatment of human colon cancer.

Citations

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Case Reports
F-18 FDG PET-positive Fibrous Dysplasia in a Patient with Intestinal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Mi Kim, Hyeong Su Kim, Jung Han Kim, Joo Hyun Jang, Kook Jin Chung, Mi Kyung Shin, Hee Sung Hwang, Byung Chun Kim, So Young Jung
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):171-174.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.171
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a common benign bone disorder of an unclear etiology. It is known that FD can appear without an increased FDG uptake on F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). However, there are also several reports that FD showed increased FDG uptake and this mimicked malignant bone involvement on FDG-PET. Herein we describe a case of biopsy-proven FDG-PET positive FD in a patient with intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). A 45-year-old woman was diagnosed with intestinal NHL, which was removed by right hemicolectomy. After the operation, the FDG-PET/CT scan showed hypermetabolic activity in the right transverse process of the T10 vertebra. The patient then received a total of 6 cycles of R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone) chemotherapy every 3 weeks. After completion of the planned chemotherapy, the 2nd FDG-PET/CT showed increased FDG uptake (SUVmax=6.0 g/mL) of the previous bone lesion. The MR images revealed a T1-hypointense lesion with sharp borders in the same region, and this showed homogenous contrast enhancement on the fat-suppressed T1-weighted images. After the radiologic studies were carefully reviewed, the bone lesion was assumed to be benign such as FD. We performed bone biopsy and the histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of FD. In conclusion, bone lesions with FDG uptake need to be carefully interpreted when evaluating patients with known malignancy.

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  • Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia Mimicking Bone Involvement in Hodgkin Lymphoma: A Pediatric Case and Literature Review
    Gianfranco Lapietra, Maria Luisa Moleti, Fiorina Giona, Arianna Turchetti, Mauro Celli, Alessandro Corsi, Anna Zambrano, Miriam D'Avanzo, Luca Celli, Anna Maria Testi
    Acta Haematologica.2021; 144(2): 212.     CrossRef
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    Maria Kalemaki, Apostolos Karantanas, Dimitris Exarchos, Efstathios Detorakis, Odysseas Zoras, Kostas Marias, Corina Millo, Ulas Bagci, Ioannis Pallikaris, Andreas Stratis, Ioannis Karatzanis, Kostas Perisinakis, Pavlos Koutentakis, Georgios Kontadakis, D
    International Journal of Oncology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Extensive polyostotic fibrous dysplasia evaluated for malignant transformation with99mTc-MDP bone scan and18F-FDG PET/CT
    William Makis, Stephan Probst
    BJR|case reports.2016; 2(3): 20150440.     CrossRef
  • FDG Uptake in Liposclerosing Myxofibrous Tumor Causes Upstaging of Hodgkin Lymphoma
    Jongho Kim, Wengen Chen, Charles Resnik, Vasken Dilsizian, Qing Chen, Amy S. Kimball
    Clinical Nuclear Medicine.2015; 40(4): 325.     CrossRef
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    Ibrahim Guler, Alaaddin Nayman, Gonca Kara Gedik, Mustafa Koplay, Oktay Sari
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  • Fibrous Dysplasia Mimicking Bone Metastasis on Both Bone Scintigraphy and 18F-FDG PET-CT: Diagnostic Dilemma in a Patient with Breast Cancer
    Sudhir Suman KC, Punit Sharma, Harmandeep Singh, Chandrasekhar Bal, Rakesh Kumar
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Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas -A Case Report and Review of the Literature-
Hui-Young Lee, Dong-Gyu Lee, Kwangjin Chun, Seungkoo Lee, Seo-Young Song
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):175-181.   Published online September 29, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.175
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Most of the malignant neoplasms of the pancreas demonstrate features that are consistent with adenocarcinoma. According to the WHO classification, primary clear cell carcinoma of the pancreas is rare and it is classified as a "miscellaneous" carcinoma. In addition, there is not an adequate systematic overview that can demonstrate its true existence as a definable entity. We report here on an unusual case of primary pancreatic clear cell carcinoma, which is the first such reported case in Korea. A 66 year old woman presented with abdominal pain and significant weight loss over the previous three weeks. On the abdominal computed tomography (CT), we detected an abdominal mass involving the pancreas tail and liver, and clear cell carcinoma with rhabdoid feature was seen on the histologic evaluation. The tumor cells showed well defined cell membranes, clear cytoplasm and prominent cell boundaries. The immunohistochemical stains showed positive reactions to antibodies against pan-cytokeratin, cytokeratin 7, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA). On the other hand, there was a negative reaction for cytokeratin 20, chromogranin, synaptophysin, smooth muscle actin and HMB-45. She was diagnosed with a primary pancreatic clear cell carcinoma with hepatic metastasis and she received palliative gemcitabine chemotherapy. The patient died one month later of pancreatic cancer progression.

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    Toufic Tannous, Audrik L Perez Rodriguez, Andrew W Mak, Karim Tannous, Matthew Keating
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Plasmablastic Lymphoma in the Anal Canal
Joo Han Lim, Moon Hee Lee, Man Jong Lee, Chul Soo Kim, Jin Soo Lee, Suk Jin Choi, Hyeon Gyu Yi
Cancer Res Treat. 2009;41(3):182-185.   Published online September 28, 2009
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2009.41.3.182
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) of the oral cavity is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related lymphoma. The immunophenotype of this disease is associated with poor expression of B-cell markers but a positive reactivity for plasma cell markers. PBL is highly aggressive and responds poorly to treatment. Although originally described in the oral cavity, this disease can occur in other body niches. Here, we describe a very rare case of PBL in the anal canal of a 40-year-old woman with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The malignant cells were positive for Epstein-Barr virus and human herpes virus 8.

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    Xibo Liu, Hongliang Chen
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    Shun AKIYAMA, Mitsuru YOKOTA, Akitaka MORIKAWA, Michio OKABE, Hirohisa KITAGAWA, Kazuyuki KAWAMOTO
    Nihon Rinsho Geka Gakkai Zasshi (Journal of Japan Surgical Association).2023; 84(4): 620.     CrossRef
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    Derek Vos, Margaret Wang, Sita Ramaiya, Elias G. Kikano, Sree H. Tirumani, Daniel A. Smith
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    J. Rangel, R. Novoa, C. Morrison, D. Frank, C. Kovarik
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    Rocio Plaza, Angel Ponferrada, Dulce M. Benito, Noelia Arevalo, Maria Angeles Foncillas, Maria Luisa de Fuenmayor, Mercedes Aldeguer
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  • Plasmablastic lymphoma in the ano-rectal junction presenting in an immunocompetent man: a case report
    Mayur Brahmania, Thomas Sylwesterowic, Heather Leitch
    Journal of Medical Case Reports.2011;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Oral cavity and extra-oral plasmablastic lymphomas in AIDS patients: report of five cases and review of the literature
    M Corti, M F Villafañe, A Bistmans, A Campitelli, M Narbaitz, P Baré
    International Journal of STD & AIDS.2011; 22(12): 759.     CrossRef
  • Assessment of Plasmablastic Lymphoma by F-18 FDG PET/CT
    Thomas Cazaentre, Laurence Sanhes, Guillaume Laurent, Keltoum Costa, Xavier Vallantin, Dominique Pascal-Ortiz
    Clinical Nuclear Medicine.2010; 35(11): 882.     CrossRef
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